• • Number of (apoptotic) endothelial (progenitor) cells [ Time Frame: baseline ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• • Oxidative stress: cytosolic and mitochondrial FR [ Time Frame: baseline ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Evidence exists that oxidative stress is enhanced in congestive heart failure patients resulting in damage to cellular lipids, proteins and DNA. Because of free radical-induced apoptosis of skeletal muscle fibers, oxidative stress is an important contributor to skeletal muscle fatigue and low exercise tolerance of congestive heart failure patients. Enhanced oxidative stress in congestive heart failure can exert negative inotropic effects and can have important effects on the structure and function of the myocardium, and may be implicated in the progression of congestive heart failure. Free radical stress could also impair recruitment and differentiation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells resulting in increased all cause mortality.

Reduced pulmonary clearance of free radical loaded white blood cells and platelets is an important contributor to enhanced oxidative stress in congestive heart failure patients. Failure of pulmonary clearance of free radical loaded white blood cells and platelets probably results from pulmonary congestion which has led to the rationale of the current study. Biventricular pacing for resynchronization therapy in congestive heart failure patients reduces left ventricular filling pressure and pulmonary congestion. Biventricular pacing may therefore augment pulmonary clearance of free radical loaded white blood cells and platelets in congestive heart failure patients.

We conduct a prospective, observational clinical study to investigate the correlation of left ventricular filling pressure, pulmonary clearance of FR loaded circulating white blood cells and platelets and number of endothelial progenitor cells in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients before and after implantation of a biventricular pacemaker for resynchronization therapy.