| Name |
Year |
Field |
Citation |
Osamu Shimomura,
Martin Chalfie, &
Roger Y. Tsien |
2008 |
Chemistry |
For the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP |
Mario R. Capecchi &
Oliver Smithies |
2007 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For the discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells |
| Roger D. Kornberg |
2006 |
Chemistry |
For his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription |
Andrew Z. Fire &
Craig C. Mello |
2006 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For the discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
| Robert H. Grubbs & Richard R. Schrock |
2005 |
Chemistry |
For the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis [a chemical reaction for making carbon-carbon bonds] |
Avram Hershko &
Irwin Rose |
2004 |
Chemistry |
For the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation |
| Paul C. Lauterbur |
2003 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging |
| Roderick MacKinnon |
2003 |
Chemistry |
For discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [specifically, for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels] |
| H. Robert Horvitz |
2002 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
| John B. Fenn |
2002 |
Chemistry |
For the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [specifically, for techniquesin mass spectrometry] |
| Leland H. Hartwell |
2001 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle |
| K. Barry Sharpless |
2001 |
Chemistry |
For work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions [a technique to selectively control the outcome of chemical reactions] |
| Eric R. Kandel |
2000 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system |
| Günter Blobel |
1999 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell |
| John A. Pople |
1998 |
Chemistry |
For development of computational methods in quantum chemistry |
| Paul D. Boyer |
1997 |
Chemistry |
For elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| Stanley B. Prusiner |
1997 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discovery of prions—a new biological principle of infection |
| Edward B. Lewis |
1995 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development |
| George A. Olah |
1994 |
Chemistry |
For contributions to carbocation chemistry |
| Alfred G. Gilman |
1994 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells |
| Kary B. Mullis |
1993 |
Chemistry |
For contributions to the developments of methods within DNA- based chemistry [specifically, for his invention of the polymerasechain reaction (PCR) method] |
| Michael Smith |
1993 |
Chemistry |
For contributions to the development of methods within DNA-based chemistry [specifically, for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies] |
Richard J. Roberts &
Phillip A. Sharp |
1993 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries of split-genes |
Edmond H. Fischer &
Edwin G. Krebs |
1992 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism |
| Elias J. Corey |
1990 |
Chemistry |
For development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis |
Sidney Altman &
Thomas R. Cech |
1989 |
Chemistry |
For discovery of catalytic properties of RNA |
| Donald J. Cram |
1987 |
Chemistry |
For development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity |
| Stanley Cohen |
1986 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries of growth factors |
| Herbert A. Hauptman |
1985 |
Chemistry |
For outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures |
Michael S. Brown &
Joseph L. Goldstein |
1985 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism |
| Henry Taube |
1983 |
Chemistry |
For work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes |
| John R. Vane |
1982 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances |
| Roald Hoffmann |
1981 |
Chemistry |
For theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions |
| David H. Hubel |
1981 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system |
| Paul Berg |
1980 |
Chemistry |
For fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA |
| Walter Gilbert |
1980 |
Chemistry |
For contributions concerning the determination of base sequencesin nucleic acids |
| Herbert C. Brown |
1979 |
Chemistry |
For development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis |
Daniel Nathans &
Hamilton O. Smith |
1978 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics |
| Andrew V. Schally |
1977 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain |
| William N. Lipscomb |
1976 |
Chemistry |
For studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding |
Christian de Duve &
George E. Palade |
1974 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell |
Stanford Moore &
William H. Stein |
1972 |
Chemistry |
For contributions to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active center of the ribonuclease molecule |
| Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. |
1971 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones |
| Luis F. Leloir |
1970 |
Chemistry |
For discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates |
Max Delbrück,
Alfred D. Hershey, &
Salvador E. Luria |
1969 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses |
| Lars Onsager |
1968 |
Chemistry |
For the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes |
Robert W. Holley &
H. Gobind Khorana |
1968 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
| Charles B. Huggins |
1966 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer |
| Robert B. Woodward |
1965 |
Chemistry |
For outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis |
| Konrad Bloch |
1964 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of thecholesterol and fatty acid metabolism |
| James D. Watson |
1962 |
Physiology or Medicine |
For discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material |
