Student Introductions

NameAffiliationArea of ConcentrationCourse Expectations

Text Box: Purpose of Course and FEMA 426 Manual
Course Goal

U.S. AIR FORCE

FEMA

To enhance student 
understanding of the 
measures and technology 
available to reduce risk from 
terrorist attack.

Course Objectives

Students will be able to:

1.Explainthe basic components of the 
assessment methodology.
2.Appreciatethe different assessment 
methodology approaches that can be used.
3.Performan assessment for a building by 
identifying and prioritizing assets, threats, 
and vulnerabilities and calculating relative 
risk.



Course Objectives

4.Identifyavailable mitigation measures 
applicable to the site and building envelope. 

5.Understandthe technology limitations and 
application details of mitigation measures 
for terrorist tactics and technological 
accidents. 

6.Performan assessment for a given 
building by identifying vulnerabilities using 
the Building Vulnerability Assessment 
Checklist in FEMA 426. 


Course Objectives

7.Selectapplicable mitigation measures and 
prioritize them based upon the final 
assessment risk values.

8.Appreciatethat designing a building to 
mitigate terrorist attacks can create conflicts 
with other design requirements. 


Course Overview –Day 1

Unit I-B –Introduction and Course Overview

Unit II –Asset Value Assessment

Unit III –Threat / Hazard Assessment

Unit IV –Vulnerability Assessment

Unit V –Risk Assessment / Risk Management 




Course Overview –Day 2

Unit VI –FEMA 452 Risk Assessment Database

Unit VII –Explosive Blast 

Unit VIII –Chemical, Biological, and Radiological 
(CBR) Measures 

Exam and Exam Review

Unit IX-B –Site and Layout Design Guidance 




Course Overview –Day 3

Unit X –Building Design Guidance

Unit XI –Electronic Security Systems 

Unit XII-B –Finalization of Case Study Results

Unit XIII–Course Wrap-up 




Course Materials

FEMA Publication 426

Reference Manual

toMitigate Potential Terrorist 

Attacks Against Buildings

FEMA Publication 452

Risk Assessment: A How-To 
Guide to Mitigate Potential 
Terrorist Threats Against 
Buildings



FEMA 426 Reference Manual

Chapter 1–Asset Value, Threat / Hazard,
Vulnerability, and Risk

Chapter 2 –Site and Layout DesignGuidance

Chapter 3 –Building Design Guidance

Chapter 4 –Explosive Blast

Chapter 5 –CBR Measures



FEMA 426 Reference Manual

Appendix A –Acronyms

Appendix B –General Glossary

Appendix C –CBR Glossary 

Appendix D –Electronic Security Systems

Appendix E –Bibliography

Appendix F –Associations and Organizations



FEMA 452 Risk Assessment How-To

Step 1 –Threat Identification and Rating

Step 2 –Asset Value Assessment

Step 3 –Vulnerability Assessment

Step 4 –Risk Assessment

Step 5 –Consider Mitigation Options



FEMA 452 Risk Assessment How-To

Appendix A –Building VulnerabilityAssessment ChecklistAppendix B1 –Risk ManagementDatabase: Assessor'sUser GuideAppendix B2 –Risk ManagementDatabase: DatabaseAdministrator's User GuideAppendix B3 –Risk Management Database: 
Manager's User GuideAppendix C –Acronyms and Abbreviations

FEMA 426 –Chapter 1

•Asset ValueAssessment•Threat/HazardAssessment•VulnerabilityAssessment•Risk Assessment•Risk Management•Building Vulnerability Assessment Checklist
Text Box: FEMA 426, Figure 1-3: The Assessment Process Model, p. 1-5
FEMA 426 –Chapter 2

Site and Layout Design

•Layout Design
•Siting
•Entry Control/Vehicle Access
•Signage
•Parking
•Loading Docks
•Physical Security Lighting
•Site Utilities 




FEMA 426 –Chapter 3

Building Design Guidance

•Architectural
•Building Structural and 
Nonstructural Considerations
•Building Envelope considerations
•Other Building Design Issues
•Building Mitigation Measures


FEMA 426, Figure 1-10: Non-Redundant Critical Functions

Collocated Near Loading Dock, p. 1-41



FEMA 426 –Chapter 4

Explosive Blast

•Building Damage
•Blast Effects and Predictions
•Stand-off Distance
•Progressive Collapse




FEMA 426 –Chapter 5

CBR Measures

•Evacuation
•Sheltering in Place
•Personal Protective Equipment
•Filtering and Pressurization
•Exhausting and Purging




Summary

FEMA 426 is intended for building sciences professionals.

Manmade hazards risk assessments use a 

“Design Basis Threat.”

Site and building systems and infrastructure protection 
are provided by layers of defense. 

Multiple mitigation options and techniques.

Use cost-effective multihazard analysis and design.


Case Study Activities

In small group settings, apply concepts introduced in the 
course.

Become conversant with contents and organization of 
FEMA 426.



Unit I-B Case Study Activity

HazardCorp Building Urban Case Study Overview

Requirements

Briefly review Case Study materials.

As a group, complete the worksheet.

Use only the Case Study data to answer worksheet 
questions.


Case Study

Urban Office Rental Property occupied by:

..Building Owner (Building Management)
..Tenants:
..Retail (Restaurant, Shops)
..Government (Federal, State, Local)
..Banking
..Financial
..Insurance


HAZARDCORP BUILDING (HZC)


HazardCorp Building

Building Data

•50-story building completed in 1987•Loading dock on SW side•Retail on lower level•8,000 occupants•1,000 visitors•3 levels of undergroundparkingmailroom# 1# 2WaterWaterData/PhoneData/PhoneData/PhoneElectricElectricNatural Gas

Upper Level Floor Plan

Aerial Overview

HAZARDCORP Site Layout

HAZARDCORP Neighbors

•A and B: 14 -26-story residential condominiums, 
constructed 2001-2005.
•C: 10-story office, constructed 1925•D: 10-story office, constructed 1934•E: 14-story hotel, constructed 1935•F: 20-story office, constructed 1970•G:20-story office, constructed 1994 
Bldg ABldg E

HAZARDCORP OccupancyParkingUG3ParkingUG2ParkingUG1Lobby, retail, fuel storage, switchgear, building administration, loading dock1Open to first floor lobby, rentable meeting space2Open to first floor lobby, rentable meeting space, building management3Storage, switch gear, generators, transformers 4-5Bank offices6-7Federal government offices (SEC, Secret Service)8-13Financial management company14Vacant15-18State Employment Commission19Insurance company20-22Financial service company23-24Office of Emergency Management25Mechanical room26Federal government offices (IRS, DOD, CIA)27-28Bank offices29-30National financial services company31-48Mechanical Floors49-50TENANT OCCUPANCYFLOORParkingUG3ParkingUG2ParkingUG1Lobby, retail, fuel storage, switchgear, building administration, loading dock1Open to first floor lobby, rentable meeting space2Open to first floor lobby, rentable meeting space, building management3Storage, switch gear, generators, transformers 4-5Bank offices6-7Federal government offices (SEC, Secret Service)8-13Financial management company14Vacant15-18State Employment Commission19Insurance company20-22Financial service company23-24Office of Emergency Management25Mechanical room26Federal government offices (IRS, DOD, CIA)27-28Bank offices29-30National financial services company31-48Mechanical Floors49-50TENANT OCCUPANCYFLOOR

Threat Analysis

Terrorist Threat

Intelligence Threat

Criminal Threat



Hazard Analysis

HazMat

..Facilities
..Highway
..Rail
..Maritime


Liquid Fuels

Chemicals

Air Traffic

Natural Hazards



Emergency ResponsePoliceFireEMTHazMatHospitals

Design Basis Threat

Explosive Blast:Car Bomb approximately 500 lb TNT 
equivalent. Truck Bomb approximately 5,000 lb TNT equivalent 
(Murrah Federal Building class weapon)

Chemical: Large quantity gasoline spill and toxic plume from the 
upwind petroleum tank farm or large quantity chlorine release from 
the upwind chemical storage tank farm. Small quantity (tanker 
truck and rail car size) spills of HazMat materials (chlorine).

Biological: Anthrax delivered by mail or in packages, smallpox 
distributed by spray mechanism mounted on truck or aircraft in 
metropolitan area

Radiological:Small “dirty”bomb detonation within the 10-mile 
radius of the HazardCorp building


Design Basis Threat

Criminal Activity/Armed Attack: High powered rifle 
(sniper attack) or handgun shooting (direct assault on 
individuals).

Cyber Attack:Focus on IT and building systems 
infrastructure (SCADA, alarms, etc.) accessible via 
Internet access 


Levels of Protection and Layers of 
Defense

Levels of Protection for Buildings 

..GSA Interagency Security Criteria Level IV Building
..DoD Primary Gathering Building 


Elements of the Layers of Defense Strategy

..Deter
..Detect
..Deny
..Devalue



Summary

FEMA Publication 426

Reference Manual

toMitigate Potential Terrorist 

Attacks Against Buildings

FEMA Publication 452

Risk Assessment: A How-To 
Guide to Mitigate Potential 
Terrorist Threats Against 
Buildings



Unit I-B Case Study Activity

Introduction and Overview

Background

Emphasis:

..Refamiliarizeyourself with Appendix B Case Study and 
answer general questions
..Get acquainted with FEMA 426


Requirements

Refer to Case Study, and independently answer worksheet 
questions

Confer with team members on answers to normalize team 
information