• Future remnant left liver volume on multidetector dynamic CT scans [ Time Frame: 2 weeks after HVE ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

• Immunohistochemical stainings [ Time Frame: during operation ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

To prospectively assess the effect of ipsilateral HVE after PVE on liver volume change, this study was designed to continue for 12 months, from March 2007 to February 2008.

This study protocol was approved by our institutional review board, under the condition that, for patient safety, more than one occurrence of accidental coil migration into the heart or lung would lead to study discontinuation. The clinical significance of this risk had not been fully assessed, although it might not be seriously harmful. In addition, informed consent and permission for each PVE and HVE were obtained separately from each patient and/or his/her family members.

The indications for right PVE are patients undergoing right hepatectomy or more extensive liver surgery for hepatobiliary malignancy, but having small FLRs, with mean values less than 40% of total liver volume. Patients with large liver masses are excluded because their parenchymal resection rates were much lower than 60%. For patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, placement of multiple biliary drains was preferred to decompress the entire biliary system, and the timing of PVE was set to when serum total bilirubin level became lower than 5 mg/dL.

The right internal jugular vein was punctured with an 18-gauge needle and a 9-F long sheath (Cook; Bloomington, IN) was inserted. The right hepatic vein (RHV) was selected using a 5-F cobra catheter (Cook) and a 0.035-inch guide wire (Terumo; Tokyo, Japan). Insertion of the guide wire toward the dorsal side was checked with a right lateral view to confirm that it was correctly inserted into the RHV. A 9-F sheath was inserted at the proximal portion of the RHV, followed by placement of a Tulip filter (retrievable vena cava filter; Cook) or a Trap-Ease filter (Cordis; Miami, FL) to prevent migration of deployed coils during embolization of the RHV. The cobra catheter was then advanced into the RHV and the main RHV branches were embolized with coils 8 to 12 mm in diameter (nester embolization coils; Cook).

Multidetector dynamic CT scans were routinely performed before PVE to assess gross liver volume change and tumor progression, and CT scans were performed every week after PVE, HVE, and hepatectomy. All CT images were reconstructed as sections 3 mm thick. The CT images were stored in a Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS; Petavision; Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea), enabling image processing and various measurements including volumetry. In patients undergoing combined caudate resection, the volume of the caudate lobe was not included in the FLR volume. TLV and FLR volume before PVE were used as the baseline liver volumes for liver size comparison.

To assess the histological changes in the livers, 1 cm-sized pieces of liver tissue were excised from the ventral margins of the right posterior section, right anterior section, and left lateral section just after laparotomy. These samples were immediately fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde phosphate solution.

Immunohistochemical stainings were performed using antibody against albumin to assess the synthetic function of the hepatocytes, antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (anti-PCNA) to assess cell replication, and antibody against cleaved caspase-3 to assess apoptosis. Apoptosis was also assayed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Western blots using antibodies against the acute phase proteins TNF-α, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 were performed to assess the status of proinflammatory cytokine responses. PCNA-positive and caspase-3-positive events were counted in five randomly selected high-power fields on microphotographs.

Specimens for histological examination and histomorphometric analysis were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H-E). For hepatocyte counts, 10 different HPFs in the same slide were randomly selected.