National Park Service: A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions (Endnotes)

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A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions
ENDNOTES

(1)Cover: Paul H. Smith, ed., Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789 (Washington: Library of Congress, 1979), IV, 376.

Letter from George Washington to Marquis de Lafayette, 18 September 1787. Cited in John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1939), Vol. 29, 277.

(2) Cited in Julian P. Boyd, The Declaration of Independence (Washington: The Library of Congress, 1943), 14.

(3) Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906), V, 425. Hereafter referred to as Journals.

(4) Boyd, Declaration of Independence, 19-21. A draft of George Mason's Declaration of Rights appeared also in draft form in the Pennsylvania Gazette on 12 June 1776.

(5) These documents help determine the textual evolution of the Declaration because they represent various stages of the process of editing Jefferson's edition of the Declaration. Between 4 July and 10 July 1776, it is known that Jefferson sent copies of the Declaration to Philip Mazzei, John Page, Edmund Pendleton, and George Wythe. Boyd, Declaration of Independence, 22. Boyd, "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 (October 1976): 447.

(6) Boyd, Declaration of Independence, 22-27. Boyd argues that the absence of a preliminary draft previous to the Rough Draft does not negate its existence. Boyd further states that it is unlikely the Rough Draft was Jefferson's first attempt at composition, because it contained so few corrections, additions, and interlineations when presented to John Adams. Boyd argues Jefferson copied the Rough Draft from an earlier draft, in order to present a "fair copy" or finished copy of that document to Adams and Franklin.

(7) Boyd, Declaration of Independence, 29. It is believed that Secretary Charles Thomson may have sent Jefferson's fair copy to Dunlap's shop on July 4, where it was lost or destroyed. For a complete discussion of this argument consult Boyd, "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original," 438-467.

(8) Joseph J. Ellis, "Editing the Declaration," Civilization (July/August 1995): 62.

(9) Boyd, Declaration of Independence, 35. Boyd, "Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original," 450-451.

(10) Journals, V, 516.

(11) Dunlap, the official printer for Congress, was located at 48 Market Street, only blocks from the State House. John Dunlap, born in Ireland in 1747, served as a apprentice in the Pennsylvania print shop of his uncle, William Dunlap. William Dunlap, a printer and bookseller, was also postmaster of Philadelphia. In 1766, the senior Dunlap suddenly decided to leave his business in Philadelphia for a calling in the ministry. William Dunlap sailed for England to receive his ordination and John Dunlap was given charge of his uncle's printing business. Two years later, the elder Dunlap was appointed rector of a parish in Stratton and he subsequently sold his business in Philadelphia to his nephew. When John Dunlap purchased his uncle's business, the majority of business concentrated on printing books. In November 1771, John Dunlap expanded his business to include the publication of a newspaper, The Pennsylvania Packet or The General Advertiser. Later, he became the official printer to the Congress. Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 514-515.

(12) Boyd, Declaration of Independence, 35. Boyd, "Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original," 450.

(13) Julian P. Boyd, "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original," 453.

(14) Frederick R. Goff, The Dunlap Broadside: The First Printing of the Declaration of Independence (Washington: Library of Congress, 1976), 7. See Appendix B for a discussion of the extensive technical study conducted by Goff. A similar scientific study has not been conducted for the printed copies of the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of the United States.

(15) Goff, The Dunlap Broadside, 48-51.

(16) Michael J. Walsh, "Contemporary Broadside Editions of the Declaration of Independence," Harvard Library Bulletin 3 (1949): 35-43. Walsh provides a complete description of each edition and lists location of all known extant copies.

(17) Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., The Declaration of Independence: Four 1776 Versions (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1986), 9. No evidence survives to explain why and for whom Dunlap created this unique version on parchment. Bell contends that Dunlap may have believed the document was significant enough to print on a more permanent and attractive support. Only one extant copy of this printing survives in the collection of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

(18) Boyd, "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original," 464. Declaration of Independence: The Adventures of a Document (Washington: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1976), 10.

(19) Journals, V, 626. The phrase "by the members" was taken from the Secret Journals. Most scholars agree that the engrossed Declaration of Independence was signed on 2 August 1776. For an illustration of an alternative argument to the signing on 2 Aug 1776, consult Wilfred J. Ritz, "The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776," Law and History Review 4 (1986): 179-204 and Wilfred J. Ritz, "From the Here of Jefferson's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 (October 1992): 499-512.

(20) The authenticated copy of the Declaration was printed with the names of the signers in typeface and did not include facsimile signatures.

(21) In addition to owning a print shop, Mary Katherine Goddard operated The Maryland Journal, a successful Baltimore newspaper, and a dry goods, stationery and book store. Leona M. Hudak, Early American Women Printers and Publishers 1639-1820 (Metuchen, NJ and London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1978), 320-321. During the late-eighteenth century, the appearance of a successful woman printer was extremely rare.

(22) John H. Hazelton, The Declaration of Independence Its History (New York: Da Capo Press, 1970), 284. Boyd, "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original," 465. John Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 98 (October 1988): 271-272. Walsh, "Contemporary Broadside Editions of the Declaration of Independence," 14. The copies located in the Library of Congress and in the New York Public Library are signed by John Hancock and Charles Thomson authenticating and attesting their text. At least four copies of the Goddard broadside were signed by president of Congress, John Hancock.

(23) Tyler was born in 1789 in western Massachusetts. Tyler was a calligrapher and penmanship instructor. He offered a three-week penmanship course in Bennington, Vermont, before moving to New York to instruct more people in the art of handwriting.

(24) Philip F. Detweiler, "The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence: The First Fifty Years," William and Mary Quarterly 19 (1962): 572.

(25) Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," 246.

(26) John Binns was born in Dublin, Ireland in 1772. Before he emigrated to America in 1801, he spent time in and out of English jails for his support of the republican cause.

(27) John Binns, Recollections of the Life of John Binns: Twenty-Nine Years in Europe and Fifty-Three in the United States. Written by Himself, With Anecdotes, Political, Historical, and Miscellaneous (Philadelphia: Printed and for Sale by the Author, and by Parry and M'Millan, 1854), 234.

(28) The engravings of George Washington, John Hancock, and Thomas Jefferson, based on life portraits, were executed by J.B. Longacre. Longacre used Gilbert Stuart's 1795 portrait of George Washington. The image of John Hancock was copied from a portrait done by John Singleton Copley in 1765 and that of Thomas Jefferson painted by Bass Otis in 1816. The ornamental component of the document was drawn by George Bridport and engraved by George Murray. The arms of the United States and the thirteen states were drawn from official documents by Thomas Sully and engraved on the copperplate by George Murray. The text of the Declaration of Independence were designed and engraved by C.H. Parker. The collection at Independence National Historical Park contains a John Binns' engraving of the Declaration, INDE 15702.

(29) Binns, Recollections of the Life of John Binns, 234-236. Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," 260-262, 288-289.

(30) Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," 288. In the collection of Independence National Historical Park is a later edition of the Woodruff engraving. INDE 12497, circa 1837-1843, a lithographic broadside printed by H. Brunet on silk. The text is slightly rearranged from the original and the dedication is signed "Woodruff" instead of "Wm. Woodruff"

(31) John C. Fitzpatrick, The Spirit of the Revolution: New Light from Some of the Original Sources of American History (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1924), 16-18. Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," 262.

(32) William J. Stone (1798-1865), engraver and printer, was born in London and arrived in the United States in 1804. He was educated in Pennsylvania and studied engraving under Peter Maverick. Stone settled in the capital city in 1815 and lived there until his death in 1865.

(33) Bidwell argues that John Quincy Adams disliked Binns and was motivated to order an official facsimile of the Declaration to deny Binns government patronage. Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," 264. Boyd and Coleman contend that Adams commissioned the Stone facsimile in an effort to preserve the engrossed copy. Boyd, "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original," 466. William R. Coleman, "Counting the Stones: A Census of the Stone Facsimiles of the Declaration of Independence," Manuscripts 43 (Spring 1991): 97.

(34) For alternative theories consult: Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," 64. Boyd, "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original," 466. Coleman, "Counting the Stones," 97. Declaration of Independence: The Adventures of a Document (Washington: National Archives and Records Service): 17.

(35) Several thousand copies were struck from the altered plate. In the collection at Independence National Historical Park are two later editions of the Stone facsimile on paper that contain the legend "W.J. Stone SC. Wahsn." in the bottom left corner. The first, INDE 51655 circa 1840-1890, is one of thousands of paper copies struck from the altered plate during the nineteenth century. The other, INDE 11314, is one of six paper copies struck from the altered copper plate for the bicentennial of the Declaration. In order for Stone to print thousands of copies of the facsimile, it is believed that an additional copper plate would have been created. Whether the National Archives holds the original 1823 copper plate engraved by Stone, or a later copy, is undetermined. Bidwell, "American History as Image and Text," 290. Coleman, "Counting the Stones," 98-102. Leonard Rapport, "Fakes and Facsimiles: Problems of Identification," The American Archivist 42 (January 1979): 26. Interpretive Bulletin #82, Independence National Historical Park.

(36) Bidwell, "American History as Image and Text," 250-253.

(37) Journals, V, 425.

(38) Journals, V, 433.

(39) Smith, Letters of Delegates to Congress, IV, 251. John Dickinson's handwritten draft of the Articles of Confederation is located in the collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Smith contends that the surviving draft in the hand of John Dickinson presented in Congress on 12 July is a copy of an earlier Dickinson draft, which no longer exists. A clean copy of one of Dickinson's drafts, in the hand of Josiah Bartlett, is in the collection of the New Hampshire State Library.

(40) Smith, Letters of Delegates to Congress, I, 643-644. Edmund Cody Burnett, The Continental Congress (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1941), 90-93, 218-219. Burnett examines the influence of Franklin's sketch on Dickinson's draft of the Articles of Confederation. Although Congress postponed action on Franklin's proposal, Burnett discusses the distribution and discussion of Franklin's plan among colonial leaders and the Provincial Congresses. The manuscript copy of Franklin's plan for Confederation is located in the Papers of the Continental Congress, National Archives, Washington, DC.

(41) Journals, Vol. 5, 555.

(42) The oath of secrecy signed by John Dunlap and David C. Claypoole and dated 13 July 1776 located among the Papers of the Continental Congress, National Archives. Rapport, "Printing the Constitution," 71.

(43) Journals, Vol. 5, 546.

(44) Journals, Vol. 5, 689.

(45) In the collection of Independence National Historical Park is one of the eighty documents that represent the second printing of the Articles of Confederation, INDE 3111. The document was used by Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts delegate to the second Continental Congress, during consideration of the Articles. The document bears marginal notations and Gerry's signature on the reverse of the last page. The Papers of the Continental Congress in the National Archives includes two copies of the 20 August printing. One copy contains manuscript notes by Charles Thomson, Secretary of Congress, and the second copy bears manuscript notations in the hands of John Hancock and Henry Laurens, presidents of Congress in 1776 and 1777 respectively.

(46) Burnett, The Continental Congress, 254.

(47) Journals, IX, 928.

(48) Journals, IX, 933.

(49) Journals, IX, 928. According to a footnote by Charles Thomson, no copy of the Articles of Confederation was deposited in the office of the Secretary of Congress.

(50) INDE 3515. Another copy of this document is in the collection of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.

(51) The engrossed copy of the Articles of Confederation is located in the collection of the National Archives.

(52) Cited in Burnett, The Continental Congress, 668.

(53) Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1911), III, 593. Hereafter referred to as Records. The various handwritten copies of the Virginia Plan are distinct. The documents vary in wording, spelling, and punctuation. More importantly, the text in a number of the resolutions differs. Farrand argues that the Madison text of the Virginia Plan is the most accurate copy of the lost original.

(54) Discussion in the committee of the whole enabled the full assembly to give detailed consideration to a matter in the informal manner of being in a committee. The results of votes taken while meeting in committee are not considered final decisions but are recorded and are viewed as recommendations for the final vote in assembly. A chairman of the committee is appointed and the regular presiding officer, i.e. George Washington, vacates his chair. For all rules governing the committee of the whole consult: General Henry M. Robert, Robert's Rules of Order (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1970), 442-453.

(55) The resolutions presented to the Convention on 13 June were in William Jackson's handwriting. The document is located in the collection of the National Archives, Washington, DC. Jensen, Documentary History, 250.

(56) These documents in James Wilson's hand are located in the Wilson Papers at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The outline is an unnumbered folio volume entitled, "Second Draft of Constitution." Records, II, 134. Merrill Jensen, ed., The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution (Madison, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 1:245-247. The abstract was identified by John Franklin Jameson, "Studies in the History of the Federal Convention of 1787," in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1902 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903): I, 111-132.

(57) Although the original text of the New Jersey Plan does not exist, there are six extant handwritten texts related to the New Jersey Plan. The documents are associated with David Brearly, James Madison, Luther Martin, George Washington and two documents in the hand of William Paterson. The two documents in Paterson's hand are located in a book in which he copied the Virginia Plan and the Hamilton Plan. The two documents were preliminary sketches for the New Jersey Plan. Farrand argues that the document in Madison's hand most clearly resembles the original plan presented by Paterson on 15 June. There is some question concerning the provenance of the Martin and Washington copies. Jameson, "Studies in the History of the Federal Convention of 1787," 133-143. Records, III, 611-615.

(58) In addition to Hamilton's notes, there exist five different copies of notes taken of Hamilton's speech by delegates in Convention. According to Jameson, the five versions, other than Hamilton's, are in the hand of David Brearly, George Read, James Madison, William Paterson and Robert Yates. Jameson, "Studies in the History of the Federal Convention of 1787," 143-150. In his analysis of the Hamilton Plan, Jensen lists notes executed by only four delegates besides Hamilton himself. The delegates include Rufus King, John Lansing, Jr., James Madison, and Robert Yates. Jensen, The Documentary History of the Ratification of the United States, 253. Max Farrand considers the Madison copy to be most accurate version of the original Hamilton Plan. Records, III, 617-619.

(59) Max Farrand, The Framing of the Constitution of the United States (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1913), 125-127. James Wilson's manuscript drafts of the Constitution are located at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

(60) Notes, 390. This clause demonstrates the influence of Randolph and Rutledge, the Southerners on the Committee of Detail. "Such persons" was a polite reference to slaves. Governmental regulation of slavery had not yet been decided in Convention and this issue was subject to continued debate among the Northern and Southern delegations. Clinton Rossiter, 1787 The Grand Convention (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1966), 209-210. Farrand, The Framing of the Constitution, 132.

(61) The document in the collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, precedes the printed report of the Committee of Detail. The corrections made in Edmund Randolph's hand were incorporated into the Committee's printed report distributed in Convention on 6 August. No other copy of this document is known to exist. The Constitution of the United States: Its Origin, Formation, and Adoption, As set forth in an EXHIBIT of Books, Pamphlets, and Documents from the Collections of THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of PENNSYLVANIA, Display'd in COMMEMORATION of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of its Signing on September 17, 1787 (Philadelphia: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1937), 22. Leonard Rapport, "Printing the Constitution: The Convention and Newspaper Imprints, August-November 1787." Prologue (Fall 1970): 72.

(62) Notes of the Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison (New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1987), 385. Hereafter referred to as Notes. Madison reported that on August 6, "a printed copy...furnished to each member." Rapport, "Printing the Constitution," 79. Sixty copies is a common figure of printed reports for Congress.

(63) Henry L. Stern, Henry L. Stern, Ltd. Antiquarian Books to John C. Milley, Independence National Historical Park, 1 October 1984, and corresponding typed documents in Accession folder INDE 1529, Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia, PA.

(64) Notes, 608.

(65) Jensen, Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, 270. Washington's copy of the printed draft constitution contains notations and word changes in Washington's and Secretary William Jackson's handwriting. The document is one of the sixteen known copies of the Committee of Detail's report presented in Convention on 6 August. The notations on the document reflect the changes made during the debates between 6 August and 8 September. The document is located in the collection of the National Archives, Washington, DC.

(66) INDE accession folder 1529.

(67) Diary of James McHenry, James McHenry Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Rapport, "Printing the Constitution," 74, 79.

(68) Rapport, "Printing the Constitution," 75. In the collection of Independence National Historical Park is a printed copy of the Constitution. There is one manuscript correction on page four said to have been made by George Washington. The document is purported to be the proof copy of the final printing of the Constitution. INDE 4847.

(69) Other Philadelphia newspapers to publish the Constitution on the morning of 19 September were: The Pennsylvania Journal, Freeman's Journal, Pennsylvania Gazette, and Independent Gazetteer. Two other Philadelphia newspapers followed suit on 20 and 21 September, the Pennsylvania Herald and the Pennsylvania Mercury respectively. On 21 September, the Constitution appeared in a city newspaper other than Philadelphia. In New York, the Daily Advertiser and the New-York Packet printed the Constitution. Rapport, "Printing the Constitution," 80-83.

(70) Philip F. Detweiler, "The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence," 564. John Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," 265. Carl L. Becker, The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas (New York: Vintage Books, 1922), 226.

(71) Elaine Forman Crane, ed., The Diary of Elizabeth Drinker (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991), I, 699.

(72) Crane, ed., The Diary of Elizabeth Drinker, II, 1424. Similar entries are made in Drinker's diary on 4 July between 1777 and 1807. In most of Drinker's diary entries for July 4th she records the aggravating noise and boisterous celebrations.

(73) Bidwell, "American History as Image and Text," 265. Detweiler, "The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence," 564-570.

(74) Bidwell, "American History as Image and Text," 265.

(75) Bidwell, "American History as Image and Text," 257. Detweiler, "The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence," 572.

(76) Michael Kammen, A Machine That Would Go Of Itself (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987): 72-75, 128-129. Kammen argues that during the early-nineteenth century the Constitution was an ambiguous national symbol. Kammen contends that most politicians and government officials did not know where the Constitution was stored, thereby enhancing its relative obscurity during the nineteenth century. Also, he addresses the lack of nineteenth-century commemoration of the Constitution. Unlike the Declaration, the celebration of the Constitution did not awaken the patriotic spirit of people. An anniversary celebration for the Constitution never developed, in part because there was no clear day to commemorate. Significant events occurred throughout the creation and ratification of the document, making it difficult to choose one specific day.

(77) In her diary, Elizabeth Drinker does not record any significant events related to the adoption of the Articles of Confederation or the United States Constitution.

(78) J. Franklin Jameson, Introduction to the Study of the Constitutional and Political History of the States (Baltimore, 1886), 5.

(79) Robert Allen Rutland, The Birth of the Bill of Rights, 1776-1791 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1955), 229.

(80) Kammen, A Machine That Would Go Of Itself, 73. In a discussion of sesquicentennial celebration of the adoption of the Constitution, Kammen discusses President Franklin D. Roosevelt's speech calling for the "re-discovery" of the Bill of Rights. And, Kammen outlined various surveys taken in the twentieth century that reveal a startling unawareness of the Bill of Rights and its contents.

(81) Detweiler, "The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence," 572.

(82) Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," 272, 285-299. Bidwell lists well known, influential and obscure examples of nineteenth-century editions of the Declaration. The list includes title, publisher, place and date of publication, size, a complete description of the document, and information on variations of a particular edition.

(83) Jack Larkin, The Reshaping of Everyday Life: 1790-1840 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 137.

(84) Jack Larkin, The Reshaping of Everyday Life, 137. Before 1840, no more than one Massachusetts household in five had a painting or engraving on its walls.

(85) Wendy C. Wick, George Washington: An American Icon, The Eighteenth-Century Graphic Portraits (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1982), xix.

(86) Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," 274.

(87) Bidwell, "American History in Image and Text," 259, 270. Bidwell states that printers offered to sell copies of the Declaration without advertisements for fifty cents to one dollar.

(88) Detweiler, "The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence," 572.

(1) The bottom line of the imprint is cut off on the copy located at Independence National Historical Park, therefore it cannot be determined whether it was part of the first or second state of printing.

(2) Although the watermarks on the broadside at INDE are unique, Goff does not attribute any particular significance to this finding.

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