In Bulletin #23 NIOSH erroneously listed Dowfume® MC-2 as a synonym for ethylene dibromide. Dow Chemical USA has advised NIOSH that Dowfume® MC-2 actually is 98% methyl bromide and 2% chloropicrin.
This Current Intelligence Bulletin summarizes information on some of the similarities and dissimilarities within the chloroethane group. NIOSH is concerned about the carcinogenic potential of chloroethanes based on emerging data from the NCI bioassay program. Concern for the carcinogenic potential of all members of the chloroethane series is based upon structural similarities within the group as well as the structural similarities to other carcinogenic organochlorine compounds. Extreme care must be used when selecting possible substitutes, and the alternatives should be fully evaluated with regard to human effects.
At present, NIOSH is not aware of any evidence associating chloroethane compounds with an increased risk of cancer in man. However, animal studies are valuable in helping identify human carcinogens. Substances that cause cancer in experimental animals must be considered a potential cancer risk in man. Safe levels of exposure to carcinogens have not been demonstrated, but lowered exposure to carcinogens decreases the probability of cancer development.
NIOSH issued Current Intelligence Bulletin #25 (April 1978), recommending that ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane) be handled in the workplace as if it were a human carcinogen.5 NIOSH is now distributing Bulletin #27 to advise of additional findings of the NCI chloroethane bioassays, other pertinent data, and possible implications for occupational health. Also included are "Suggested Guidelines for Controlling Employee Exposure to Chloroethanes." NIOSH requests that producers, distributors, professional associations, and unions transmit the information in this Bulletin to their custorners, employees, associates and members.
| monochloroethane
| medical and other health services; automotive dealers and service stations; wholesale trade; electric, gas and sanitary
services; machinery, except electrical; special trade
contractors; fabricated metal products; printing and
publishing; rubber and plastics products not elsewhere
classified; food and kindred products
| registered nurses; automobile mechanics; physicians,
medical and osteopathic; office machine mechanics and
repairmen; garage workers and gas station attendants; not specified
mechanics and repairmen; household appliance and accessory
installers; assemblers; heavy equipment mechanics, including
diesel; plumbers and pipe fitters
| 1,1-dichloroethane
| chemicals and allied products; miscellaneous business services;
stone, clay and glass products not elsewhere classified;
petroleum and coal products
| janitors and sextons; not specified clerical workers;
electricians; assemblers; agricultural and biological technicians
| 1,2-dichloroethane
| medical and other health services; automotive dealers and
service stations; machinery, except electrical; wholesale
trade; printing and publishing; eating and drinking places;
primary metal industries; chemicals and allied products;
miscellaneous business services; transportation equipment;
electrical equipment and supplies; special trade contractors;
fabricated metal products; stone, clay and glass products; food
and kindred products; paper and allied products; rubber and
plastics products not elsewhere covered; communication;
water transportation; instruments and related products
| automobile mechanics; janitors and sextons; heavy equipment
mechanics, including diesel; registered nurses; miscellaneous
specified machine operatives; miscellaneous operatives;
assemblers; machinists; pressmen and plate printers, printing;
cooks, except private household; garage workers and gas
station attendants; cleaners and charwomen; electricians;
telephone installers and repairmen; vehicle
washers and equipment cleaners; secretaries not elsewhere
classified; nursing aides, orderlies and attendants; checkers,
examiners and inspectors, manufacturing; not specified
mechanics and repairmen: printers, manufactured articles
| 1,1,1-trichloroethane
| medical and other health services; automotive dealers and
service stations; machinery, except electrical; wholesale
trade; transportation equipment; printing and publishing;
primary metal industries; electrical equipment and supplies;
fabricated metal products; communication; special trade
contractors; chemicals and allied products; eating and drinking
places; miscellaneous services; transportation by air; stone,
clay and glass products; retain general merchandise;
instruments and related products; apparal and accessory
stores; electric, gas and sanitary services; food and kindred
products; rubber and plastics products not elsewhere classified;
personal services; paper and allied products
|
auto mechanics; janitors and sextons; heavy equipment
mechanics, including diesel; registered nurses; secretaries not
elsewhere classified; machinists; machine operatives; miscellaneous
specified; assemblers; not specified clerical workers; cleaners
and charwomen; miscellaneous operatives; electricians; pressmen
and plate printers, printing; garage workers and gas station
attendants; telephone installers and repairmen; manufacturing
checkers, examiners and inspectors; cooks, except private
household; tool and die makers; administrators and managers,
not elsewhere classified; nursing aides, orderlies and attendants;
dishwashers; vehical washers and equipment cleaners; millwrights;
miscellaneous mechanics and repairmen; office machine
| 1,1,2-trichloroethane
| primary metal industries; wholesale trade; auto repair,
services and garages; transportation equipment;
communication; electrical equipment and supplies; special
trade contractors; miscellaneous retail stores; machinery,
except electrical; stone, clay and glass products; chemicals
and allied products; medical and other health services;
instruments and other related products
| electricians; heavy equipment mechanics, including diesel;
miscellaneous mechanics and repairmen;
upholsterers; janitors and sextons; electrical and electronic
engineering technicians; office machine mechanics and repairmen;
radio and television; not specified mechanics and repairmen; air
conditioning, heating and refrigeration; telephone installers
and repairmen; miscellaneous operatives; assemblers; manufacturing
checkers, examiners and inspectors; printing pressmen and plate printers
| 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
| electrical equipment and supplies; chemicals and allied
products; electric, gas and sanitary services; miscellaneous
business services; stone, clay and glass products
| assemblers; janitors and sextons; not specified clerical
workers; electricians; manufacturing checkers, examiners and
inspectors
| hexachloroethane
| real estate; paper and allied products; lumber and wood
products; amusement and recreation services not elsewhere
classified
| cleaners and charwomen; millwrights; machine operatives,
miscellaneous specified; plumbers and pipefitters; electricians
|
|
At room temperature monochloroethane is a gas, hexachloroethane is a solid, and the seven other chloroethanes are liquids. Some of the chloroethanes are manufactured on a large scale and used extensively because of their low cost and excellent solvent properties. They are used as solvents and in degreasing agents, cutting fluids, fumigants, and in the manufacture of plastics, textiles, and other chemicals. Table 1 summarizes the major industries and occupations in which workers are potentially exposed to chloroethanes.
From 1972-1974, NIOSH conducted the NIOSH National Occupational Hazards Survey (NOHS), on a sample of about 900,000 employees at 4,636 facilities, in order to determine the potential for worker exposure to chemicals and physical agents. NOHS algorithms used Bureau of the Census 1970 population counts to permit extrapolation from the sample to the United States worker population of 1970. A total of over 3 million workers were estimated to be potentially exposed to one or more chloroethanes. Table 2 presents a summary of NOHS estimates of worker exposure to chloroethanes and some production figures.6,9,40
Workers Exposed (pounds) monochloroethane
| 1,1-dichloroethane
| 1,2dichloroethane
| 1,1,1-trichloroethane
| 1,1,2-trichloroethane
| 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane
| | 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
| pentachloroethane
| hexachloroethane
| |
Summaries of the current Department of Labor - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) exposure standards10 and NIOSH recommended exposure standards for the chloroethane compounds are given in Table 3.
Exposure Standard (ppm) Recommended Exposure Standard (ppm) monochloroethane | 1 1-dichloroethane 1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,1,2-trichloroethane 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane pentachloroethane hexachloroethane 100 50 350 10 none 5 none 1 none 5 350 none none 1 * * |
As of July 1978, four of the eight chloroethanes selected by NCI for testing have been shown to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. The results of the bioassays1-4,14 are summarized in Table 4. Each compound was studied separately in male and female Osborne-Mendel rats and male and female B6C3F1 mice. Each experiment consisted of a high dose and a low dose group of 50 animals each. Twenty animals of each species/sex combination served as untreated controls and 20 animals of each species/sex combination served as vehicle controls. The chloroethane compounds were administered to the test animals in a corn oil vehicle by gastric intubation (stomach tube) five days a week for 78 weeks. The vehicle controls were intubated with pure corn oil at the same rate as the high dose animals.
| monochloroethane
| no testing planned
| 1,1-dichloroethane
| retesting recommended because initial results inconclusive
| 1,2-dichloroethane
| rats/female | mammary gland | adenocarcinomas
| rats/male | forestomach | squamous cell carcinomas
| | circulatory system | hemangiocarcinomas
| | subcutaneous tissue | fibromas
| mice/female | mammary gland | adenocarcinomas
| | endometrium | stomal sarcomas
| | lungs | adenomas
| mice/male | lungs | adenomas
| 1,1,1-trichloroethane
| retesting in progress
| 1,1,2-trichloroethane | mice/female | liver | hepatocellular carcinomas
| mice/male | liver | hepatocellular carcinomas
| mice | adrenal glands | pheochromocytomas
| 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane
| testing in progress, no report available
| 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane | mice/female | liver | hepatocellular carcinomas
| mice/male | liver | hepatocellular carcinomas
| pentachloroethane
| testing in progress, no report available
| hexachloroethane | mice/female | liver | hepatocellular carcinomas
| mice/male | liver | hepatocellular carcinomas
|
|
The National Cancer Institute has concluded that under the conditions of the bioassay 1,2-dichloroethane; 1,1,2-trichloroethane; 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane; and hexachloroethane are carcinogenic in mice, inducing liver cancer in both sexes.1-4 Additionally, results of the NCI bioassay of 1,2-dichloroethane indicate that this compound also causes cancer in male and female rats. In mice 1,1,2-trichloroethane was also associated with increased adrenal pheochromocytoma, a tumor which gives rise to high blood pressure and hyperglycemia. Toxic kidney damage was observed in all groups of both mice and rats treated with hexachloroethane.4
Although the occurence of cancer in mice is highly significant, the results do not provide conclusive evidence that 1,1,2-trichloroethane; 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane; or hexachloroethane cause cancer in rats. A statistically significant association between increased dosage and accelerated mortality was observed in rats treated with hexachloroethane. NCI has concluded that early mortality may have obscured a carcinogenic effect in these animals.
The National Cancer Institute is currently conducting bioassays of pentachloroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane.14 They are also retesting 1,1-dichloroethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane because the previous tests were inconclusive; low survival rates complicated the interpretation of the bioassay results. Monochloroethane has not yet been tested.
It has been reported that some of the chloroethanes and their metabolites are mutagenic in bacterial systems.3,16 Mutagenic activity per se, should be considered a substantial liability. In addition, research suggests a correlation between mutagenicity in some bacterial strains and carcinogenicity in higher animals. Other adverse effects of the chloroethanes may vary from one compound to another. Table 5 summarizes some of the toxicological studies in animal systems.
monochloroethane
| unspecified
| kidney damage; | fatty changes in liver, kidney, and heart 1,1-dichloroethane
| cat
| kidney damage
| dog
| liver injury
| rat
| liver injury; retarded fetal development
| 1,2-dichloroethane
| bacterium
| mutagen
| cat
| retarded growth rate, fatty changes in liver; heart dilation; lung hyperemia
| dog
| corneal clouding; fatty changes in liver liver enlargement; weight loss
| fruit fly
| mutagen
| guinea pig
| fatty changes in liver; liver enlargement; weight loss
| monkey
| fatty changes in liver
| rabbit
| fatty changes in liver; hypotension; respiratory paralysis;
EKG changes; anemia; bone marrow changes; liver dysfunction,
hemorrhage and degeneration; kidney degeneration and dysfunction
| rat
| embryotoxin; pulmonary congestion; fatty changes in liver
| 1,1,1-trichloroethane
| cat
| neuromuscular reflex changes
| dog
| sudden death; respiratory failure
| guinea pig
| fatty changes in liver; lung irritation
| mouse
| cardiac arrythmias; liver dysfunction;
pulmonary congestion
| monkey
| cardiac arrythmias; myocardial depression
respiratory failure; staggering gait; tachycardia; tremors
| rat
| cardiac failure; pulmonary congestion;
pneumonitis; staggering gait; weakness;
respiration; semiconsciousness; respiratory failure
| 1,1,2-trichloroethane
| dog
| liver and kidney injury
| guinea pig
| liver and kidney injury
| 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane
| rabbit
| embryotoxin
| rat
| embryotoxin; liver dysfunction; mutagen
| 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
| bacterium
| mutagen
| dog
| ascites; diarrhea; jaundice; liver enlargement; intestinal hemorrhage
| guinea pig
| convulsions; weight loss; death
| monkey
| anorexia; diarrhea; blood cell fluctuation; weight loss
| mouse
| staggering gait; breathing difficulty; fatty degeneration of liver and kidney; death
| rabbit
| altered immune system; altered blood chemistry;
liver and kidney degeneration;
fatty degeneration of liver and kidney;
corneal reflex changes; liver enlargement;
paralysis; death
| rat
| blood cell changes; fatty degeneration of liver;
liver dysfunction; death
| pentachloroethane
| cat
| liver, kidney, and lung changes
| dog
| fatty degeneration of liver; kidney and lung injury
| sheep
| liver dysfunction
| hexachloroethane
| cattle
| liver and kidney dameage
| mouse
| liver and kidney damage
| rat
| liver and kidney damage
| sheep
| liver and kidney damage
|
|
In addition to the toxic effects of chloroethanes and their metabolites, the oxidative decomposition of products produced in the presence of open flames, hot metals, or lighted cigarettes should be taken into account. The chloroethane compounds may degrade to phosgene, hydrogen chloride and dichloroacetylene. Phosgene is considered to be dangerous to life in 30 to 60 minutes at 12.5 ppm.37
| monochloroethane | | | | | 1,1,-dichloroethane | | | | | | | | |
| 1,2-dichloroethane | | | 1,1,1-trichloroethane | | | | | 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane | | | | hexachloroethane | | | | | | | | | |
| |
* adverse human health effects have not been reported to NIOSH for 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, and pentachloroethane [return to table]
| monochloroethane
| neurologic
| central nervous system depression, headache, dizziness,
incoordination, feeling inebriated, unconsciousness
| gastrointestinal
| abdominal cramps
| respiratory
| respiratory tract irritation, respiratory failure
| cardiovascular
| cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest
| dermatological
| skin irritation, frostbite, allergic eczema
| other
| eye irritation, death
| 1,1-dichloroethane
| neurologic
| central nervous system depression
| respiratory
| respiratory tract irritation
| dermatologic
| skin burn
| 1,2-dichloroethane
| neurologic
| headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, vertigo, hand tremors,
generalized weakness, sleepiness, nervousness, mental confusion
| hepatic
| liver function abnormalities, cellular damage, toxic chemical hepatitis, jaundice,
liver enlargement
| 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane
| neurologic
| central nervous system depression, headache, dizziness,
incoordination, feeling inebriated, unconsciousness; impaired
perceptual speed, manual dexterity and equilibrium; increased
reaction time, lightheadeness, drowsiness, sleepiness, generalized
weakness, ringing sound in ears, unsteady gait, burning and/or prickling
sensation in hands and/or feet
| hepatic
| cellular damage, liver function abnormalities
| gastrointestinal
| nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
| cardiovascular
| drop in blood pressure (hypotension), decrease in heart rate (bradycardia), cardiac
arrhythmias
| hematologic
| blood clotting changes
| dermatologic
| dryness, cracking, scaliness, inflammation
| other
| eye irritation, fatigue, death
| 1,1,2-trichloroethane
|
| NIOSH is unaware of reports of adverse occupational exposure (see
Table 5)
| 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane
|
| NIOSH is unaware of reports of adverse occupational
exposure (see Table 5)
| 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
| neurologic
| central nervous system depression, headache, feeling inebriated, consciousness,
drowsiness, unsteady gait, vertigo, hand tremors, numbness in limbs, prickling
sensation of fingers and toes, pain in sole of feet, loss of knee jerk, paralysis
of some muscles of the hands and feet, inflammation of the peripheral nerves
slight paralysis of the soft palate, loss of the gag reflex, irritability, mental confusion,
delirium, convulsions, stupor, coma
| hepatic
| liver function abnormalities, massive cell damage toxic chemical hepatitis, jaundice,
liver enlargement, sensation of pressure in the liver area
| gastrointestinal
| abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, unpleasant taste in the mouth, loss of appetite
(anorexia), vomiting of blood (hematemesis), increased flatulence, diarrhea, constipation,
pale stools
| urologic
| kidney damage, presence of bile pigments, albumen, and casts in the urine
| respiratory
| excessive fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), respiratory paralysis
| cardiovascular
| fatty degeneration of the heart muscle (in lab animals)
| hematologic
| anemia, increase in white blood cells, (and blood platelets)
| dermatologic
| dryness, cracking, scaliness, inflamation, purpuric rash
| other
| insomnia, general malaise, fatigue, excessive sweating, weight loss
| pentachloroethane
|
| NIOSH is unaware of reports of adverse occupational exposure (see
Table 5)
| hexachloroethane
| neurologic
| inability to close eyelid
|
| eye irritation, tearing of eyes, inflamation of delicate membrane lining the eye,
visual intolerance to light, (photophobia)
|
|
As an interim and prudent measure while the carcinogenicity of chloroethanes is being further evaluated NIOSH recommends that occupational exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane; 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and hexachloroethane be minimized. Exposures should be limited to as few employees as possible, while minimizing workplace exposure levels with engineering and work practice controls. Additionally, monochloroethane; 1,1-dichloroethane; 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane; and pentachloroethane should be treated in the workplace with caution.
[signature] J. Michael Lane, M.D. Acting Director |
Additionally, NIOSH recommends that the other five chloroethane compounds: monochloroethane (ethyl chloride); 1,1-dichloroethane; 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform); 1,1,1,2-trichloroethane; and pentachloroethane should be treated in the workplace with caution because of their relation to the four chloroethanes shown to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. These five chloroethanes should be closely monitored for carcinogenic effects in humans.
monochloroethane
| not available
| 1,1-dichloroethane
| S123
| 1,2-dichloroethane
| P&CAM 127 and S122
| 1,1, 1-trichloroethane
| P&CAM 127 and S328
| 1,1, 2-trichloroethane
| P&CAM 127 and S134
| 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane
| not available
| 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
| S124
| pentachloroethane
| not available
| hexachloroethane
| S101
|
|
Initial and routine employee exposure surveys should be made by competent industrial hygiene and engineering personnel. These surveys are necessary to determine the extent of employee exposure and to ensure that controls are effective.
The NIOSH Occupational Exposure Sampling Strategy Manual2 may be helpful in developing efficient programs to monitor employee exposures to chloroethanes. The manual discusses determination of the need for exposure measurements, selection of appropriate employees for exposure evaluation and selection of sampling times.
Employee exposure measurements should primarily consist of 8-hour TWA (time-weighted average) exposure estimates calculated from personal or breathing zone samples (air that would most nearly represent that inhaled by the employees). In addition, short term samples should be taken during periods of maximum expected exposure by using all available knowledge regarding the area, employee work procedures, and process. Area and source measurements may be useful to determine problem areas, processes and operations.
The substitution of an alternative material with a lower potential health risk is one method. However, extreme care must be used when selecting possible substitutes. Alternatives to chloroethanes should be fully evaluated with regard to possible human effects. Unless the toxic effects of the alternative have been thoroughly evaluated a seemingly safe replacement, possibly only after years of use, may be found to induce serious health effects.
The most effective control of chloroethanes, where feasible, is at the source of contamination by enclosure of the operation and/or local exhaust ventilation. Guidelines for selected processes and operations can be found in the NIOSH Recommended Industrial Ventilation Guidelines.3
If feasible, the process or operation should be enclosed with a slight vacuum so that any leakage will result in the flow of external air into the enclosure.
The next most effective means of control would be a well designed local exhaust ventilation system that physically encloses the process as much as possible, with sufficient capture velocity to keep the contaminant from entering the work atmosphere. To ensure that ventilation equipment is working properly, effectiveness (e.g., air velocity, static pressure, or air volume) should be checked at least every three months. System effectiveness should be checked soon after any change in production, process, or control which might result in significant increases in airborne exposure to chloroethanes.
A third alternative is the isolation of employees. It frequently involves the use of automated equipment operated by personnel observing from a closed control booth or room. The control room is maintained at a greater air pressure than that surrounding the process equipment so that air flow is out of, rather than into, the room. This type of control will not protect employees who must do process checks, adjustments maintenance, and related operations.
The least preferred method is the use of personal protective equipment. This equipment, which may include respirators, goggles, gloves, etc., should not be used as the only means to prevent or minimize exposure during routine operations.
Exposure to chloroethanes should not be controlled with the use of respirators except:
In work situations in which engineering and work practice controls are technically not feasible; or
For maintence; or
For operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels; or
In emergencies.
Quantitative faceseal fit test equipment (such as sodium chloride dioctyl phthalate, or equivalent) should be used. Refer to NIOSH's A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection5 for guidelines on appropriate respiratory protection programs.
In addition, proper maintenance procedures, good housekeeping in the work area, and employee education are all vital aspects of a good control program. Employees should be informed as to the nature of the hazard, its control, and appropriate personal hygiene procedures.
GPO publications must be ordered from: | Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 | |
Reference #4 can be ordered from: | Publications Dissemination, DTS NIOSH 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, Ohio 45226 |
Aethylis | Dublofix |
Aethylis Chloridum | Ethane, Chloro- |
Anodynon | Ether Chloratus |
Chelen | Ether Hydrochloric |
Chlorene | Ether Muriatic |
Chlorethyl | Ethyl Chloride |
Chloridum | Hydrochloric Ether |
Chloroethane | Kelene |
Chloryl | Monochloroethane |
Chloryl Anesthetic | Muriatic Ether |
Cloretilo | Narcotile |
Chlorinated Hydrochloric Ether | Ethylidene Chloride |
1,1-Dichlorethane | Ethylidene Dichloride |
1,1-Dichloroethane | NCI-C04535 |
Ethane, 1,1-Dichloro- |
1,2-Bichloroethane | sym-Dichloroethane |
Brocide | Dutch Liquid |
Borer Sol | EDC |
Destruxol Borer-Sol | ENT 1,656 |
Di-Chlor-Mulsion | Ethane, 1,2-Dichloro- |
Dichloremulsion | Ethane Dichloride |
l,2-Dichlorethane | Ethylene Chloride |
1,2-Dichloroethane | Ethylene Dichloride |
a,ß-Dichloroethane | Glycol Dichloride |
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 71-55-6
NIOSH RTECS Number KJ29750
Chemical Formula C2H3Cl3
Aerothene TT | Inhibisol |
Chloroethene NU | Methyl Chloroform |
Chlorotene | Methyltrichloromethane |
Chlorothane NU | NCI-C046264 |
Chlorothene | Alpha-T |
Chlorothene NU | Trichloroethane |
Chlorothene VG | l,l,l-Trichloroethane |
Chlorten | a,Trichloroethane |
Ethane, 1,1,1-Trichloro- |
Ethan Trichloride | 1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane |
Ethane, 1,1,2-Trichloro- | ß-Trichloroethane |
NCI-CO4579 | Vinyl Trichloride |
Beta-T | Vinyltrichloride |
1,1,2-Trichlorethane |
Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-
NCI-C52459
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Acetylene Tetrachloride | NCI-C03554 |
Bonoform | Tetrachloroethane |
Cellon | l,l,2,2-Tetrachloroethane |
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-Dichloroethane | sym-Tetrachloroethane |
Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro- | TCE |
Ethane Pentachloride | Pentachloroethane |
Ethane, Pentachloro- | Pentalin |
NCI-C53894 |
Avlothane | Fasciolin |
Carbon Hexachloride | Hexachlorethane |
Distokal | 1,1,1,2,2,2-Hexachloroethane |
Distopan | Hexachloroethylene |
Distopin | Mottenhexe |
Egitol | NCI-C04604 |
Ethane Hexachloride | Perchloroethane |
Ethane, Hexachloro- | Phenohep |
Falkitol |
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