Inclusion Criteria:

• Have a histologically or cytologically confirmed metastatic and/or advanced malignancy (including lymphomas but excluding malignancies with extensive bone marrow involvement such as leukemias and multiple myeloma) for which standard treatment does not offer curative or life-prolonging potential
• Aged 18 years or more
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 or 1
• Have an expected survival longer than 3 months from enrollment in the study
• Radiographically or clinically evaluable tumor; however, measurable disease as defined by RECIST criteria is not required for participation in this study
• Suitable venous access for the conduct of blood sampling for MLN8237 pharmacokinetic
• Recovered from the reversible effects of prior antineoplastic therapy (with the exception of alopecia and grade 1 neuropathy) with at least 4 weeks elapsed since the last exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy or to radiotherapy and at least 6 weeks elapsed since exposure to nitrosoureas or mitomycin C. Patients treated with fully human monoclonal antibodies must not have received treatment with such antibodies for at least 6 weeks, and those treated with chimeric monoclonal antibodies must not have received treatment with such antibodies for at least 4 weeks. Patients treated with noncytotoxic small molecule drugs (eg, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as Tarceva, and hormonal agents, such as Femara) must not have received treatment with these drugs for at least 2 weeks before the first dose of MLN8237 is given.
• Male patients must use an appropriate method of barrier contraception (eg, condoms)and inform any sexual partners that they must also use a reliable method of contraception (eg, birth control pills) from the time of informed consent until 3 months after the last dose of study treatment.
• Female patients must be postmenopausal, surgically sterilized, or willing to use reliable methods of birth control (eg, a hormonal contraceptive, an intrauterine device, diaphragm with spermicide, or abstinence) and inform male sexual partners that they must also use a reliable method of contraception (eg, condoms) from the time of informed consent until 3 months after the last dose of study treatment.
• Willing and able to give written informed consent before the conduct of any study related procedure that is not part of normal medical care and willing to comply with the protocol.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant or lactating
• Major surgery or serious infection within the 28 days preceding the first dose of study treatment
• Life-threatening or uncontrolled medical illness unrelated to cancer
• Ongoing nausea or vomiting of any severity
• > Grade 1 diarrhea. Patients who require ongoing therapy with an antimotility agent to control diarrhea to a Grade 1 or lower level are not allowed to participate in this trial
• Known gastrointestinal disease or gastrointestinal procedures that could interfere with the oral absorption or tolerance of MLN8237. Examples include but are not limited to partial gastrectomy, history of small intestine surgery, and celiac disease.
• History of uncontrolled sleep apnea syndrome and other conditions that could result in excessive daytime sleepiness such as severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• Difficulty swallowing capsules
• Inability to take nothing by mouth except for water and prescribed medications for 2 hours before and 1 hour after each dose of MLN8237
• Received more than 4 previous cytotoxic chemotherapeutic regimens, including regimens used as adjuvant or neo-adjuvant therapies (in patients with metastatic breast cancer, a total of 5 previous cytotoxic chemotherapeutic regimens is permitted). There is no limit on the number of noncytotoxic therapies (eg, hormonal and immunologic) that patients may have received. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (eg, Tarceva and Iressa) are considered noncytotoxic compounds.
• Prior treatment with high-dose chemotherapy, defined as chemotherapy requiring the use of peripheral blood or bone marrow stem cell support for hematopoietic reconstitution
• Prior treatment with radiation therapy involving ≥25% of the hematopoietically active bone marrow for the distribution of active bone marrow in adults)
• Clinical and/or radiographic evidence of cerebral metastases. However, patients who have a history of central nervous system metastasis but who have no radiographic or clinical evidence of residual tumor (eg, following complete surgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery) are not excluded from participation in this study.
• Absolute neutrophil count <1.5 x 10 to the sixth power/μl; platelet count <100 x 10 to the sixth power/μl
• Serum creatinine >1.6 mg/dl or a measured or estimated creatinine clearance <40 mL/minute
• Bilirubin >1.5 times the upper limit of the normal range; aspartate aminotransferase /alanine aminotransferase >2.5 times the upper limit of the normal range, and alkaline phosphatase >2.5 times the upper limit of the normal range. Both the aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase may be elevated up to 5 times the upper limit of the normal range if their elevation can be reasonably ascribed to the presence of metastatic disease to liver and/or to bone; however, the alanine aminotransferase must in all circumstances be <2.5 times the upper limit of the normal range.
• Abnormalities on 12-lead electrocardiogram considered by the investigator to be clinically significant or baseline prolongation of the rate-corrected QT interval(eg, repeated demonstration of QTc interval >450 milliseconds).
• Known or suspected human immunodeficiency virus positive or hepatitis B surface antigen-positive status, or known or suspected active hepatitis C infection. Testing for these agents is not required in the absence of clinical findings or suspicion.
• Less than 4 weeks between the last dose of an investigational agent and the first dose of MLN8237.
• Admission or evidence of benzodiazepine dependence or abuse and/or alcohol abuse or an inability to restrict consumption of alcohol to no more than 1 standard unit of alcohol per day during the study and for 30 days from the last dose of study treatment. A standard unit of alcohol is defined as 350 ml of beer, 45 ml of 80-proof alcohol, or one 175 ml glass of wine. Note: criteria 21, 22 and 23 apply only to patients in whom biopsy of tumor tissue is planned.
• aPTT and/or PT exceeding the upper limit of the normal range
• Known bleeding diathesis or history of abnormal bleeding
• Ongoing therapy with an anticoagulant (e.g., aspirin, plavix, coumadin). Patients receiving anticoagulation with heparin may have their heparin therapy held the day before skin and tumor biopsies are performed and then resumed 12 hours after the biopsies have been completed. Patients taking clopidogrel (Plavix) or salicylates aspirin) must be able to safely stop these medications 7 days before the first biopsy and will not be able to resume these medications during the course of treatment with the study drug.