Index |
[[Page 2407]] INDEX A Page Abandoned property, state laws.................................1630-1632 Abortion: Advertising of..............................................1115, 1672 Constitutional right to......................................1669-1679 Indigent women right to paid...........................1674-1675, 1925 Parental consent to minor's.................................1672, 1678 Spousal consent.............................................1672, 1678 Absentee voting.....................................................1897 Abstention doctrine..............................................798-800 Academic freedom........................................1091, 1094, 1113 Access to ballot, equal protection.............................1897-1901 Access to broadcasting, press..................................1123-1127 Access to courts by public, press..............................1105-1108 Access to prisons by public, press.............................1108-1111 Accusation, notice of, specificity.............................1420-1421 Addiction, drug, alcohol, punishment...........................1494-1495 Administrative agencies: Combination of functions.....................................1742-1743 Decisionmaking, bias in......................................1742-1743 Due process in....................................1354-1356, 1732-1734 Presidential creation, status..................................441-442 Rulemaking by....................................................78-82 Administrative Procedure Act...........................86, 668-670, 1743 Administrative regulations: Judicial review of....................................85-86, 1354-1356 Modification of congressional legislation by.....................81-82 Violations of, how punished.........................................89 Admiralty, federal court jurisdiction in: Airplane crashes and...............................................734 Congress, powers..........................................344, 729-731 Contracts, maritime............................................732-733 Federal question jurisdiction and.........................743-744, 770 Federal-state powers, exclusivity, concurrency.................737-743 Jury trial and......................................731-742, 736, 1377 Prize cases...................................................732, 734 Proceedings in.................................................735-736 Saving to suitors, state court jurisdiction..........735, 737-738, 793 Seamen, rights as to contracts, maritime torts, etc...........732-734, 737-743 Territorial reach of power.....................................736-737 Types of cases under...........................................732-735 Wrongful death, maritime, actions for..........................742-743 Adoption of children...........................................852, 1880 Advertising: Commercial speech............................................1113-1119 Public issue advertising..........................1123-1124, 1136-1137 Public forum, access.........................................1164-1171 State regulation, equal protection................................1830 Advise and consent......................................513-516, 519-520 [[Page 2408]] Advisory opinions..................................620-623, 649, 671-673 Advocacy, permissible governmental limitation.......1034-1048, 1067-1069 Affirmative action.............................................1861-1868 Affirmative defenses, criminal trials..........................1762-1764 Age classifications.................................................1812 Agriculture, production, marketing, commerce...........183-1888, 194-196 Air Force. See Armed forces. Airplanes, state taxation, jurisdiction...................230, 247, 1644 Airports, state regulation flight-times..............................251 Alcoholic beverages. See Intoxicating liquors. Alcoholism, criminal liability for.............................1494-1495 Alibi defense, burden of proof, discovery.....................1755, 1763 Alien and Sedition Acts........................266, 700, 1022, 1131-1132 Aliens: Attorneys, admission to bar.......................................1871 Denaturalization....................................270-272, 1566-1567 Deportation.........................280-281, 322, 1072-1073, 1352-1354 Due process, entitled to....................1345, 1352-1354, 1358-1359 Education, entitlement to....................................1874-1875 Employment restrictions................................1358, 1869-1874 Enemy..........................................................328-329 Entry, exclusion, grounds......................266, 276-280, 1080-1081 Equal protection......................1358, 1810-1812, 1814, 1869-1875 Expatriation........................................272-276, 1566-1567 Jury service......................................................1870 Land holdings, state curbs.............................1570-1571, 1869 Naturalization.................................................268-270 Police, employment as.......................................1872, 1873 Preemption of state powers.......................265, 278-279, 309-310 State powers over entry of.....................................278-279 Suits by, against, federal courts..............................774-776 Teachers, employment as......................................1872-1873 Voting............................................................1870 Alliances, States not to enter...................................359-360 Ambassadors, Public Ministers, Consuls: Defined, appointment, salary, etc..............................507-511 Suits affecting, federal courts................................726-727 Amnesty. See Pardons; President, powers. Anonymity, unsigned materials, distribution....................1180-1181 Anti-injunction statute, state court proceedings........641-642, 801-802 Antitrust laws, monopolies: Communications media, application to..............................1122 Federal, interstate commerce application.......................181-184 Federal, use of interstate business to harm intrastate commerce, application.......................................................183 Labor unions, application to...................................184-185 Lobbying activities, application to..........................1101-1102 State, due process, equal protection...................1615-1616, 1835 Appeals, corrective process, civil proceedings......................1604 Appeals, corrective process, criminal trials: Appeals not necessarily required.............................1770-1772 Burdening of appellate process.........................1771, 1916-1920 Double jeopardy after appeal.................................1293-1295 Indigents, imposition of fees, costs.........................1916-1920 [[Page 2409]] Prosecution appeals...............................1288-1290, 1296-1297 Appointments Clause..............................................512-516 Appointments.....................................................519-521 Recess.........................................................521-522 Apportionment and districting. See House of Representatives; Legislatures, state. Appropriations: Required for withdrawal of funds from Treasury.....................358 Support of armies, limitations.....................................312 Arbitration, compulsory, due process................................1591 Arms, right to keep and bear...................................1193-1194 Armed forces: Appropriations for, limited...................................312, 358 Civilians, discharged servicemen, dependents, court-martial jurisdiction..................................................316-319 Congress, power to raise and maintain..........................311-313 Conscription, validity.........................................312-313 Courts-martial, due process, judicial review, etc.......316, 1355-1356 Offenses rising in, trial for..................................316-319 Peacetime draft, validity......................................312-313 Personnel, federal exemption of insurance, property, state taxation, garnishment.........................................315-316 Speech, other constitutional rights of servicemen..............314-315 Arraignment, delay in, effect on confession....................1323-1324 Arrest.........................................................1209-1210 Assembly and petition, rights of (see also Speech and Press)...1187-1191 Assembly, right of, privileges and immunities.......................1569 Association, freedom of.......99, 1046, 1056-1066, 1070-1073, 1081-1090, 1094-1095, 1801 Associations, standing to sue........................................665 Atomic energy, liability for accidents..............................1368 Attainder, bills of.....................................347-350, 361-362 Attorneys (see also Counsel, assistance of): Admission, durational residency...................................1914 Advertising by.........................................1115-1116, 1119 Aliens, admission of..............................................1871 Bar membership, oaths, loyalty inquiries.....347-348, 361, 1047, 1056, 1072 Disbarment, due process...........................................1743 Integrated bar, First Amendment...................................1065 Solicitation of clients......................................1115-1116 State regulation, attorney practicing in more than one State......1830 Automobiles: Bankruptcy, federal release, preemption............................286 Jurisdiction, out-of-state motorists..............................1608 License revocation, due process.............................1726, 1738 Searches of..........................1208, 1215, 1237, 1238-1241, 1244 Stolen, federal criminal jurisdiction...................202, 204, 1513 B Bail, right to, excessive......................................1467-1471 Ballot: Access to, candidates, parties...............................1897-1901 Racial designation on.............................................1861 Bankruptcy: Congress, powers as to..............................283-284, 1366-1367 Courts, conferral of jurisdiction on...........................613-615 [[Page 2410]] Debtors, eligible for relief...................................281-283 Indigents, imposition of filing fees on...........................1922 Municipal subdivisions, when eligible for relief...................284 Retroactive regulation, due process.................283-284, 1366-1367 State laws, federal recognition of.................................284 State laws, preemption.........................................284-286 State laws, validity in absence of federal.........................285 Banks: Chartering by Congress, effect of necessary and proper clause.....288, 341-342 Depositors, privacy interest...........................1207, 1681-1682 State regulation.............................................1618-1619 Baseball, not interstate commerce....................................162 Belief, freedom of..................................1007-1009, 1053-1056 Bicameralism.......................................................70-71 Bill of Rights: Application to States..........................................957-964 Formulation and adoption.......................................955-957 Meaning as applied to Federal Government, States...............963-964 Bills of attainder: Defined............................................................347 Congress prohibited from passing...............................347-350 Oaths as..............................................347-348, 361-362 Presidential papers, seizure as................................349-350 Prohibition of Communist holding union office as...............348-349 States prohibited from passing.................................361-362 United States, not limited by as regards States................760-761 Bills of credit, States not to emit..............................360-361 Birth control, state restrictions, justiciability, validity.....662-663, 1504-1505, 1681 Blood samples, taking of, search and seizure......1224, 1261, 1247, 1368 Blue ribbon juries, validity........................................1412 Blue Sky Laws, business regulation..................................1618 Borrowing power (federal): Bonds, terms of ownership, federal regulations in conflict with state laws....................................................288-289 Relation to coinage, monetary powers..................259-260, 288-289 Savings bonds, inheritance, federal regulation.................930-931 Bricker Amendment...............................................483, 507 Bridges across navigable streams, state powers.......................212 Broadcasting, regulation, First Amendment............79-80, 84, 169-170, 1113-1126 Burden of proof, due process........................1701-1704, 1761-1765 Business affected with a public interest.......................1594-1597 Business regulation and due process............................1614-1624 Busing, school desegregation........................1845-1846, 1852-1853 Butter, renovated, state regulation, commerce........................278 C Campaign finance restrictions, First Amendment.................1094-1101 Candidacy for elective office: Constitutional guarantees.........874, 1636-1637, 1892-1893, 1897-1902 Loyalty oaths.....................................................1074 Capital punishment: Constitutionality............................................1474-1493 Murder, punishment for.......................................1477-1478 Racial discrimination, statistical disparity in imposition...1857-1858 [[Page 2411]] Rape, punishment for.........................................1487-1488 Standards, legislative.......................................1477-1483 Unintended taking of life.........................................1488 Capitol grounds, Washington, picketing on...........................1165 Carriers: federal regulation, ICC........................................176-178 state regulation, taxation, commerce clause....................220-240 Cases and controversies, federal courts: Actual disputes, requisite to..............650, 652-654, 654, 658, 670 Adverseness of parties....................................650, 651-654 Collusive, feigned suits.......................................652-653 Mootness.......................................................679-683 Real interest of litigant..........649, 650, 652-653, 655-657, 670-676 Ripeness.......................................................676-679 Standing.......................................................654-670 Stockholder suits..............................................653-654 Censorship. See Speech and press, freedom of expression. Census of persons................................................114-116 Child labor, state, federal bans................199, 202-203, 1512, 1587 Children: Civil commitment of...............................................1785 Corporal punishment, schools..........................1499, 1731, 1738 Custody, control, natural parent......................1701, 1731, 1890 Exposure to obscenity, protection from................1152, 1154, 1161 Illegitimates................................................1886-1891 Pornography, use of children in..............................1159-1160 sex crime victim, testimony..................................1427-1428 Cigarettes, state regulations, advertising.................248-249, 1114 Citizens of the United States, defined.........................1565-1567 Citizenship: Corporations not citizens.........................................1567 Denaturalization, expatriation......................270-276, 1566-1567 Desertion in time of war, loss of citizenship...........273, 275, 1411 Discrimination between natural-born and naturalized............270-272 Marriage to foreign citizens, loss of...................273, 274, 1566 National, state citizenship, distinction..........................1566 Naturalized citizens, classes, privileges, etc.................267-272 Renunciation of..........................................272-276, 1567 Voting in foreign elections, loss of....................274, 275, 1566 Civil commitment, institutionalization..............1690-1692, 1783-1785 Civil trials, juries in........................................1451-1464 Civil rights jurisdiction of federal courts......................719-721 Class actions..........................................682-683, 762, 764 Clear and present danger.......................................1034-1053 Coal, federal regulation, mining.................188-189, 925, 1383-1384 Coastal zones: Ownership of minerals in.......................................882-883 State regulations of use.........................212-213, 226, 872-874 Collective bargaining, governmental promotion..........187-188, 189-192, 1591-1594 Comity, accommodation between federal-state judicial systems.........798 Comity clause: Access to courts...............................................875-876 [[Page 2412]] Access to resources, distinction between residents and nonresidents..................................................871-874 Corporations, not eligible for protection of.......................871 Privileges and immunities of state citizens, scope of..........867-870 Sport hunting, fishing versus livelihood..............869-870, 872-874 Taxation, discrimination in....................................876-877 Commerce. See Interstate Commerce; Foreign Commerce. Commerce Court...................................................600-602 Commercial speech and First Amendment..........................1113-1119 Communications industries, governmental regulation.............1113-1127 Communist Party: Compelled registration of.........................1069-1070, 1317-1318 Disqualification for membership in...........................1070-1073 Punishment for membership in.................................1070-1071 Community antenna television (CATV), regulations, copyright.....79, 181, 299 Commuters, taxation..................................................876 Compacts among States............................................403-407 Compulsory process, criminal trials.................................1429 Computers and privacy...............................................1683 Condemnation. See Taking of property by government. Confessions, due process, self-incrimination...................1321-1340 Confidentiality, restraint on publication......................1148-1149 Confrontation, administrative proceedings...........................1743 Confrontation of witnesses, criminal trials: Absent witness, prosecution responsibility to produce.......1421-1422, 1425 Background and purpose.......................................1421-1423 Cross-examination, relation to........................1421, 1426, 1743 Confession, use at joint trial....................................1423 Hearsay rule, relation to..............................1421, 1422-1426 Witness plea of self-incrimination................................1423 Congress (see also Contempt; Elections; House of Representatives; Impeachment; Investigations; Public officers of the United States; Senate): Adjournments, temporary............................................121 Appointing power of President, incursion on....................513-515 Bills, how enacted, authentication....................135-141, 691-692 Concurrent resolutions, uses...................................141-144 Congressional veto.............................................141-144 Journal of proceedings, contents, evidence, publication, purpose 125 Judicial direction, immunity, limits on.....100-103, 127-133, 578-583, 689, 696-698 Members of Senate or House of Representatives: Attendance, compulsion of....................................125-127 Compensation for services before departments............124, 134-135 Compensation, how fixed, beginning of............................123 Compensation, intervening election before change.......126-127, 1997 Conduct prescribed, punishment, expulsion....................124-125 Conflict of interest.............................................124 Elections, each House to judge...................................122 Elections, state, federal regulation.....109, 114-116, 118-121, 513, 1094-1101, 1946-1950 Exclusion......................................110-113, 124, 694-696 Expulsion...................................................121, 124 Freedom from arrest..............................................127 Impeachment, inapplicable to.....................................584 [[Page 2413]] Incompatible offices.............................................135 Ineligibility for certain offices............................134-135 Qualification, when fulfilled, exclusivity...................110-114 Privilege of speech or debate, Members, employees...........127, 133 Service in military, reserves, National Guard....................135 Term changed....................................................1973 Power to define constitutional rights.............1933-1936, 1946-1950 Powers in relation to courts...........602, 605-606, 619-620, 638-639, 641-644, 779-792, 801-802 Powers in relation to Executive: Amnesty, pardon..............................................468-469 Conduct of foreign relations, cooperation with President 540-548 Declaration of war..................................307-311, 447-453 Demand for papers............................................532-534 Executive officers, control, direction of...........522-532, 559-564 Imposition of binding obligations on.........................572-578 Impoundment..................................................555-559 Military forces abroad, congressional control of presidential discretion.....................................447-453 Removal powers, restriction..................................522-532 Veto, when effective, how overridden.........................138-141 Quorum, how computed, effect of absence.................100, 122-123 Resolutions, etc., how made effective, status................141-144 Revenue bills, origin, amendment.............................136-137 Rules of procedure, determination............................123-124 Yea-and-nay votes, entry into journal..................121, 125, 136 Congressional employees, judicial direction of..............105, 132-133 Congressional districting. See House of Representatives; States. Congressional investigations. See Investigations, congressional. Congressional Pay Amendment..................126-127, 900-903, 906, 1997 Congressional veto...............................................141-144 Conscientious objection to military service........1000-1001, 1012, 1349 Conscription, Selective Service..................................312-313 Conservation, state interests, effectuation...........220, 234, 872-874, 1624-1628 Constitution of the United States, amendment of: Congress, proposal by..........................................898-899 Convention to propose, how obtained............................899-900 Judicial review of.................898, 901-902, 904, 905-906, 911-913 President, state governors, approval not required.............899, 910 Ratification...................................................900-911 Scope of power.................................................897-898 Time limits for ratification, who determines..........900-911, 911-913 Constitutional fact, theory of, judicial review..................789-791 Constitutional torts..................................582-583, 751, 1544 Contempt: Administrative agencies, enforcement of orders.................634-635 Congress, power to restrict courts.............................625-627 Due process limitations on.....................................629-634 Federal courts, powers of......................................623-635 First Amendment, limitations of.......................103-105, 627-629 Impartial tribunal, right to...................................631-634 Injunctions, court orders, violations of as........................634 [[Page 2414]] Jury trial, right to.....................................630-631, 1411 Pardoning power of President.......................................624 Punishment, limitations...................................623-625, 631 Summary punishment, notice and hearing.........................629-630 Content regulation, First Amendment............................1127-1163 Contraceptives, access to.....................1504-1505, 1681, 1685-1686 Contractors with Federal Government, state taxation..............934-936 Contract, freedom of...........................................1581-1894 Contracts, impairment: by States......................................................366-398 by Federal Government........................................1365-1366 Convict-made goods, barred from commerce.................201, 1359, 1513 Copyright, nature and scope of power, state power................293-302 Corporal punishment in schools..........................1499, 1731, 1738 Corporations: Chartered by Congress, basis of power, state regulation, taxation........................................342-343, 717, 930-931 Charters, termination by State....................................1614 Charters, when contracts, immune from impairment...............377-385 Citizenship, privileges and immunities, national citizenship, not available....................................................1567 Due process of law, protected as ``persons''...........1345, 1578-1579 Equal protection of law, entitled to.........................1802-1803 Expression, rights of.............................1026-1029, 1113-1119 Federally licensed, state controls............................224, 246 Foreign, appointment of agent for service of process........1609, 1711 Foreign, equal protection limitation on taxation, regulation 1803-1804, 1824-1825 Foreign, state control of admission, licensing, operation, taxation..................................224, 228-231, 236-237, 1615 Foreign, suability, service of process..............838-839, 1710-1716 Liability of officers, stockholders, state regulations.......852, 1542 Railroads, chartered by two States.................................406 Stockholders' actions, derivative actions, security for costs.....1696 Suits by, federal courts, state laws preventing, burdening....224, 765 Costs, damages, penalties, state courts, due process...........1698-1699 Counsel, assistance of, civil proceedings......................1744-1745 Counsel, assistance of, criminal proceedings: Background, basis............................................1429-1430 Appointment of, right established in federal courts....1430, 1431-1432 Appointment of, right established in state courts............1430-1435 Arraignment..................................................1440-1441 Capital cases, special circumstances rule..............1431, 1432-1433 Commitment proceedings............................................1447 Critical stage analysis...........................1440-1441, 1444-1447 Custodial interrogation...........................1327-1332, 1441-1444 Defendant access to counsel.......................................1437 Defendant right to self-representation............................1440 Effective assistance of counsel..............................1437-1440 Grand jury witness...........................................1274-1276 Lineups, identifications.....................................1444-1447 Misdemeanors......................................................1434 Parole hearings..............................................1776-1780 Post-conviction proceedings.......................................1447 [[Page 2415]] Preliminary hearings.........................................1440-1441 Prison disciplinary hearings.................................1772-1776 Probation revocation.........................................1776-1780 Retained counsel, right to........................................1435 Summation of counsel, right to....................................1437 Waiver, standards............................................1431-1432 Counterfeiting, punishment of...................................287, 341 County governing bodies, apportionment.........................1903-1905 County unit system, election of candidates, validity................1911 Court of Claims......................................................610 Court of Customs and Patent Appeals..................................610 Courthouses, jails, picketing around................................1165 Courts, federal: Abolition of by Congress...........................................600 Accommodation with state courts................................798-803 Actual dispute requirement.................650, 652-654, 654, 658, 670 Admiralty, maritime cases........................170-173, 343, 728-743 Adverseness of parties required...........................650, 651-654 Advisory opinions not rendered..............618, 620-623, 649, 671-673 Ambassadors, ministers, suits affecting........................726-728 Ancillary, inherent powers............................618-619, 623-647 Appellate jurisdiction, congressional power....................779-792 Attorneys in, admission, disbarment................................646 Award of execution, necessity for.........................621-623, 673 Bankruptcy courts..............................................613-615 Cases and controversies, attributes............................647-698 Cases arising under Constitution, laws, treaties, federal questions.....................................................713-726 Cases between a State and citizens of another State............757-761 Cases between a State or its citizens and a foreign state or its citizens......................................................774-776 Cases between citizens of different States; diversity jurisdiction..................................................761-773 Cases between citizens of same State claiming land under grants of different States...............................................773 Cases between States...........................................752-757 Circuit courts.................................................599-600 Civil rights statutory jurisdiction............................719-721 Class actions in.....................................682-683, 762, 764 Common law, federal..............................718-719, 760, 767-774 Concurrent jurisdiction with state courts......................792-821 Concurrent jurisdiction with Supreme Court of original jurisdiction matters..........................................776-779 Congress, powers over....602-604, 605-606, 619, 636, 641-643, 779-792, 801-802 Collective bargaining agreements, suits on.....................718-719 Contempt power.................................................623-634 Corporations, citizens for diversity purposes..................764-766 Declaratory judgments.................................622-623, 673-676 District of Columbia, citizenship of residents for diversity purposes.............................................335-336, 762-763 District of Columbia, courts of................................611-613 Diversity of citizenship jurisdiction..........................761-773 Domestic relations cases in........................................764 Duty to decide constitutional cases............................705-708 Executive privilege, judicial review...........................532-539 Exhaustion of state remedies.............................640, 800, 805 Federal question jurisdiction..................................713-726 [[Page 2416]] Finality of judgment requirement...............................620-623 Foreign states, suing in, sued in..............................774-776 Immunity from state court restraint............................797-798 Immunity from suit, United States, foreign states.........746, 774-775 Impeachment of judges.......................584-586, 587-588, 589, 598 Injunctions, judicial power, congressional control...567-568, 602-603, 641-643, 785-786, 801-802 Judgments, finality of, requisite..............................620-623 Judicial review................................................698-713 Judicial self-restraint, rules of..............................705-713 Jurisdictional amount................................762, 780, 782-783 Legislative courts.............................................604-617 Mandamus, issuance by.................................636-637, 701-703 Nonjudicial functions, power of Congress to vest in......606, 620-623, 671-673 Pendent jurisdiction...........................................721-723 Political questions...........491, 571-572, 548-553, 590-591, 687-698, 892-893, 901, 904, 905-909, 911-913 President, discretionary acts, review..............................688 President, subordinates, power over................................561 President, use of troops to enforce court orders......565-566, 566-569 Probate cases in...................................................764 Redistricting power of.................................1906, 1910-1911 Referees, masters, etc., appointment...............................646 Removal of state court cases to..................343, 716-717, 819-821 Retroactivity of decisions.....................................683-687 Rule making powers......................................75-76, 644-645 Specialized jurisdiction.......................................602-604 Standing.......................................................654-670 State court proceedings, restraint of..........................804-809 State law in.................................718-719, 737-743, 767-773 States, immunity from suits in...............................1521-1545 States, judgments against, enforcement.........................756-757 States, suits against by citizens of another State.............757-761 States, suits against by United States...................745-746, 1531 States, suits between..........................................752-757 States, suits on behalf of citizens............................759-761 Stockholder suits..............................................753-754 Suits between citizens of different States.....................761-773 United States, suits to which a party..........................743-756 Writs and processes, congressional control............636-641, 801-802 Courts, State: Access to, due process, equal protection.........1695, 1696, 1922-1923 Admiralty, common law remedies...................735-736, 737-743, 792 Autonomy of....................................................794-798 Closure to public and press..................................1105-1108 Consuls, suable in, limitations................................726-728 Discrimination through enforcement of private actions........1790-1792 Disobedience of Supreme Court mandates.........................794-795 Federal courts, accommodation with.............................798-803 Federal courts, inability to restrain..............................798 Federal laws, duty to enforce................795-797, 920-921, 943-944 Immunity in, congressional conferral................919-920, 1314-1315 [[Page 2417]] Indian reservations, crimes on, jurisdiction.......................885 Jurisdiction, how obtained...................................1705-1723 Naturalization of aliens in...................................265, 944 Nonresident witnesses, attendance in...............................875 Nonresidents, access to.......................................765, 875 Restraints of proceedings in by federal courts.................804-809 Courts-martial, jurisdiction, review, due process......316-319, 326-327, 1355-1356 Crimes, federal, congressional definition, no common law.......341, 1400 Crimes, infamous, how determined....................................1219 Criminal procedure, state, due process.........................1745-1783 Criminal prosecutions, federal......................1273-1279, 1399-1400 Criminal trials, federal, place of trial.......................1419-1420 Creationism, required teaching in public schools.....................996 Cross-examination..............................................1743-1744 Cruel and unusual punishments: Alcoholism, punishment as crime..............................1494-1495 Background, interpretation...................................1472-1473 Capital punishment...........................................1474-1493 Citizenship, divestiture of.......................................1474 Corporal punishment, schoolchildren, not applicable...............1499 Drug addiction as crime...........................................1494 Prison conditions............................................1497-1499 Proportionality..............................................1493-1497 Recidivist statutes..........................................1495-1496 D Death penalty. See Capital punishment. Debt pooling, adjustment, banning of business.................1622, 1831 Debtor-creditor relations, due process...................1726, 1736-1737 Declaratory judgments in federal courts: Civil liberties litigation, use in....................673-676, 804-809 Establishment.............................................623, 673-676 Validity of...............................................623, 673-676 Defamation: Free speech protections......................................1136-1145 Labor disputes, protection, state jurisdiction.....................257 Defenses in civil actions, limitations on, due process..............1697 De jure-de facto distinction, state action.....................1788-1789 Delegation doctrine, legislative power....................73-89, 644-645 Deportation. See Aliens. Desegregation of schools.......................................1840-1854 Detainers, observance of by other States, effect.....................853 Die, right to..................................................1692-1693 Disclosure, mandatory reporting.........1069-1070, 1057-1058, 1063-1064, 1317-1321 Discovery in administrative proceedings.............................1744 Discovery in criminal proceedings.............................1755, 1760 Discovery, press, defamation cases.............................1143-1144 District of Columbia: Background of clause...........................................333-334 Citizens of, diversity jurisdiction...................335-336, 762-763 Commerce of, congressional power...................................164 Courts...........................................336-337, 611-613, 637 ``Home Rule''..................................................334-335 [[Page 2418]] Presidential electors, vote for..............................1987-1988 Residents of, rights...............................................336 Retrocession.......................................................334 Seat of government, congressional powers.......................336-337 Districting. See House of Representatives; States; Legislatures. Diversity jurisdiction, federal courts: Admiralty, maritime cases..........................................773 Background, reasons for........................................761-762 Citizens of District of Columbia......................335-336, 762-763 Citizenship, how determined, natural persons, corporations.....763-766 Class actions in..............................................762, 764 Law applied in.................................................767-773 Manufactured diversity.........................................766-767 State, meaning of in clause....................................762-763 Total, minimal diversity...........................................764 Divorce: Access to courts to obtain, filing fees...........................1922 Durational residency qualification................................1913 Out-of-state decrees, jurisdiction.............................840-846 Door-to-door solicitation, protections.........................1182-1183 Double jeopardy: Acquittal, reprosecution.....................................1288-1291 Application to States........................................1280-1281 Collateral estoppel...............................................1301 Conviction, reprosecution....................................1293-1295 Dual sovereign doctrine......................................1281-1282 Government appeals, when permitted.....1288-1290, 1291-1293, 1294-1295 Mistrials....................................................1284-1288 Offense, same, multiple, how determined......................1297-1302 Punishment, double...........................................1297-1299 Same evidence rule................................................1298 Same transaction test........................................1301-1302 Sentences, increase after appeal.............................1295-1297 State-municipal prosecution barred................................1282 Draft card burning............................................1079, 1184 Dramatic productions, public, when protected.............1079, 1162-1163 Driver's license, suspension, revocation......................1726, 1738 Drug testing...................................................1248-1250 Dual federalism Dual sovereign rule, double jeopardy, self-incrimination......1281-1282, 1311 Due process of law, Fifth Amendment: Administrative hearings......................................1348-1352 Administrative proceedings, judicial review..................1354-1356 Aliens, entry, deportation........................1352-1354, 1358-1359 Criminal trials..............................................1344-1347 Discrimination, equality.....................................1356-1359 Economic regulation..........................................1359-1361 Fair hearing.................................................1348-1352 Hearsay...........................................................1421 Indians, governance................................................264 Legislative power, limitation on.............................1344-1345 Notice and hearing................................1348-1352, 1741-1742 [[Page 2419]] Police power......................................................1359 Public utilities, regulation.................................1359-1360 Railroad regulation..........................................1360-1361 Retroactive legislation......................................1364-1366 Segregation in District of Columbia schools.......................1357 States, not protected by against United States....................1345 Substantive due process......................................1356-1369 Takings, excessive regulation................................1380-1395 Taxation.....................................................1361-1363 Due process of law, Fourteenth Amendment: Abortion.....................................................1669-1679 Application of Bill of Rights to States........................957-964 Business enterprises, rates, charges, conditions of service, etc.........................................................1594-1597 Civil commitment..................................1690-1692, 1783-1785 Civil proceedings, jurisdiction, service of process..........1705-1723 Compelled services, expenditures by railroads, other corporations................................................1610-1612 Criminal procedure...........................................1745-1783 Defenses in judicial proceedings..................................1697 Economic regulation..........................................1572-1578 Emergency conditions justifying summary process...................1740 Exculpatory evidence, prosecution required to disclose.......1758-1761 Family relationships.........................................1688-1689 Fraudulent business practices, regulation....................1616-1618 Government structure..............................................1637 Guilty pleas, criminal proceedings...........................1757-1758 Identification in criminal proceedings.................1444-1447, 1752 Judicial proceedings, dispensed with.........................1733-1734 Judicial review of rate and service regulation...............1597-1607 Jurisdiction, state courts, requisites.......................1705-1723 Labor management relations...................................1591-1594 Liberty, meaning, how determined.......................1581, 1723-1732 Liberty of contract..........................................1581-1594 Marriage, protected status..................1582, 1685-1686, 1688-1689 Natural resources, protection................................1624-1628 Parole, granting, revocation.................................1776-1780 Personal liberties, substantive protection...................1666-1693 Persons defined..............................................1578-1579 Plea bargaining..............................................1757-1758 Police power......................................1579-1580, 1632-1636 Police power, exercise as property taking.........................1580 Presumptions.................................................1761-1765 Process, service of..........................................1722-1723 Prisoners, discipline, transfer........................1772-1776, 1730 Privacy, protected interest..................................1679-1689 Proof of crime...............................................1761-1765 Property, meaning, how determined.................1572-1578, 1723-1732 Prosecutorial misconduct.....................................1758-1761 Public utilities, regulation.................................1594-1614 Railroads, rate, safety regulation...........................1607-1614 Real property, ownership, rights.............................1628-1632 Reputation, as protected interest...........................1727, 1729 Requirements of due process..................................1740-1745 [[Page 2420]] Sentencing...................................................1765-1769 Taxing, state power..........................................1637-1666 Zoning.......................................................1628-1630 Durational residency requirements...................1893-1894, 1911-1914 E Economic controls, wartime, peacetime............................445-457 Economic regulation, due process, equal protection............1572-1637, 1821-1840 Education: Aliens, illegals, barred...............................1874-1875, 1925 Fundamental interest, not....................................1923-1925 Racial discrimination........................................1840-1854 Religious, public aid..........................................977-991 Property tax funding.........................................1923-1925 Scholarships, aliens barred.......................................1925 Teachers, aliens barred......................................1872-1873 Elections (see also Congress; Equal protection of the laws; House of Representatives; President; Public officers of the United States; Voter qualifications): Absentee voting...................................................1897 Access to ballot, independent candidates, parties............1897-1901 Apportionment and districting..............105-108, 114-116, 1902-1911 Campaign contribution limitations.................1063-1064, 1095-1098 Congressional power to regulate.....118-121, 122, 1929-1930, 1943-1950 Corporations, spending limits................................1098-1101 Expenditures limitations.....................................1094-1101 Property qualifications...........................................1898 Presidential, congressional powers over........................426-433 State officers, federal use of, penalty..................119, 120, 944 Electoral College................................................426-433 Electronic surveillance, search and seizure....................1250-1257 Emergency Court of Appeals.........................602-603, 643-644, 785 Eminent domain: Consequential damages........................................1378-1379 Contracts, frustration of performance........................1377-1378 Corporation, franchise, taking of.................................1377 Courts, role of..............................................1379-1380 Destruction of property in wartime.............................329-330 Destruction of property to save other property...............1390-1391 Delegation of power to private parties............................1371 Historic preservation, public use.................................1386 Interest, compensation.......................................1376-1377 Just compensation............................................1374-1377 Police power, taking, no taking........................1382-1395, 1580 Public use...................................................1371-1374 Regulation, when a taking..............................1380-1395, 1580 Source of power...................................................1369 States, limited by clause....................................1370-1371 States, property of, subject to federal taking....................1370 Emoluments......................................................359, 435 Employment, private, racial discrimination.......................207-208 Employment, public: Discharge, interest in retaining, when protected............1073-1078, 1084-1090, 1723-1732 Loyalty oaths................................................1073-1078 [[Page 2421]] Patronage systems............................................1062-1063 Political activities.........................................1081-1084 Residency requirements............................................1914 Speech rights................................................1084-1090 Unions, dues systems, objectors..............................1065-1066 Enterprise concept, FLSA coverage....................................194 Entrapment...............................................1291, 1750-1752 Equal footing doctrine, admitting States to Union................881-886 Equal protection of the laws: Affirmative action................................1861-1868, 1883-1885 Alienage.........................1358-1359, 1810-1812, 1814, 1869-1875 Apportionment and districting................................1902-1911 Ballot, racial distinction on.....................................1861 Ballots, access to, candidates, parties......................1897-1901 Compelling state interest doctrine...........................1809-1814 Economic legislation, classification.........................1829-1834 Education, not a fundamental interest........................1923-1925 Education, racial discrimination in..........................1840-1854 Electoral process............................................1892-1911 Enforcement, congressional powers............................1928-1936 Federal power, restrained by concept.........................1356-1359 Housing, racial discrimination in.................................1748 Illegitimacy.................................................1886-1891 Indigency....................................................1916-1925 Judicial system, racial discrimination in.........................1860 Juries, racially discriminatory selection....................1854-1857 Marriage, family.......................................1860, 1914-1916 Motive vs. effects test......................................1815-1820 Persons protected............................................1802-1803 Police power regulations.....................................1821-1839 Property tax assessments..........................................1828 Public accommodations, racial discrimination......................1861 Public facilities, racial discrimination.....................1859-1860 Restrained review under clause...............................1804-1809 Sex, classification by.......................................1875-1886 Social welfare legislation...................................1836-1838 State action......................................1786-1802, 1929-1933 Equal Rights Amendment................................904-906, 913, 1877 Equal time, broadcasters, newspaper right to reply.............1123-1127 Evolution, teaching in public schools................................996 Espionage laws....................................1023, 1067, 1132, 1189 Establishment. See Religion, freedom of. Excessive fines.....................................................1471 Exclusionary rule, search and seizure, confessions............1257-1270, 1340-1343 Executive agreements: Arbitration agreements.............................................498 Binding effects internationally................................493-494 Commitments abroad by..............................................504 Congress, prior authorization of...............................495-498 Disposition of United States property by...........................503 Domestic effect of.............................................504-507 Foreign policy, expression of..................................500-504 [[Page 2422]] President, conclusion solely on own authority..................500-504 Treaties, authorization by.....................................498-500 United Nations Charter.............................................499 Executive orders.................................................572-576 Executive privilege..............................................532-539 Ex parte injunctions, expression.........................1031-1033, 1168 Expatriation..........................................272-276, 1566-1567 Ex post facto laws: Criminal laws, restricted to...................................350-351 Defined, Congress not to pass..................................350-351 Denial of future privileges........................................363 Deportation....................................................351-352 Extradition, relation to...........................................351 Fair warning, possible exception..............................351, 363 Oaths as.......................................................365-366 Procedure, changes in.....................................351, 363-365 Punishment, changes in.........................................351-352 Punishment, what constitutes...................................382-383 Exposure, purpose of legislative investigation.....................95-96 Expropriation of property of United States citizens abroad.......570-572 Extradition, fugitive from one State to be returned by another...878-881 F Fair Labor Standards Act.........192-194, 791, 923-925, 1512, 1530, 1536 Fairness doctrine, broadcasting equal time.............79, 84, 1123-1124 Fair trial--free press conflict.........1031-1033, 1105, 1404-1406, 1345 Family interests, protected............1688-1689, 1681, 1685-1686, 1860, 1914-1916 Featherbedding, prohibition, validity...............................1558 Federal common law..................................................1400 Federal Employers Liability Act..........179, 796, 1462-1464, 1532, 1536 Federal question jurisdiction, federal courts: Admiralty and.............................................743-744, 770 Civil rights statutes and......................................719-721 Common law, federal, as..............................719, 759, 767-773 Corporations chartered by Congress, jurisdiction...............717-718 Defined........................................................714-716 Jurisdictional amount...............................583, 714, 719, 784 Pendent jurisdiction...............................................721 Protective jurisdiction............................................722 Removal from state to federal court............................716-717 Specialized federal jurisdictional statutes....................718-719 Federal lands, congressional powers..............................888-891 Federalism..........................145-149, 155-158, 921-930, 1509-1518 Felony-murder, death penalty for.........................1481, 1488-1489 Fighting words, proscription, protection.......................1133-1134 Filing fees: Bankruptcy........................................................1922 Candidacy, political rights.................................1898, 1921 Civil actions, commencement............................1696, 1922-1923 Criminal appeals, post-conviction relief.....................1916-1920 Divorce...........................................................1922 Filled milk, prohibition............................................1359 Fines, excessive..............................................1471, 1920 [[Page 2423]] Fingerprints, criminal investigations...................1218, 1247, 1368 Fish and game, state laws conserving..................872-873, 1627-1628 Flag desecration, prohibition, protected activity..............1183-1187 Flag salute, compulsory.............................1011-1012, 1053-1054 Food and drugs, federal, state regulation.......198, 235-236, 1633-1634, 1831 Food stamps, eligibility.......................................1602-1603 Foreign commerce: Federal law...........................................167-169, 196-199 State law......................................................240-243 Forfeiture.......................1033, 1282-1283, 1570, 1634, 1663, 1721 Foster families, due process protection.......................1689, 1731 Full faith and credit: Adoption decrees...................................................852 Alimony, child custody decrees.................................846-850 Building and loan associations, foreign........................859-861 Common law, statutory, constitutional, scope of recognition....854-863 Congress, power to effectuate.................................832, 866 Corporations, suits against, stockholders, creditors, policyholders, law applied........................................858 Divorce decrees, domicile......................................840-851 Fraternal benefit societies, foreign suits.....................858-859 Fraud, defense, enforcement foreign judgments..................853-854 Garnishment decrees................................................852 Insurance, foreign, local reserves requirement.................859-861 Insurance, foreign, suits against, law applied.................859-861 Judgments, effect in forum State, limits.......................832-839 Judgments, foreign courts..........................................866 Judgments, jurisdiction required, enforcement..................837-850 Judgments, penal, limit on enforcement.............................853 Probate decrees................................................851-852 Statutes of limitations, foreign judgments.........................863 Stockholder's liability, law applied by forum..................858-859 Tax exemption, no extraterritorial operation.......................854 Taxes, judgment for, enforcement...................................852 Tort and contract actions, law applied.........................856-858 Workmen's compensation laws, application in local forum........861-863 Fundamental rights......958-964, 1036, 1058, 1118, 1158, 1188, 1809-1815 G Garbage, State restriction on interstate movement....................236 Gasoline stations, integrated operations.............................236 Geographic distinctions in regulatory laws..........................1831 Gerrymandering...............1861, 1906-1911, 1936, 1942-1943, 1948-1950 Grand jury: Discovery of minutes of...........................................1275 Indictment by, Federal cases, exceptions.....................1273-1279 Indictment by, States.......................................1274, 1753 Investigative function of....................................1274-1276 Selection of, nondiscrimination........................1277, 1854-1857 Witnesses before, rights.....................................1274-1276 Grandfather clauses, denial of suffrage on basis of race.......1940-1941 Group libel laws...............................................1135-1136 Guaranty Clause..................................................891-893 Guilty pleas: Acceptance of, waiver of rights, circumstances...............1757-1758 [[Page 2424]] Plea bargaining..............................................1757-1758 Guilt beyond reasonable doubt.................................1761, 1762 H Habeas corpus: Appeal, not substitute for.........................................641 Congressional control over..............345-346, 638-639, 781, 786-790 Constitutional issues reviewable.........639, 641, 809-819, 1266, 1272 Courts-martial, habeas review of convictions.......................318 Custody, meaning...............................................639-640 Exhaustion of State remedies.........................640, 810-813, 818 Expansion, contraction of scope......................639, 641, 809-819 Innocence, relevance to issuance of writ......................814, 818 Post conviction relief, Federal prisoners.....................638, 641 Res judicata, inapplicability..................................810-812 Statutory authorization for, necessity.............................640 Use to effect goals other than release.......................658, 1804 Harmless error..................1309, 1416, 1423, 1445, 1483, 1484, 1756 Hatch Act................................................517, 1082, 1504 Highways, State, use in interstate commerce.................225-226, 238 Historic sites, landmarks, preservation.............................1386 Hit and run statutes, compulsory stop and identification............1319 Homes, regulation of solicitors, canvassers....................1182-1183 Homosexuals, constitutional protection.........................1686-1687 Hostile audience, effect on right of expression.....................1168 Hours of labor. See Labor-management relations. House of Representatives (see also Congress; Elections): Apportionment of seats in......................................114-116 Reduction for denial of suffrage................................1810 Districting for election to: Congressional regulation....................................106, 115 Equally populated districts required.........................106-108 Impeachment, powers...........................................116, 583 Revenue bills originate in.....................................136-137 Vacancies in, election to fill.....................................116 Housing discrimination..............208, 1790-1793, 1816-1817, 1858-1859 Hydroelectric power, federal development.........................173-175 I Ideological obscenity..........................................1149-1150 Illegitimacy, classification, discrimination on basis of......1810-1812, 1886-1891 Immunity: Self-incrimination, grant of to compel answers...............1312-1315 State courts, federal power to grant in................920, 1311, 1314 Immunity from suit: President, executive officers.........................578-583, 748-751 state judges......................................................1542 state officers...............................................1537-1545 Impartial jury, criminal trials, right to................1412-1418, 1742 Impeachment: Chief Justice, when presides at trial.........................117, 583 Criminal prosecution, before or after..............................590 Grounds for....................................................586-587 [[Page 2425]] Judgment on conviction.............................................117 Judges, subject to...............................584-586, 587-588, 589 Officers subject to............................................584-586 Pardoning power of President inapplicable..........................465 Impeachment of witnesses in criminal trials, use of otherwise inadmissible evidence...................................1266, 1338-1339 Impoundment of appropriated funds................................555-559 Income tax.....................................................1954-1964 Incompatible offices.................................................135 Incorporation doctrine, Bill of Rights...........................957-964 Indecent speech, broadcast..........................................1126 Indians. See Native Americans. Indigency: Abortion...............................................1674-1675, 1925 Access to courts.............................................1922-1923 Candidacy, voting rights..........................................1921 Criminal appeals.............................................1916-1920 Criminal sentences................................................1920 Educational opportunity......................................1923-1925 Equal protection standard for classifications.....1810-1812, 1813-1814 Informers, criminal investigations.....................1218-1220, 1366 Injunctions: Congressional power over issuance....567-569, 641-644, 75-786, 801-802 Declaratory judgments and.............................673-676, 806-809 Enjoining federal statutory enforcement...............641-644, 785-786 Labor disputes, Norris-LaGuardia Act...........642-643, 785, 1591-1592 Restraining expression, ex parte proceedings...........1031-1033, 1168 State court proceedings, restraint of..........................804-809 Insanity: Proof, burden, standard.....................................1763, 1769 Trial, sentence, execution...................................1769-1770 Instructions in criminal trials...............................1756, 1761 Insular cases, Constitution abroad.........................324-325, 1399 Insurance, federal, State regulation.......155, 156, 242-243, 1619-1622, 1822 International agreements without Senate approval. See Executive agreements. International law: Offenses against, powers of Congress as to, triable by military commissions...................................................303-305 Prizes of war, application to......................................326 President as enforcer of.......................................570-571 Interstate commerce: Congressional powers...........................................160-208 Agriculture as commerce........................162-163, 188, 194-196 Depression, 1930s, effect of.................................187-196 Federalism limits on.......................166-167, 203-209, 921-930 Illegal commerce, prohibition...........................167, 199-202 Interstate vs. foreign commerce..............................167-169 Intrastate actions ``affecting'' commerce..........192-194, 195-196, 205-207, 207-209 Labor relations...........................179-180, 187, 189, 190-194 Manufacturing as commerce.........162-163, 181-185, 187-188, 190-194 Mining as commerce.........................162-163, 188-189, 205-206 Navigation, waterways, flood control.........................170-175 Production of goods as commerce..............................187-196 [[Page 2426]] Prohibition of commerce.................................167, 196-203 State lines crossing, commerce as traffic....................181-187 Tariffs..........................................................198 State powers, taxation and regulation..........................209-240 Balancing test, modern standard..............................233-234 Congressional authorization of impermissible state action......................................................216-220 Dormant commerce clause, development and theories............209-215 Foreign commerce.............................................240-243 Regulation of commerce.....................220-221, 224-227, 233-240 State proprietary activity exception.............................216 Taxation of commerce................................220-223, 227-233 Apportionment.........................................223, 231-232 Benefit relationship...........................................233 Discrimination........................................223, 232-233 Nexus......................................................229-231 Interstate Commerce Commission......................78-80, 176-178, 1300 Interstate compacts. See States, Agreements with other States. Intoxicating liquors: First Amendment, conflicts with regulation...................1982-1983 Importation from abroad, state powers........................1980-1981 Equal protection, 21st Amendment and..............................1982 Prohibition, federal, adoption, repeal............1967-1969, 1977-1984 State laws, interstate commerce, bans, regulation........276-278, 279, 1977-1981 Wartime prohibition, federal......................................1513 Inverse condemnation. See Taking of property. Investigations, congressional: Bill of Rights, applicability to...............................100-103 Contempt sanction, source, procedure...........................103-105 Defenses of witnesses...........................................96-100 Exercises of power: Investigation of Executive.....................................92-93 Investigation of Members..........................................93 Legislative purposes.......................................91, 93-96 Limitations on: Authorization, sufficiency of.................................96-100 Pertinency of inquiry......................................92, 94-96 Legislative power, extent...............................90-91, 93-96 Purpose........................................................90-91 Quorum, lack of, effect............................................100 Involuntary servitude..........................................1551-1558 J Jails, picketing of.................................................1165 Japanese-Americans, relocation of, World War II....324, 327-328, 442-443 Jones Act........................................................741-743 Journalist's privilege.........................................1102-1104 Judges, criminal trials, partiality..................631-634, 1742, 1754 Judges, federal (see also Courts, federal; Supreme Court of the United States): Abolition of courts, provision for sitting judges..................600 Article I judges, lack of guarantees...........................604-617 Article III judges, guarantees......584-586, 600-602, 605-606, 610-615 Bankruptcy judges, status......................................613-615 [[Page 2427]] Compensation, guarantee, taxation..............................600-602 Impeachment of.......................................584-586, 587, 589 Legislative courts, status.....................................604-617 Removal, other than by impeachment.................................586 Self-restraint of, rules.......................................705-712 Tenure....................................................584-586, 598 Judicial process, when requisite of due process.....................1695 Judicial review: Avoidance of constitutional questions in.......................707-708 Clear mistake, rule of construction............................708-709 Establishment, origin..........................................698-704 Excluded considerations in exercise of.........................709-710 Framers, views on..............................................698-700 Limitations on exercise........................................705-713 Modes of Constitutional interpretation.........................705-706 National supremacy, importance of..............................703-704 Necessity of as due process right............................1597-1602 Presumption of constitutionality...................................710 Self-restraint in exercise of..................................712-713 Stare decisis in...............................................711-712 Judiciary Act of 1789.......598, 599, 625, 636, 637, 639, 641, 700, 701, 703, 713, 716, 717, 723, 726, 728-729, 735, 744, 762, 767, 769, 776, 777, 778, 782-783, 784,785, 793, 819 Juries: Blue ribbon juries, validity......................................1412 Composition, size, unanimity of verdict......................1408-1410 Discrimination, racial, selection......................1413, 1854-1857 Impartiality requirement...............................1412-1418, 1742 Vicinage requirement.........................................1419-1420 Women, exclusion, exceptions................................1412, 1413 Jurisdiction, defined, distinguished from judicial power........618-619, 648-698 Jurisdiction, state courts, how obtained.......................1705-1723 Jury service, paid time off private employment......................1588 Jury trial, civil cases: Admiralty....................................................736, 1455 Background of right..........................................1451-1452 Common-law cases, application................................1454-1457 Composition, size............................................1452-1453 Courts in which applicable........................................1453 Directed verdicts............................................1461-1462 Equity cases, no jury trial, exceptions......................1457-1460 Function of..................................................1452-1453 Judge, role of, comment on evidence, etc.....................1460-1461 Mixed equity-law cases.......................................1457-1460 Racial discrimination, jury selection........................1797-1798 States, not bound.................................................1453 Unanimity of jurors...............................................1452 Waiver.......................................................1453-1454 Jury trial, criminal cases: Application to States.............................................1407 Background, rationale........................................1406-1407 Capital sentencing, racial discrimination....................1857-1858 Civil proceedings............................................1410-1412 [[Page 2428]] Contempt trials..........................................630-631, 1411 Juvenile trials...................................................1412 Petty offenses....................................................1410 Racial discrimination, jury selection.............1798-1799, 1854-1857 Waiver.......................................................1407-1408 Just compensation requirement..................................1374-1377 Justiciability...................................................648-698 Juveniles: offenders, processing of, due process........................1780-1783 death penalty................................................1491-1492 L Labor-management relations: Blacklisting, prohibition.........................................1591 Child labor.........................................199, 202-203, 1587 Compulsory arbitration............................................1591 Employer free speech.........................................1121-1122 Federal regulation.............................................187-196 Freedom of assembly to discuss rights........................1189-1191 Hours of labor, women, ``hazardous' occupations...................1586 Hours, wages, federal regulation..................................1587 Injunctions, federal courts, labor disputes.............661, 785, 1592 Liberty of contract..........................................1581-1594 Picketing, regulation, free speech...........................1173-1174 Preemption, federal-state power................................254-260 President, powers over in wartime..............................443-444 Racial discrimination by unions...................................1593 Right-to-work laws, state.........................................1593 Wages, payment regulated.....................................1587-1588 Workers' compensation laws.....................738, 861-863, 1588-1590 Labor unions: Dues money, use of by unions.................................1065-1066 Governmental promotion, regulation..................187-196, 1591-1594 Officers, loyalty oaths................................1044-1045, 1055 Picketing, boycotts, speech..................................1173-1174 Political activities of, limited..................................1102 Speech rights of members.....................................1064-1066 Unfair labor practices, state regulation.......................254-260 Landlord-tenant disputes, jury trials...............................1454 Leaflets, pamphlets, distribution, speech......................1180-1181 Legal tender. See money. Legislative buildings, grounds, picketing................1165, 1175-1176 Legislative courts...............................................604-617 Legislative veto. See Congressional veto. Legislatures, state, apportionment and distributing............1902-1911 Lend lease..................................................497-498, 547 Letters of marque and reprisal..................................305, 359 Libel. See Defamation. Liberty of contract............................................1581-1594 Limitations period. See Statutes of limitation. Lineups, criminal identification procedures.........1444-1447, 1752-1753 Litigation, promotion of, carrying on, First Amendment.........1056-1061 Loansharking, federal prohibition....................................206 [[Page 2429]] Lobbying, Government regulation................................1101-1102 Logan Act........................................................541-542 Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act..............739-741 Lotteries, barring from interstate commerce......200-201, 290-291, 1513, 1636 Loyalty oaths, constitutionality of...................677-678, 1073-1078 Loyalty-security programs, government employment.....517-518, 1055-1056, 1073-1078, 1084-1085, 1351 M Mail (see also Post Roads): Congress, powers as to...................................289-292, 1359 Exclusion of materials from, censorship......290-292, 1152, 1154, 1359 Implementation of other powers.....................................292 Right to receive...............................................291-292 State regulations, taxes, affecting service....................292-293 Marriage: Contract clause, marriage contracts not within.....................388 Fundamental right, privacy, attributes.....1667, 1680-1681, 1688-1689, 1860 Interracial ban, validity...................................1667, 1860 Married-unmarried persons, classification, validity.................1837 Martial law, nature of, when invoked...............324, 456-462, 566-567 Membership in organizations, disqualifications for, oaths related to,inquiries respecting.................1064-1056, 1057-1058, 1070-1078 Mental illness................................1490, 1690-1692, 1783-1785 Mental retardation............................1491, 1690-1692, 1783-1785 Military forces, use abroad to protect citizens, property, President, Congress....................................447-453, 570-572 Militia: Powers of Congress as to.......................................331-333 States, powers as to...........................................332-333 Relation to right to bear arms...............................1193-1194 Military law.....................................................316-319 Milk, price, purity, marketing......................195, 1633-1634, 1831 Miranda warning................................................1330-1340 Miscegenation.................................................1667, 1860 Money: Bills of credit.......................................159-160, 360-361 Coinage and borrowing power, relation.........................159, 287 Coins, defacement, exportation, power of Congress..................287 Counterfeiting................................................287, 341 Gold, currency, gold clauses in contracts, abrogation........159, 287, 1365-1366 Legal tender, power of States as to................................361 Legal tender, treasury notes as....................................159 State bank notes, federal tax on...................................342 Mootness in legal disputes.......................................679-683 Mortgages, state moratory laws, validity.........................395-397 Motive vs. intent test of equal protection.....................1815-1820 Motor vehicles, regulation, taxation.................225, 226, 1826-1827 Multimember electoral district, validity.......................1906-1911 Multiple taxation, interstate commerce...........................231-232 Murder, death penalty for......................................1472-1493 N National Industrial Recovery Act.............................83, 187-188 [[Page 2430]] National Labor Relations Act.....................................190-192 National security Electronic surveillance justified by.........................1255-1257 National supremacy, scope of clause..............................917-943 Native Americans: Commerce with, congressional powers............................260-265 Due process constraints on governance of..............262-263, 492-493 Lessees of Indian lands, State taxation............................942 ``Not taxed,'' counting for apportionment....................114, 1927 State taxation of, reservation activities......................262-263 Treaties with.............................................261, 492-493 Tribes not foreign states..........................................775 Natural resources, state laws respecting.........235, 871-874, 1624-1628 Navigable waters (see also Admiralty; Courts, federal): Congress, regulatory powers, improvement..................161, 170-175 Diversion of, States, municipalities, federal suits................923 Riparian ownership, governmental reservation.................171, 1382 State regulation, validity.........................................226 Navy. See Armed forces. Necessary and proper clause, congressional power.......165-166, 339-344, 480-482, 512, 636, 728-731 Newsgathering as commerce............................................162 Newspapers (see also Speech and press): Contempt for publication.......................................627-629 Exclusion from mails...............................................290 Government regulation of business of.........................1113-1127 Right of reply laws...............................................1127 Search and seizure of newspaper offices.....................1104, 1223 Nobility, titles of, not to be granted, accepted.....................359 Noise, permissible state interest in limiting expression.......1181-1182 No-knock entrances to search........................................1227 Nonresident of State, obtaining jurisdiction over..............1705-1722 Notice of accusation...........................................1420-1421 Nude dancing, protected expression.............................1162-1163 Nudity in films, protected expression..........................1160-1163 O Oath of office, application, powers of Congress as to............943-948 Oaths, loyalty, affirmative, disclaimer............1044, 1056, 1073-1078 Obligation of contracts, States not to impair....................366-398 Obscenity, pornography.........................................1149-1160 Oil and gas (see also Carriers; Taxation, state): Interstate transportation, production for interstate sale, federal, state powers.............................................180 Rates, federal regulation....................................1359-1360 State protective laws........................................1624-1625 One person, one vote...........................................1902-1911 Opticians, ophthalmologists, regulation, classification.......1622-1623, 1831 Original jurisdiction............................................776-779 Original package doctrine.......................................240, 399 Origination Clause..........................................135, 136-137 Overbreadth.....1050-1051, 1061, 1083, 1084, 1087, 1113, 1119, 1133-1134 P Packers and Stockyard Act............................................185 [[Page 2431]] Pardons and amnesties............................................463-469 Parent-child conflict.............................1672, 1678, 1689, 1785 Parks, use of for expression, public forums....................1164-1165 Passports, denial, suspension, due process..........................1071 Patents and copyrights...........................................293-302 Patronage systems, validity under First Amendment..............1062-1063 Penumbral rights protected..........................................1504 Pendent jurisdiction.............................................721-722 Peonage, validity under Thirteenth Amendment, congressional power to abolish....................................................1555-1557 Peremptory challenges of jurors, racial discrimination.........1856-1857 Permit systems, parades, demonstrations........................1167-1168 Person: Due Process..................................................1578-1579 Fourth Amendment, persons covered by.........................1204-1205 Privileges and immunities....................................1565-1567 Petitioning Congress, right of......................................1569 Petitioning government, redress of grievances............1137, 1187-1191 Pharmacies, regulation, right to advertise....................1622, 1115 Picketing, free expression.....................................1173-1181 Piracy, power of Congress to define and punish...................303-305 Plea bargaining, validity, safeguards..........................1757-1758 Pocket Veto......................................................139-140 Police power: Federal, commerce clause basis.................................203-209 State, federal restrictions on.................................200-203 State, due process limitations...............................1579-1580 Political activity as element of free expression....1061-1064, 1081-1084 Political parties, racial discrimination by........1797, 1941-1942, 1945 Political question doctrine......................................687-698 Poll taxes, qualification to vote, validity............1473, 1894, 1921, 1989-1990 Polygamy.......................................................1007-1009 Pornography. See Obscenity, pornography. Ports of entry, powers of Congress, no preference....................357 Post Roads...........................................................289 Postal service. See Mail. Poverty, indigency, classification on basis of....1813-1814, 1836, 1839, 1916-1925 Preemption............................243-260, 284-286, 300-302, 918-919 Pregnancy, classifications based on.....................1602, 1876, 1886 Presentation of bills and resolutions............................141-143 President: Cabinet as adviser of..............................................488 Compensation, restriction on...................................435-436 Creation of office.............................................413-415 Disability, inability...................................435, 1991-1993 Election, electoral college..............................426-433, 1548 Executive orders...............................................440-447 Executive privilege............................................532-539 House of Representatives, when selects...................426-428, 1547 Immunity from judicial direction.............534-538, 578-683, 688-689 Impeachment of...................................583-586, 588, 589-590 Messages to Congress...........................................539-540 Oath of office, effect, time of....................................436 Qualifications.................................................433-434 [[Page 2432]] Succession to, vacancy..................................435, 1991-1993 Term, tenure.......................425-426, 1973-1976, 1985, 1991-1993 President, powers: Appoint, remove officers, congressional power to limit.......418, 423, 425, 512-519, 522-531 Commander-in-Chief.............................................437-461 Courts, use of to enforce laws.....................................568 Domestic disturbances in States, suppression..............461-462, 895 Executive agencies, creation, status...........................441-442 Executive, diplomatic agents of................................509-512 Executive, enumeration, construction...........................415-422 Exercise of, in person, by agents.....................559-564, 582-583 Faithful execution of laws, duty, powers.......................553-572 Foreign envoys, reception by President....................540, 546-547 Foreign relations, conduct of..................................540-553 Impoundment of appropriated funds..............................555-559 Legislative role...................................................540 Martial law, declaration..............................456-461, 566-569 Military forces, use abroad, protect citizens, property.......447-453, 570-572 Pardons, amnesties....................................463-468, 788-889 Recognition of foreign governments........................540, 544-546 Remove officers................................................522-531 Seizure of factories...........................................572-578 Subordinates, control, protection..............................522-532 Veto, pocket veto..............................................138-141 War...................................................305-311, 437-453 Presumption of innocence.......................................1761-1762 Presumptions, evidentiary, due process..............1701-1704, 1761-1765 Preventive detention...........................................1469-1471 Price controls. See Rent and price controls. Primary elections, subject to federal regulation....119, 1941-1942, 1945 Prior restraints, doctrine of..................................1029-1031 Prison inmates: Access to courts..................................................1773 Access to legal materials.........................................1773 Basis of rights...................................................1774 Counsel, right to...........................................1447, 1775 Courts, federal, powers, restraints..........................1773-1774 Cruel and unusual punishment...........................1497-1499, 1773 Discipline, transfers between prisons.............................1776 First Amendment rights.......................................1108-1111 News media access............................................1110-1111 Parole, probation revocation.................................1776-1780 Racial segregation of.............................................1773 Religious freedom of..............................................1773 Voting by...................................................1897, 1927 Privacy: Abortion.....................................................1669-1679 Contraceptive use protected......................1504-1505, 1668, 1681 Fourth Amendment protection of....................1205-1209, 1681-1682 Home, protections in.........................................1683-1686 Marital, family rights.......................................1679-1689 Protection of limited by First Amendment.....................1145-1147 [[Page 2433]] Privileges and immunities of national citizenship...1568-1561, 1931-1932 Privileges and immunities of state citizens. See Comity clause. Probable cause.................................................1217-1220 Probation, parole..............................................1776-1780 Profanity, public, governmental power to proscribe.............1133-1134 Professional sports, interstate commerce.............................162 Prohibition, intoxicating liquors........................1967-1969, 1977 Proof of crime, burden.........................................1761-1765 Property qualifications for voters, candidates...........1894-1896, 1898 Property tax support of public education.......................1923-1925 Prosecutorial misconduct, due process..........................1758-1761 Public accommodations, racial discrimination..........207-208, 1859-1860 Public employees, speech, political rights.....................1081-1090 Public forum...................................................1164-1171 Public lands.....................................................888-890 Public officers of the United States (see also President): Appointment, confirmation......................................512-521 Commissions of, issuance...........................................521 Creation, qualifications, conduct, congressional regulation.......507, 512-519 Disqualification for rebellion....................................1928 Foreign emoluments.................................................359 Impeachment of.................................................583-589 Inferior officers, employees...................................513-515 Loyalty-security programs...........................517-518, 1084-1085 Political activities of.............................516-517, 1081-1084 Recess appointments............................................521-522 Removal........................................................522-531 Salaries, congressional termination in order to remove.........347-348 Strikes by.........................................................518 Suits against, immunity...............................582-583, 748-751 Withdrawal of, confirmation........................................520 Public trials, criminal cases.......................1105-1108, 1404-1406 Public use, taking of property.................................1371-1374 Public utilities, federal, state regulation, due process......1359-1360, 1597-1614 Publicity: Prejudicial, criminal trials................................1414, 1755 Right to personal............................................1147-1148 Puerto Rico................................................890-891, 1871 Punishment of crime, unequal sentences, disproportionality....1493-1497, 1838 Punitive damages..............................................1471, 1698 Q Quorum, lack of, legislative investigation...........................100 R Racial discrimination.........................1356-1359, 1809, 1839-1868 Radio. See Broadcasting. Railroad Retirement Act..........................................189-190 Railroads (see also Carriers; Labor-management relations): Compelled services, expenditures........................381, 1610-1612 Federal rate regulation, due process.........................1360-1361 Full crew laws...............................................225, 1613 Interconnection of tracks, authorization...........................176 Intrastate rates, federal regulation...............................178 [[Page 2434]] Property, state taxation, apportionment............................222 Rate regulation, state..............................224-225, 1597-1607 Safety regulations.................................225, 162-1613, 1623 State owned railroads, federal regulation......................923-924 Rape: death penalty for............................................1487-1488 child witness and defendant's right to confrontation.........1427-1428 victim's privacy interest.........................................1146 Rational basis standard of review..............................1805-1809 Real property, state regulation, zoning, succession to........1380-1395, 1628-1632 Reapportionment of congressional districts among states.......1902, 1904 Reapportionment, state legislative districts...................1902-1911 Recess appointments..............................................521-522 Registration, compelled, self-incrimination....................1317-1321 Registration laws, convicted felons, notice....................1749-1750 Religion, freedom of: Background, history............................................969-971 Belief-conduct distinction...................................1007-1009 Bus transportation, parochial school students............978, 985, 987 Child benefit theory......................................978, 984-985 Child labor laws..................................................1008 Chaplains in Congress, armed forces..........................996, 1002 Christian Nation rhetoric....................................971, 1009 Church disputes, judicial role.................................974-977 Colleges, universities, religious, assistance to...............988-989 Compulsory school attendance laws.................................1014 Compulsory vaccination............................................1008 Conscience, freedom of..................................969, 971, 1005 Conscientious objection, military service..............1000-1001, 1012 Construction grants, colleges..................................988-989 Criminal law, general applicability, religious practices.....1008-1009 Disqualification of clergy for public office......................1019 Entanglement test................973-974, 982, 983, 984, 989, 990, 998 Establishment of religion clause..............................977-1005 Evolution, teaching, public school, ban............................996 Financial assistance to church-related schools.................977-991 Flag salute, public schools.......................1011-1012, 1053-1054 Free exercise clause.........................................1005-1019 Grants to religious organizations for public purposes..........990-991 Imposition of secular requirements, religious objections.....1011-1019 Mandated school tests, etc, public purchase........................984 Neutrality.....................................................974-977 Oaths.......................................................1009, 1019 Parks, other public places, use by religious groups...............1011 Peyote use, criminal proscription.................................1017 Polygamy, bigamy..................................................1009 Prayers, Bible readings, public schools........................993-996 Primary purpose and effect tests......................973-974, 979-991 Released time..................................................991-993 Religious People rhetoric..........................................993 School supplies, loans to students............................982, 985 Social Security taxes, exemption denied...........................1015 [[Page 2435]] Street proselytizing.........................................1010-1011 Sunday closing laws...........................................999-1000 Tax credits, parochial school students.........................986-988 Tax exemptions, religious property.............................997-998 Textbooks, loans to private school students...................978, 985 Tuition grants, parochial school students......................985-986 Unemployment compensation, denial to Sabbatarians, other religious objectors.........................................1012-1014 Removal, cases from state to federal court: Cases concerning federal officers, employees.......................819 Civil rights cases.............................................819-821 Generally, validity, circumstances...............343, 716-717, 819-821 States may not limit, burden.......................................765 Removal, power of President to remove officers...................522-532 Rent and price controls..................330-331, 602-603, 643-644, 1365 Reply, right of.....................................................1127 Republican form of government, nature, scope.....................891-893 Reputation, protected interest......................................1729 Required records doctrine......................................1315-1317 Residency, actual, required.........................869, 1702-1703, 1914 Residency, durational, state requirements......................1911-1914 Residential picketing...............................................1176 Restrictive covenant cases..........................663, 1790-1792, 1858 Retroactivity of judicial decisions..............................683-687 Reverse discrimination. See Affirmative action. Right-privilege distinction...................1073, 1084-1085, 1725-1726 Right-to-work laws, state, preemption....................255, 1593, 1834 Rights retained by the people, Ninth Amendment.................1503-1505 Ripeness, justiciability.........................................676-679 S Safety regulations, interstate commerce, impact on...................176 Savings bonds, federal overriding of state regulations...............931 Schools (see also Education, racial discrimination; Teachers): Ban on private schools, compulsory public education..........1666-1667 Foreign language, ban on teaching............................1666-1667 Free speech in...............................................1090-1094 Prayers and religious exercises in.............................992-996 School buildings, picketing of..............................1165, 1166 Searches of students in......................................1246-1247 Scrupled jurors, capital punishment, exclusion...........1415-1416, 1474 Searches and seizures: Administrative inspections...................................1211-1216 Airport stops................................................1233-1234 Alcohol, firearms inspections.....................................1211 Arrests, other detentions....................................1209-1210 Automobiles, expectation of privacy in....1208, 1215, 1237, 1238-1241, 1244 Background, scope............................................1199-1205 Border searches..............................................1243-1244 Consent searches.............................................1242-1243 Corporate records, when protected.................................1226 Electronic surveillance................................1206, 1250-1257 Exclusionary rule............................................1257-1270 [[Page 2436]] Execution of warrants........................................1226-1228 Fingerprints, other objective evidence......................1210, 1224 First Amendment considerations...............................1221-1223 Habeas corpus, when search and seizure issues reviewable.....815, 1266 Home visits, welfare case workers.................................1214 Informants, tips, when sufficient for probable cause.........1218-1220 Interests protected..........................................1205-1209 Legislative investigations.........................................103 Mere evidence rule...........................................1223-1224 National security electronic surveillance....................1255-1257 Neutral magistrate, issuance of warrants.....................1216-1217 No-knock entrances................................................1227 Noncriminal searches and inspections.........................1211-1216 Open fields doctrine.........................................1245-1246 Particularity in warrants....................................1221-1223 Plain view doctrine...............................................1246 Privacy, protection of.......................................1205-1209 Probable cause...............................................1217-1220 Property, protection of......................................1205-1206 Random stops, check points, automobiles.....................1215, 1244 Reasonableness, meaning......................................1201-1204 Search incident to arrest....................................1234-1238 Standing to contest search and seizure.......................1269-1270 Stop and frisk...............................................1229-1234 Subpoenas, likened to search warrants........................1225-1226 Testimonial evidence..............................................1226 Warrantless searches..............................1201-1204, 1228-1250 Warrants, use, obtaining.....................................1215-1228 Wired informers...................................................1242 Wiretapping............................................1206, 1250-1257 Seditious libel.....................................1022-1023, 1131-1133 Segregation. See Racial discrimination. Self-incrimination: Alibi defense, compelled pretrial disclosure......................1310 Comment on defendant's failure to testify, defendant's silence 1308-1310 Compelled waiver..................................................1308 Compulsion required, nature of...............................1307-1308 Confessions..................................................1321-1340 Corporations, privilege not available to..........................1305 Delay in arraignment.........................................1323-1324 Discharge from employment for asserting...........................1308 Dual sovereign rule...............................................1311 Exclusionary rule............................................1340-1343 Gambling, firearms, registration, reporting..................1317-1318 Hit-and-run reporting statutes....................................1319 Immunity grants to compel testimony..........................1312-1315 Infamy, harm to reputation, not protected.........................1311 Interrogation, police questioning............................1321-1340 Legislative investigations.....................................101-102 Miranda warnings.............................................1330-1340 Nontestimonial compulsion....................................1306-1307 Presumptions......................................................1310 [[Page 2437]] Prison disciplinary hearings......................................1309 Registration requirements....................................1317-1318 Reporting and disclosure.....................................1317-1321 Required records doctrine....................................1315-1317 Tax returns..................................................1317-1318 Testifying defendants, waiver.....................................1308 Writings, compelled production....................................1306 Senators, United States, direct election.......................1965-1966 Sentencing, convicted criminal defendants: Appeals, corrective process..................................1770-1772 Capital cases................................................1474-1493 Counsel, assistance of...........................1447, 1765-1766, 1767 Deferred, probation, reimposition.................................1767 Disproportionate length......................................1493-1497 Habitual offenders................................1495-1496, 1765-1766 Insane defendants............................................1769-1770 Jury sentencing, bifurcation, capital cases..................1478-1479 Presentence reports, disclosure..............................1766-1767 Resentencing on retrial, limitations..............................1768 Separate but equal.............................................1840-1842 Separation of powers, doctrine of....69-71,63-70, 105, 127-133, 140-141, 153-156, 305-307, 347, 415-422, 440-441, 447-453, 494-495, 500-504, 522-531, 535-539, 548-553, 555-559, 561-563, 572-578, 578-583, 590-591, 600-602, 604-606, 609, 613-614, 645-646, 683, 687-698, 779-792 Sex, classification on basis of, discrimination: Age of majority...................................................1878 Alimony......................................................1879-1880 Benign, favoring women.......................................1883-1885 Equal protection standards........................1810-1811, 1877-1878 Government benefits..........................................1881-1882 Jury service......................................................1879 Liquor regulations................................................1879 Military service.......................................1882-1883, 1884 Pensions, benefits................................................1881 Pregnancy.........................................................1886 Unwed fathers/mothers distinction.................................1881 Sex, materials about, pornography..............................1149-1163 Sexual privacy.................................................1679-1689 Sexual psychopath laws, commitment..................................1784 Shopping centers, picketing in.................................1171-1173 Sit-ins.............................................................1165 Slavery and involuntary servitude..............................1551-1558 Social Security benefits, termination...............................1735 Soldiers, quartering in homes in peacetime..........................1195 Sound trucks, demonstrations...................................1181-1182 Sovereign immunity from suits: Eleventh Amendment...........................................1521-1545 Foreign States.................................................774-775 Suability of officers..........................................748-751 United States..................................................746-748 Special prosecutor...............................................527-531 Speech or debate, privilege of Members of Congress...............127-133 [[Page 2438]] Speech and press, freedom of expression: Absolutist view of protection accorded.......................1048-1050 Adoption, background.........................................1020-1025 Advertising..................................................1113-1119 Advocacy.......1025, 1034-1040, 1042-1043, 1052, 1067-1069, 1070-1071, 1079-1080 Aliens, exclusion of.........................................1080-1081 Anonymity, printed materials.................................1180-1181 Antitrust laws, communications media..............................1122 Application to States..............................958-964, 1020, 1024 Association, freedom of......................................1056-1066 Bad tendency test............................................1037-1038 Balancing....................................................1044-1048 Beliefs, affiliation..............................1053-1056, 1070-1073 Benefits, privileges, withdrawal.......................1054-1056, 1073 Books, periodicals..............................1033, 1114, 1153, 1153 Children........................1090-1094, 1152, 1154, 1159-1160, 1161 Clear and present danger.....................................1034-1053 Commercial speech............................................1113-1119 Communications industries, regulation........................1113-1127 Contempt of court...................................1040-1042, 640-642 Content of expression, limitation based on.............1081, 1127-1163 Contributions, campaign funds.....................1063-1064, 1094-1101 Disorder, unrest, speech result...................................1168 Door to door solicitation....................................1182-1183 Draft card burning..........................................1079, 1184 Elections.........................................1061-1064, 1094-1101 Entertainment................................................1160-1163 Fairness doctrine, broadcasting..............................1123-1124 Fighting words...............................................1133-1134 Flag desecration, burning......................................1183-87 Flag salute, compulsory, schools.............................1053-1054 Group libel..................................................1135-1136 Hostile audience..................................................1168 Importation.................................................1080, 1154 Injunctions, ex parte..................................1031-1033, 1168 Journalist's privilege.......................................1102-1104 Labor relations..............................................1121-1122 Leaflets, pamphlets, distribution............................1180-1181 Legislative investigations...................................1078-1079 Less restrictive means test.......................................1051 Libel........................................................1136-1145 Libraries, schools, removal of books..............................1092 License taxes.........................................1029, 1049, 1120 Licensing, professional, bar membership...............1047, 1056, 1072 Litigation as expression.....................................1056-1061 Live performances, plays, nudity.............................1162-1163 Lobbying.....................................................1101-1102 Mails.....................................1047, 1080, 1152, 1154, 1155 Membership, disclosure......................1057-1058, 1070-1073, 1078 Motion pictures.........................1033, 1114, 1153-54, 1160-1163 National security..........1029-1031, 1036-1038, 1042-1048, 1055-1056, 1066-1081 Newspapers.....1029, 1031-1033, 1031-1033, 1040-1041, 1104, 1110-1111, 1114, 1119-1120, 1121-1122, 1127, 1136, 1148-1149 [[Page 2439]] Oaths.......................................1044, 1055-1056, 1073-1078 Obscenity, pornography.................................1033, 1149-1163 Organizations, members, conflicts between....................1064-1066 Overbreadth..................................................1050-1051 Patronage systems............................................1062-1063 Permit systems.........................................1030, 1167-1168 Picketing....................................................1173-1179 Political campaigns, contributions, expenditures............1063-1064, 1094-1101 Political candidates, loyalty oaths...............................1074 Political parties, associational rights.....................1063, 1063 Preferred position...........................................1048-1050 Prior restraint..............................................1029-1031 Privacy, protection of as First Amendment problem............1145-1147 Private places, public attributes............................1171-1173 Private employment, restrictions on...............................1072 Profane and abusive language.................................1133-1134 Public employees, expression rights..........................1081-1090 Public employees, political activities.......................1081-1084 Public forum, public places..................................1164-1171 Radio and television.........................................1123-1126 Residential picketing.............................................1176 Right-privilege distinction............................1051, 1084-1085 Sedition, seditious libel....................................1131-1133 Sound trucks.................................................1181-1182 Speech-conduct distinction........................................1050 Students.....................................................1090-1094 Symbolic speech..............................................1183-1187 Syndicalism laws..........................1038- 1039, 1052, 1067, 1132 Taxation.....................................................1119-1121 Tax exemptions, denial for speech.................................1073 Vagueness.........................................1050-1051, 1076-1077 War effort, interference with.....................1036-1038, 1079-1080 Speedy trial, criminal cases...................................1400-1403 Spending for general welfare.....................................153-159 Standing to contest discriminatory jury selection...................1855 Standing to sue in federal courts................................654-670 Stare decisis, doctrine of in courts.............................711-712 State action, Fourteenth, Fifteenth Amendments: Basis of doctrine......................................1786-1787, 1944 Congressional enforcement, whether limited by.....1929-1933, 1944-1946 Courts, enforcement of private discrimination................1790-1792 Discriminatory custom, official enforcement.......................1790 Lessee of property in public building.............................1794 Private clubs, liquor licenses....................................1795 Private discrimination, encouragement by official action.....1792-1793 Public function...................................................1797 Public requirement of private discrimination, action..............1795 Repeal of antidiscrimination laws, erection of barriers to public, prevention of discrimination...............................1792-1793 State laws, actions contrary to..............................1786-1787 Tax privileges, public funds, discrimination by recipients...1799-1800 States: Admiralty, maritime matters, state legislation.................737-743 [[Page 2440]] Admission of to Union..........................................881-886 Agreements with other States..............................360, 403-407 Bills of attainder, not to pass................................361-362 Bills of credit, not to emit...................................360-361 Boundary disputes between, suits...............................752-753 Citizens of.......................................................1566 Compact clause.................................................403-407 Contracts, not to impair obligations...........................366-398 Disputes over water rights between.............................753-755 Electors, presidential, power to control.......................429-433 Employees, federal labor laws applied to............166, 194, 921-930, 1514-1516 Equal footing, admission on terms of...........................881-885 Ex post facto laws, not to pass................................362-365 Immunity from federal taxation.....................1415-149, 1510-1511 Immunity from suit...........................................1521-1545 Imposts, not to lay................................................399 Instrumentalities, activities, federal regulation, taxation 1514-1518 Legislatures, apportionment, districting.....................1902-1911 Officers of: Federal laws, duty to enforce................................944-948 Injunctions, restraint of enforcement of invalid laws.......801-802, 804-809, 1537-1544 Political activities of, federal restraints on....156-157, 1081-1084 Salaries, federal taxation.................................1510-1511 Reserved powers..............................................1509-1518 Tonnage duties, limitations........................................402 Treaties, alliances, confederations................................360 Statutes of limitations, due process constraints...............1699-1700 Sterilization, compulsory.....................................1813, 1839 Stop and frisk.................................................1229-1234 Strict scrutiny........................1081, 1118, 1161, 1186, 1809-1814 Suffrage, as fundamental right...........................1813, 1892-1911 Sunday closing laws.......................................999-1000, 1012 Supermajority requirements in referenda.............................1911 Supremacy Clause.................................................917-942 Supreme Court of the United States: Adequate state ground, preclusion of review of state court decisions.....................................................724-726 Advisory opinions not rendered.........599, 600, 620-623, 649, 671-673 Appeal, certiorari.............................................723-724 Appellate jurisdiction, congressional exceptions...............779-792 Concurrent jurisdiction with lower federal courts..............792-794 Disobedience of orders by state courts.........................794-795 Finality rule, review..........................................723-724 Impeachment of Justices of.....................................583-591 Legislative courts, appellate jurisdiction over....................606 Original jurisdiction of.....................726-728, 752-757, 776-779 Rule making authority...............................................76 Size, internal organization, sessions..........................598-599 State court decisions, review of...............................723-727 Supervisory power over lower federal courts....625, 626-627, 631, 633, 1262-1263 Suspect classifications........................................1809-1814 T Taking of property by government...............................1369-1395 [[Page 2441]] Tariffs. See Taxation, federal. Tax benefits, suits to compel withdrawal..............656-657, 1799-1800 Tax records, privacy interests................................1247, 1307 Taxation, federal: Capital gains, computing income tax on.......................1960-1961 Corporate dividends, when taxable............................1955-1958 Corporate earnings, when taxable.............................1958-1960 Customs, import duties.........................................152-153 Deductions, exemptions.......................................1962-1963 Destruction by.................................................151-152 Direct, apportionment, defined......................352-356, 1953-1954 Discriminatory, due process..................................1361-1363 District of Columbia...........................................355-356 Due process..................................................1361-1363 Excises, defined, uniformity...................................352-353 Exports from States............................................356-357 Federal judges, salaries, subject to......................144-145, 600 Gift........................................................1362, 1364 Graduated income.............................................354, 1362 Illegal income....................................................1962 Income..............................................352-355, 1953-1964 Inheritance....................................................354-355 Punishment of state law violations by.............................1514 Regulation by..................................................150-151 Retroactive..................................................1363-1364 State instrumentalities, activities, income of...............1514-1518 State officers, salaries................................145, 1510-1511 Tariffs......................................77, 152-153, 198, 496-497 Uniformity................................................144, 352-356 Taxation, state: Airplanes, fuel....................................................230 Assessments, notice and hearing...................1641-1642, 1660-1662 Burden, excessive............................................1638-1639 Carriage of persons, interstate commerce......................212, 221 Chain stores, graduated...............................1655, 1822, 1823 Collection of................................................1662-1664 Competing taxpayers, differential treatment.......................1823 Congress, legislation on state taxation of interstate commerce 216-220, 230 Contacts test......................................................223 Corporations, foreign, domestic, different tax treatment..........876, 1824-1825 Corporations, foreign, engaged in interstate commerce.........221-223, 228-231, 1656-1657 Corporations, individuals, differential tax treatment........1823-1824 Corporations, personalty.....................................1649-1650 Corporations, stock, when taxable.................................1655 Estate and inheritance.......................................1639-1640 Exemptions, revocation................................372-374, 385-388 Exports...............................................240-242, 398-401 Favoritism of certain industries..................................1823 Federal employees, salary......................................936-937 Forfeiture of land for taxes......................................1663 Franchise.........................................................1640 Franchise, corporation, interstate commerce...........222-223, 228-229 Freight, transported interstate...........................213, 221-223 [[Page 2442]] Garbage, trash as commerce....................................215, 233 Gift.........................................................1639-1640 Gross receipts, companies in interstate commerce..........221-223, 229 Imports, foreign, domestic.....................................392-401 Income............................................................1640 Income, nonresidents.........................................876, 1825 Income, source outside taxing State...............................1825 Income, where earned..............................................1640 Inheritance, estate, gift, transfer..........................1650-1654 Instrumentalities of Federal Government........................932-945 Insurance.....................................218-219, 1657-1659, 1822 Interest on unpaid taxes..........................................1663 Interstate and foreign commerce................................209-242 Dormant commerce clause doctrine.............................209-220 Apportionment, interstate business............223, 228-229, 231-232, 1550-1552 Congressional authorization..................................216-220 Discrimination, impermissible.................222, 223, 229, 232-233 Nexus requirement............................................229-230 State proprietary exception......................................216 Jurisdiction to tax..........................................1642-1659 Laches.......................................................1665-1666 Land, taxes on...............................................1641-1642 Liens for taxes...................................................1663 Motor vehicles................................223, 230, 232, 1826-1827 Multiple taxation test...............................223, 229, 231-232 Notice and hearing, when required............................1659-1662 Peddlers, drummers, imports...................................214, 216 Personality, tangible, intangible............................1643-1650 Privilege, corporation, measure..............................1654-1655 Privilege taxes on importers.......................................400 Property, assessments, equal protection...........................1828 Property, distinction among kinds............................1827-1828 Public purpose in taxation........................................1638 Real property................................................1641-1642 Remedies, contest taxes, limits...................................1665 Retroactive.......................................................1639 Sales...................................................230, 232, 1823 Severance.........................................................1640 Solicitation of out-of-state orders............................228-231 Special assessments..........................................1828-1829 Suits to restrain collection.......................................801 Transfer.....................................................1650-1654 Vessels, ferries, operated interstate..........................210-213 Taxing and spending power.................144-159, 1532, 1984, 1112-1113 Teachers, First Amendment rights..............1037, 1076-1078, 1084-1085 Televising of criminal trials.......................................1405 Television. See Broadcasting. Territories: Acquisition of by conquest, provision for..........................454 Constitutional guarantees in.......................................888 Congress, powers as to.........................................888-891 Courts of........................................604-605, 608, 890-891 [[Page 2443]] Diversity of citizenship, suits in federal courts..................763 Textbooks: Loans to religious school students............................978, 985 Loans to segregated private schools...............................1801 Three-judge federal courts...........................................803 Titles of nobility...................................................359 Tonnage duties, States not to lay....................................402 Topless dancing..........................................1162-1163, 1983 Trademarks and advertisements, patents or copyrights.................302 Trade names, restraint on use.......................................1116 Trade secrets, state protection......................................301 Trading stamps, regulation, bar...............................1618, 1835 Transcripts, criminal trials, indigents.............................1919 Transportation, racial discrimination in, banned.........207, 1593, 1859 Travel, international, right of................................420, 1071 Travel, interstate, burdening, forbidding.....236, 1813, 1893, 1912-1914 Treason, definition, evidentiary requirements, penalty......586, 821-828 Treaties (see also Executive agreements; National supremacy; Native Americans; President, powers): Aliens, rights derived from....................................472-474 Congress, implementation, when required...................472, 474-477 Congressional legislation concerning......................340, 480-482 Constitutional limitations on power............................482-487 Executive monopoly of negotiation..................................470 Implementation, repeal, termination by Congress.......471-582, 487-491 Interpretation, political question..........491, 688, 690-691, 696-697 Law of the land, effect on state laws..........................472-474 Self-executing, when......................................471, 479-480 States not to enter into...........................................391 Statutes, federal, conflict....................................478-479 Termination, lapse, how, by whom...............................487-491 Treatment, right of mentally ill to............................1690-1692 U Unconstitutional conditions.............................1034, 1073, 1725 United States: Immunity from suit, waiver.....................................746-748 Instrumentalities, corporations, immunity from suit............748-751 Liability for torts of employees...............................747-748 Officers of, state taxation, regulation........................936-937 Property of, ceded by States, powers, conditions...............888-890 Property of, disposition, congressional authorization..........880-890 Property of, jurisdiction over, limits, duration...............337-339 Property of, residents on, rights........................337-338, 1894 Utilities, advertising, regulation..................................1116 Utility service cutoffs, due process..........................1729, 1796 V Vagrancy laws, vagueness, validity.............................1748-1749 Vagueness in statutes..............................1050, 1055, 1747-1749 Venue, change of, criminal trials...................................1414 Vessels: Interstate commerce................................................172 [[Page 2444]] Navigable waters, State licensing, regulation......................226 Taxation, State jurisdiction......................................1644 Veto. See President, powers. Vietnam War, litigation over in Federal courts..............310-311, 779 Voter qualifications: Age..............................................1892, 1935-1936, 1995 Durational residency..............................1893-1894, 1935-1936 Literacy...................................1892, 1934, 1942, 1946-1948 Military service, discrimination based on.........................1894 Poll tax...............................................1894, 1989-1990 Property holding.............................................1894-1896 Race..........109, 118-119, 621, 1861, 1933-1936, 1939-1950, 1989-1990 Residency....................................................1893-1894 Residents of federal enclave.................................338, 1894 Sex..........................................................1971-1972 Voting, paid time off work for, validity............................1588 Voting Rights Act..........109, 118-119, 621, 1861, 1933-1936, 1939-1950 W War (see also Delegation of power; International law; President; Japanese-Americans, relocation): Constitutional rights in wartime...............................324-331 Declaration of, by Congress....................................307-311 Eminent domain, property destroyed, liability..................329-330 Legislation during, following..................................319-322 Powers as to, source, scope....................................305-307 President versus Congress....................305-307, 447-453, 570-572 Prizes of war, laws applicable.....................................326 Water, state conservation laws............................219, 235, 1626 Waterways, transportation, commerce..............................170-175 Welfare assistance, status as property...................1726, 1735-1736 Wheat, production of for own consumption, federal regulation........164, 195-196 White primary cases..........................1794, 1797, 1941-1942, 1945 Wiretapping....................................................1250-1257 Women. See Sex, classification on basis of. Workmen's compensation laws. See Labor-management relations. Wrongful death actions, maritime accidents.......................742-743 Y ``Yellow-dog'' contracts.......................................191, 1591 Z Zoning: Adult theatres, bookstores........................................1161 Restrictions on property generally...........................1628-1632 Takings, claims of...........................................1384-1395 |
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