Inclusion Criteria for Cases:

• 2nd trimester (22-26 weeks) or 3rd trimester (32-36 weeks) of pregnancy, based on an ultrasound conducted at <22 weeks gestation (composite of BPD, HC, AC, FL)
• Singleton pregnancy documented by ultrasound
• Parasitemic (> 500 parasites/μl)
• Afebrile and asymptomatic
• Hematocrit ≥ 30%
• Negative HIV test result
• At least 18 years of age and less than 40 years of age
• Able to spend three days in the clinic following their laboratory screening visit and again at three months postpartum
• Willing to provide informed consent

Inclusion Criteria for Non-pregnant Controls:

• Negative urine pregnancy test
• Parasitemic (> 500 parasites/μl)
• Afebrile and asymptomatic
• Hematocrit ≥ 30%
• Negative Determine® HIV test result
• At least 18 years of age and less than 40 years of age
• Able to spend three days in the clinic following screening
• Willing to provide informed consent

Inclusion Criteria for Internal controls:

• Negative urine pregnancy test

Exclusion Criteria for Cases:

• Parasitemia > 300,000 parasites/μl or symptomatic malaria
• Medical contraindications to participation or medical disorders (known high blood pressure, diabetes, sickle cell disease or tuberculosis)
• Have taken artesunate or any medicine containing artesunate during the current pregnancy
• Have taken any antimalarial in the past two weeks
• Have taken any medication in the past two weeks other than antipyretics (e.g., acetyl- salicylic acid, acetaminophen), folic acid or iron
• Have a fetus with any ultrasonographically visible structural fetal abnormalities identified on entry by ultrasound
• Past or present pregnancy complications that would preclude participation in the study (gestational diabetes/diabetes, incompetent cervix, pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia, and high blood pressure)
• Between 32-36 weeks gestation and have already participated in the study at 22-26 weeks gestation

Exclusion Criteria for Non-pregnant Controls:

• Parasitemia > 300,000 parasites/μl or have symptomatic malaria
• Medical contraindications to participation or medical disorders (known high blood pressure, diabetes, sickle cell disease or tuberculosis)
• Have taken any antimalarial in the past two weeks
• Have taken any medication in the past two weeks other than antipyretics (e.g., acetyl- salicylic acid, acetaminophen), folic acid or iron

Exclusion Criteria for Internal Controls:

• Parasitemia > 300,000 parasites/μl or have symptomatic malaria
• Have taken antimalarial medication in the past two weeks.
• Have taken any medication in the past two weeks other than antipyretics (e.g., acetyl- salicylic acid, acetaminophen), folic acid or iron
• Pregnant