Unit Objectives

Explainbuilding security design issues to a building 
owner for consideration prior to a renovation or new 
construction.

Explainthe identification process to arrive at the high risk 
asset-threat/hazard pairs of interest.

Justifythe recommended mitigation measures, 
explaining the benefits in reducing the risk for the high 
risk situations of interest.


HAZARDCORP BUILDINGBuilding
..Functions
..InfrastructureThreats/Hazards
..Design Basis Threat
..Levels of ProtectionVulnerabilities
..Impact
..MitigationReport

HAZARDCORP

50-story mixed use high-rise 
office building
..8,000 occupants
..1,000 visitors
..Over 2,000,0000 square 
feet of rentable space“Neighbors”include:
..Offices
..Residential

5-Mile Building Radius



Local Imagery

HazMat Sites

Emergency Response



Building Data

•50-story building completed in 1987•Loading dock on SW side•Retail on lower level•8,000 occupants•1,000 visitors•3 levels of undergroundparkingmailroom# 1# 2WaterWaterData/PhoneData/PhoneData/PhoneElectricElectricNatural Gas

HAZARDCORP Occupancy

ParkingUG3ParkingUG2ParkingUG1Lobby, retail, fuel storage, switchgear, building administration, loading dock1Open to first floor lobby, rentable meeting space2Open to first floor lobby, rentable meeting space, building management3Storage, switch gear, generators, transformers 4-5Bank offices6-7Federal government offices (SEC, Secret Service)8-13Financial management company14Vacant15-18State Employment Commission19Insurance company20-22Financial service company23-24Office of Emergency Management25Mechanical room26Federal government offices (IRS, DOD, CIA)27-28Bank offices29-30National financial services company31-48Mechanical Floors49-50TENANT OCCUPANCYFLOORParkingUG3ParkingUG2ParkingUG1Lobby, retail, fuel storage, switchgear, building administration, loading dock1Open to first floor lobby, rentable meeting space2Open to first floor lobby, rentable meeting space, building management3Storage, switch gear, generators, transformers 4-5Bank offices6-7Federal government offices (SEC, Secret Service)8-13Financial management company14Vacant15-18State Employment Commission19Insurance company20-22Financial service company23-24Office of Emergency Management25Mechanical room26Federal government offices (IRS, DOD, CIA)27-28Bank offices29-30National financial services company31-48Mechanical Floors49-50TENANT OCCUPANCYFLOOR

Car Bomb Blast Effects

Truck Bomb Blast Effects-Collateral

Truck Bomb Blast Effects-Loading Dock

Building Data

Structural / Envelope

..4 perimeter moment frames
..Gravity framing composite


steel beams

..Variety of framing


connections

..Aluminum / Glass curtain


wall exterior cladding

..First three floors 3/8 inch 
thermally tempered glass
..Other glazing ¼inch or 3/8 inch 
annealed single pane glass
..Discontinuous columns through 
the lobby area




Building Infrastructure

Fire Suppression

..Sprinklers on every floor of building
..Standpipes in every stairway, including building and 
plaza parking
..Yard main loops all around building
..Fire department connections –west and north side of 
building


Electric Power

..13,800 volt looped service feeds substation in building
..4th floor transformers –480/277 volt distribution



Building Infrastructure

Generators/Fuel Systems

..Building management and tenant systems
..Located in various parts of building


HVAC

..All air using heat pumps and supplemental electric heat 
(including lighting)
..Tied to fire suppression whereby floors above and 
below fire are overpressurizedand fire floor is 
exhausted



Building Infrastructure

Water

..Two feeds, one under loading dock
..Storage tanks on mechanical floors


Natural Gas

..4-inch main to first floor restaurants



Building Infrastructure

Communications

..Three T-3 lines from three providers
..Empty conduits for expansion installed
..Tenants have additional services
..VOIP, satellite, and landline phones in building for 
outside communication
..Fire Watch phone in stairwells



Building Infrastructure

Physical Security

Security personnel

..1 person --Central Security
..2 rovers


Reception staff

..2 persons 0600-1800 on business days
..1 person 1800-0600 on business days or all day on 
non-business days


Lobby –access to atrium, mailroom, meeting rooms and 
retail space 


Threats/Hazards

Text Box: Threats include:
Terrorism
No direct threat specifically identified for HazardCorp Building
Government, military, finance, and banking tenants in building could be targeted if perceived as soft target
Collateral damage potential due to nearby po
Threats/Hazards

Text Box: Threats (continued):
Crime
City has much higher crime rate than national averages in most categories
Natural Hazards
Hurricanes and tornadoes – Almost 100 per year
Evacuation zone for storm surges
Earthquakes – Infrequent and low intensity -- ol
Threats/Hazards

Text Box: Threats (continued):
HazMat
Chemical and fuel tank farms across river
Rail lines across river
Shipping on river
2,000 trucks each day within city
100 spills and releases each year in city
Other Technological Hazards
600 water main breaks per yea
Design Basis Threat

Explosive Blast:Car Bomb 500 lb TNT equivalent. Truck 
Bomb 5,000 lb TNT equivalent (Murrah Federal Building class 
weapon)

Chemical:Large quantity petroleum fire toxic plume from tank 
farm. Large and small quantity HazMat release (chlorine) from 
tank farm, tanker truck, and rail car. 

Biological:Anthrax delivered by mail or in packages, smallpox 
distributed by spray mechanism mounted on truck or aircraft in 
metropolitan area

Radiological:Small “dirty”bomb detonation within the 10-mile 
radius of the HAZARDCORP building


Levels of Protection

GSA Interagency Security Criteria

Level IV Building –over 450+ employees

--over 150,000 sq ft

..Perimeter Security
..Entry Security
..Interior Security
..Administrative Procedures
..Blast/Setback Standards



Levels of Protection

FEMA 426, Adapted from Table 4-1: DoD Minimum Antiterrorism 
Standards for New Buildings, p. 4-9

Text Box: Potential Injury Text Box: DoD Antiterrorism Standards
Levels of Protection

Adapted from DoD Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC), “DoD Minimum 
Antiterrorism Standards for New Buildings”, UFC 4-010-01, 31 July 2002

Text Box: DoD Antiterrorism StandardsStand-off Distance or Separation RequirementsBuilding CategoryLocationPrimary 
Gathering 
BuildingControlled 
Perimeter 
or Parking 
and 
Roadways 
without a 
Controlled 
PerimeterApplicable 
Level of 
ProtectionConventional 
Construction 
Stand-off 
DistanceEffective 
Stand-off 
DistanceApplicable 
Explosives 
WeightLow45 m148 ft25 m82 ftCar Bomb

Levels of Protection

Building Entrance LayoutStandard 12Windows, Skylights, and Glazed Doors 
Standard 11Exterior Masonry WallsStandard 10Building Overhangs 
Standard 9Structural Isolation 
Standard 8Progressive Collapse Avoidance 
Standard 7Parking Beneath Buildings or on RooftopsStandard 6Access Roads 
Standard 5Drive-Up/Drop-Off AreasStandard 4Unobstructed Space 
Standard 3Standard 2Minimum Stand-off Distances Standard 1UFC 4-010-01 APPENDIX BDoD MINIMUM ANTITERRORISM STANDARDS FOR NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGSExterior Doors 

Levels of Protection (continued)

Mass Notification 
Under Building AccessStandard 22Equipment BracingStandard 21Utility Distribution and Installation 
Standard 20Emergency Air Distribution ShutoffStandard 19Mailroom VentilationStandard 18Air IntakesStandard 17Overhead Mounted Architectural Features 
Standard 16Roof Access 
Standard 15Mailrooms 
Standard 14Standard 13UFC 4-010-01 APPENDIX BDoD MINIMUM ANTITERRORISM STANDARDS FOR NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS

Unit XII Case Study Activity

Finalization and Presentation of Group Results

Purpose

..Groups finalize their assessments
..Decide on high priority risk concerns
..Determine appropriate mitigation measures
..Present findings to class


Requirements

Based on findings from previous activities, complete the 
worksheet table

Prepare to present conclusions and justify decisions to class 
in a 5-to 7-minute presentation


Vulnerability/Mitigation

Basis of Mitigation Measures

Recommendations ultimately require an understanding of 
benefit (capability) versus cost to implement

Blast Modeling

..Various scenarios run at Tier III level for comparison 
using Design Basis Threats
..Truck bomb is worst case
..Car bomb also analyzed for comparison
..Some interesting and unexpected results
..More analysis required for final design



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Basis of Mitigation Measures

Plume Modeling (CBR or HazMat)

..Tier II / Tier III performed for selected Design Basis 
Threats external to building, less urban canyon effect
..Additional Tier III analysis required inside building
..Understand internal pressure changes during 
building operation
..Understand on HVAC and other changes 
implemented in response plans affect the building
..Supports design of CBR measures



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Basis of Mitigation Measures

Cost Estimates are ROM (Rough Order of Magnitude)

..Assumes 10% Overhead and 10% Profit
..Assumes Area Cost Factor of 1.0 (DoD) or 100 (RS 
Means)
..DoD Range: 0.84(Huntsville AL) to 1.67(Anchorage AK)
..RS Means Range: 82.5(Baton Rouge LA) to 131.9(New York 
NY)
..Adjusted for July 2006
..Anti-Terrorism / Force Protection equipment and 
construction costing information is still immature



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Site / Vehicle Bomb

Maximize available stand-off

..Plaza side barriers at property line to prevent direct 
approach into lobby –K12 rating / 408 LF
..Planters -$ 92K
..Plinth walls -$207K
..Bollards -$104K



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Site / Vehicle Bomb

Maximize available stand-off

..Other three sides
..Continue controlled parking on street
..Signage -$10K
..Bollards if no controlled parking
..K12 rating –North and South 340 LF -$90K
..K8 rating –West 248 LF -$65K



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Site / Vehicle Bomb

Protect loading dock / building

..Hardened vehicle barriers, K12 rating, 3 each
..Pop-Up -$405K
..Drop Arm -$150K



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Site / Vehicle Bomb

Reroute Traffic

..Traffic Study -$20K
..MOUswith tenants / neighbors / police
..Variable road closure or area-wide access control 
based upon intelligence (Ring of Steel)
..Change west side alley to north travel direction to avoid 
queuing on main roads for entry to UG building parking



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Site / Vehicle Bomb

Segregate UG parking for access control

..Controlled under building –tenants/vetted only
..Public under plaza (public parking is a premium in 
urban area)
..Hardened vehicle barriers at under building entrance / 
exit
..Drop Arms K8 rating, 2 each -$96K
..Signage to denote public and tenant/staff UG parking 
entrances -$2K



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Architectural / Vehicle Bomb

Access control for loading dock

..Additional security at loading dock, includes screening 
at curb
..2 personnel, 8 hour shift –$188K/year
..Pre-screening away from building
..Pre-engineered bldg –$ 36K 
..2 personnel, 8 hour shift –$188K/year
..Time of day access (2000 to 0400)
..4 personnel, 8 hour shift -$376K/year
..Apply individually or collectively



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Architectural / Vehicle Bomb

Segregate UG parking for access control

..Electronic or manned access control under building
..Electronic (Card Scanner & PIN) –$12K
..Manned
..Small Shelter -$5K
..2 Personnel, 24/7 -$790K/year



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Architectural / Vehicle Bomb

Strengthen overhead anchorage elements

..HVAC diffusers, light fixtures, etc.
..First three floors -$950K
..Canopy at main entrance
..Requires additional design information
..$950K



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Architectural + Security / Vehicle Bomb

Move Security Control to 4thfloor or install 
backup location on 4thfloor

..>> $1M
..Alarms, communications, CCTV, building operating 
systems (SCADA, EMCS), and Fire Control 



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Architectural / Access Control

Lobby redesign

..Channel all entrances to screening location(s) with up to 12 
checkpoints for throughput
..$2.5M


Close off retail space access to Lobby

..Convert to crash bar with alarm, 3 doors -$1.5K
..Lobby redesign may overcome need


Armed guards manning screening equipment in lobby

..Up to 36 guards with 3 guards per checkpoint at peak times basedupon throughput
..$8.7M/year



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Structural Systems / Vehicle Bomb

Perform blast analysis –perimeter building columns

..Existing –W14x455 steel columns, 96 total
..Upgrade on Floors 1 and 2 –Encase in 4,000 psi 
concrete and ¼”steel wrap -$980K


Harden loading dock to protect rest of building –below 
achieves low LOP

..12”R/C, #8-4”O.C. both faces, ½”steel plate on ceiling 
and floor -$510K
..Adds protection of fuel tanks under loading dock, 
evaluate need for additional measures



Column Hardening


Original ColumnsLarge DBT –52 ftSmall DBT –14 ftHardened ColumnsLarge DBT –18 ftSmall DBT --5 ft

Vulnerability/Mitigation

Structural Systems / Vehicle Bomb

Segregate UG parking for access control

..Harden columns on all underground levels along first 
building line nearest public access
..4,000 PSI concrete and ¼”steel wrap, 21 columns
..$635K
..Consider all columns at all UG parking levels under 
building based upon progressive collapse
..Add $2.6M to above



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Structural Systems / Vehicle Bomb

Segregate UG parking for access control

..Hardened wall between vetted and public parking, 248 
LF per level, 3 levels –totaled below
..12”R/C, #8-4”O.C., both faces -$2.06M
..One vehicle barrier per level, K8 rating -$145K



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Structural Systems / Vehicle Bomb

Perform blast analysis atrium columns –harden against 
progressive collapse

..Existing –W14x455 steel columns, 16 total
..Upgrade on Floor 1 only –Encase in 4,000 psi 
concrete and ¼”steel wrap -$467K


Provide architectural stand-off around columns

..Gypsum board on metal studs
..1’off column (GSA 6”required)
..16 columns, first floor only -$50K



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Building Envelope / Vehicle Bomb

Perform blast analysis –glazing and frame upgrades

..Existing 172 windows/floor, nominal 5’x 5’
..Floors 1-3, 3/8”TTG SP
..Floors 4-8, ¼”DS SP
..Floors 9-50, 3/8”DS SP
..Upgraded –Note Federal floors are 8-13 and 27-28
..Floors 1-7, 1”TTG LAM SP –$12M
..Floor 8, 3/8”TTG SP from Floors 1-3 with 15 mil FRF –$560K
..Floors 9-13, 27-28 Existing with 15 mil FRF -$710K



Window Hardening –Floor 1

Original glazing meets 
GSA minimum

Original GlazingLarge DBT–678 ftSmall DBT–277 ftHardened GlazingLarge DBT–205 ftSmall DBT–77 ft

Window Hardening –Floor 7

Original glazing requires 15-mil 
FRF to meet GSA minimumOriginal GlazingLarge DBT–1,707+ ftSmall DBT–755 ftHardened GlazingLarge DBT–180 ftSmall DBT–GSA 1 / 2

Window Hardening –Floor 8

Original glazing requires 15-mil 
FRF w/4-sided attachment to 
meet GSA minimumOriginal GlazingLarge DBT–1,707+ ftSmall DBT–755 ftHardened GlazingLarge DBT–366 ftSmall DBT–GSA 1 / 2

Window Hardening –Floor 9

Original glazing requires 15-mil 
FRF w/4-sided attachment to 
meet GSA minimumOriginal GlazingLarge DBT–977 ftSmall DBT–380 ftHardened GlazingLarge DBT–379 ftSmall DBT–GSA 1 to 3b

Window Hardening –Floor 13

Original glazing requires 15-mil 
FRF w/4-sided attachment to 
meet GSA minimumOriginal GlazingLarge DBT–970 ftSmall DBT–359 ftHardened GlazingLarge DBT–358 ftSmall DBT–GSA 1 / 2

Window Hardening –Floor 27

Original glazing requires 15-mil 
FRF w/4-sided attachment to 
meet GSA minimumOriginal GlazingLarge DBT–923 ftSmall DBT–82/174 ftHardened GlazingLarge DBT–109/222 ftSmall DBT–GSA 1 / 2

Vulnerability/Mitigation

Utility Systems / Vehicle Bomb

Harden all utilities entering site as transiting UG 
parking, 1’x 1’cross section

..3/8”steel plate welded with access panels and 
hangars -$250/LF


Set up preplanned contingency fuel deliveries for 
emergency generators with other supplier(s)


Vulnerability/Mitigation

Mechanical / CBR Attack

Install emergency shut down switches –all fans

..At each floor accessible to fire wardens -$22K per 
floor
..Security Control and backup location -$22K per 
floor in addition to fire warden capability
..Total for building: $2.2M



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Mechanical / CBR Attack

Install elevator controls in Security Control and 
backup location

..Evacuation support (up or down)
..Shut down to prevent pumping of contaminants 
throughout building
..Total for 31 elevators: $775K



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Mechanical / CBR Attack (Chemical and 
Radiological)

Evaluate carbon filters for chlorine-type spills

..Analysis of heavier or lighter than air contaminants
..$135K per air handler (two to four air handlers per 
floor)



ERPG 2 –
3ppmIDLH –10 
ppm5,000 gallons of chlorine released 1.5 miles upwind of HZC Bldg 

HZC Chlorine Release Parameters



Railroad Tanker Chlorine Release

HZC

Chlorine Concentration at HZC



Chlorine Dose at HZC



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Mechanical / CBR Attack (Chemical and 
Radiological)

Upgrade filters to MERV 11, 12 or 13 to remove 
particulates / CBR

..Confirm pressure drop can be handled or upgrade 
fan equipment
..$50K to $1.2M+ per floor



IDLH for CO is 1,200ppm

Carbon Monoxide

Fire Plumes –Smoke & COHZC FireHZC FireSmoke

Vulnerability/Mitigation

Mechanical / CBR Attack (Chemical and 
Radiological)

Install chemical/radiological detectors

..Activate HVAC shutdown and alarm
..$15K to $100K per floor for each type, with 
radiological less expensive



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Mechanical / CBR Attack

Redesign HVAC for lobby

..Separate system, like mailroom -$620K


Design safe rooms / shelter-in-place locations 
with filtered air units operated when shelter 
activated

..$200K per floor for 170 people



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Mechanical / CBR Attack (Biological)

Evaluate Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI)

..$4.9M for complete facility


CBR General

Establish Occupant Emergency Plans for CBR external 
and internal releases

..Part of Building Management overhead



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Security Systems / Generic Measures

Expanded and upgraded CCTV coverage

..Perimeter -$415K
..Stairwells (not pan/tilt/zoom) -$800K
..UG Parking, Lobby, Federal Floors
..Include coverage of access keypads
..UG parking -$555K
..With appropriate sensors (motion, noise, door 
contact) to aid monitoring



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Security Systems / Generic Measures

Panic / duress alarms –for general public

..Place sign at each keypad
..Reprogram system to indicate duress/problem by 
pressing 911*
..Keypads linked to CCTV monitoring system for 
alarm
..Keypads added to plaza UG parking levels with 
CCTV coverage



Vulnerability/Mitigation

Equipment Ops and Maintenance / Vehicle 
Bomb or Armed attack

Confirm sufficient fuel capacity for emergency 
generators to cover longest historical outage

..Starting estimate: 0.08 gal/KW/hr
..Once per year measure consumption at 
normal to high load
..Coordinate timely resupply