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Emerging Infectious Diseases

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Article Contents

The Study
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Table
Suggested Citation

Volume 12, Number 10–October 2006

Dispatch

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dutch Soccer Team

Xander W. Huijsdens,* Ans M.C. van Lier,† Eric van Kregten,‡ Liesbeth Verhoef,§ Marga G. van Santen-Verheuvel,* Emile Spalburg,* and Wim J.B. Wannet*
*National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; †De Gemeenschappelijke Gezondheidsdienst Eemland, Amersfoort, the Netherlands; ‡Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands; and §Saltro, Utrecht, the Netherlands

The Study

Starting in June 2005, several players of a Dutch soccer team, consisting of ≈35 members, noted soft-tissue infections. In October 2005, the municipal health service received a report of a patient, a member of this soccer team, who had been hospitalized for an abscess resulting from MRSA. Other members of the team had skin infections as well, and screening was started.

A case was defined as a patient who had a culture-confirmed MRSA infection during the outbreak period October 2005 through January 2006. Healthcare staff obtained specimens by swabbing the patients' nose, throat, or wound. A total of 56 persons were screened: 42 members of the soccer club and 14 of their roommates. The 42 members consisted of soccer players, coaches, and people who used the same training facilities, locker room, and showers. The roommates screened were all those who lived with an MRSA-positive player and those who lived with an MRSA-negative player but had skin infections. Of the 56 persons screened, we identified an MRSA infection in 11 persons: 9 soccer players and 2 roommates (Table). Most infections lasted for several weeks. For all players who had soft tissue infections, MRSA was diagnosed. Among those in whom infections did not develop, no carriage of MRSA was found. One roommate had an abscess in the armpit, but the soccer player she lived with was MRSA negative. The mean age of the patients was 31 years (range 18–43). No histories of travel were reported.

To prevent further MRSA transmission, on October 28 the soccer club was instructed to increase hand hygiene, not share personal items, use liquid soap and disposable towels, put a towel on the bench before sitting, increase frequency of cleaning the facilities, and provide more ventilation to the locker room and showers. All patients were treated with cotrimoxazole for 1 week or, if needed, longer until wound infections were healed. Seven patients remained MRSA positive or had recurring wound infections. Perineum cultures from 3 patients showed carriage of MRSA in the gastrointestinal tract, and rifampicin was added to cotrimoxazole for 1 week or, if needed, longer until wounds were healed. Patients were advised to use clean bedding and clothing every day. Furthermore, patients used chlorohexidine, gluconate scrub, povidone iodine, and mupirocin ointment for 5 days. A patient was declared MRSA free after 3 cultures, taken at 1-week intervals, were MRSA negative. One patient, who also had eczema, remained MRSA positive.

In November 2005, MRSA was isolated from a 33-year-old soccer player with a boil, who was a member of a neighboring team. This soccer player had competed against the team with the MRSA-positive players on October 8, before MRSA-positive results were known and hygiene measures recommended. Immediately, this player's team was screened for MRSA; all other players were MRSA negative. The MRSA isolate from this player was included in the analysis.

To characterize the MRSA strains, the following typing methods were used: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing, multilocus sequence typing, SCCmec typing, and PCR of PVL genes (LukS-LukF). All MRSA isolates were identical and identified as the European CA-MRSA ST80-MRSA-IV strain. All strains were PFGE type 28 (according to the Dutch PFGE classification system), spa type t044, ST80, SCCmec IV, and PVL positive. All MRSA isolates had identical susceptibility patterns; they were resistant to oxacillin (and thus to all β-lactam antimicrobial drugs), tetracycline, and fusidic acid. They were susceptible to rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and cotrimoxazole.

Conclusions

This study shows transmission of the CA-MRSA ST80-IV strain among members of a Dutch soccer team. Transmission apparently occurred not only between members of this team but also to a competing soccer team. Transmission of the USA300 strain between members of different teams was previously described for football teams (8). We cannot rule out the possibility of an independent colonization of the ST80-MRSA-IV strain in the competing team, but the 2 teams competed against each other during the period when the first symptoms were noted by members of the first team. Because soccer involves much less contact than football, rugby, or wrestling, MRSA transmission may not necessarily have been caused by skin-to-skin contact but could also have occurred by sharing equipment or personal items. This possibility has also been suggested in a report about a CA-MRSA outbreak among sports participants (12).

To our knowledge, this is the first report of an outbreak of the CA-MRSA ST80-IV strain in a sports team. As with the USA300 strain, more outbreaks of CA-MRSA ST80-IV are likely. Therefore, to identify and control an outbreak as early as possible, sports physicians and coaching staff should be alerted and informed about CA-MRSA.

Acknowledgments

We thank M.E.O.C. Heck and G.N. Pluister for PFGE analysis and A.J. de Neeling for his useful comments about the manuscript.

Dr Huijsdens is a research scientist at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening. His primary research interest is molecular microbiology, including bacterial typing methods.

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Table

Table. Characteristics of MRSA infections, soccer players and their contacts, the Netherlands, 2005