BACKGROUND/RATIONALE:
Numerous past studies have compared patient outcomes in VA and private sector hospitals. While VA patients have unique socioeconomic and clinical characteristics, it is unclear whether current methods appropriately adjust for differences between VA and private sector patients. Thus, it is it difficult to discern whether observed differences in risk-adjusted outcomes between VA and private sector hospitals are due to unmeasured illness or to differences in the quality of care. This study estimates unmeasured severity of illness for users of VA services by comparing outcomes of VA users and non-users in private-sector hospitals.
OBJECTIVE(S):
Determine whether VA utilization is an independent risk factor for poor outcomes. Specifically, we compared outcomes of VA users and other patients who receive care in private sector hospitals for 10 high-volume medical and surgical diagnoses, adjusting for severity of illness. We also identified characteristics of VA users that are associated with poor outcomes.
METHODS:
The two-year study employed a retrospective cohort design to identify male VA users and non-users age 67 years and older who received treatment for 10 medical or surgical conditions in private sector hospitals during the period 1996-2002. The study used Medicare administrative data (MedPAR and Denominator files), VA Administrative data (Patient Treatment File, Outpatient Care File, and the Compensation and Pension Minifile), and the US Census Summary Data File. Patients who used VA services during the two years preceding the index private hospital admission were identified using the VA administrative files. Endpoints (mortality after 30, 90, and 365 days) were compared in patients who did and did not use VA services prior to the index admission, adjusting for observed patient demographic and clinical risk factors using hierarchical models.
FINDINGS/RESULTS:
Surgical cohorts included: abdominal aortic aneurysm (n=130,746), coronary artery bypass graft (n=610,773), colectomy (n=292,331), lower extremity bypass (n=153,375), valve replacement surgery (n=128,298). Medical cohorts included: acute myocardial infarction (n=866,068), chronic heart failure (n=1,059,807), COPD (n=557,373), pneumonia (n=1,503,553), and stroke (n=728,738). Overall 8.5% of private sector patients used VA services during the 2 years prior to admission. VA users were more likely (p<.001) to have diabetes, heart failure, cerebro-vascular, peripheral vascular, obstructive lung, and chronic renal disease than patients who did not use VA services, and also resided in zipcodes with lower median household incomes. Of the five surgical conditions, only CABG had higher adjusted odds of death (p<.001) for VA users relative to non-users (30-day mortality Odds Ratio = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03-1.11). For medical conditions, differences in mortality between VA users and non-users were generally small. Within each patient condition, VA users with low incomes or with 50% or greater service-connected disabilities generally had increased risk of death, compared to non-VA users. The relative risk of death for VA users also increased slightly with decreasing age. Results using propensity-matched samples were similar.
IMPACT:
This study provides new insights into the magnitude of risk in VA populations that has been unmeasured in prior studies, and, in so doing, adds to our understanding of the relative quality of care in VA hospitals. This study found slightly higher risk of death for VA users undergoing CABG in private sector hospitals. However, the difference was smaller than the increased risk of death after CABG or AMI for VA hospital patients that has been estimated in previous studies. Overall, VA users with service-connected disabilities or low incomes had higher risk-adjusted mortality than the average private-sector patient. Furthermore, the relative risk of death appears to be higher for younger VA users. Current risk-adjustment methods may not adequately control for severity of illness in VA patients with these characteristics.
PUBLICATIONS:
Journal Articles
- Vaughan-Sarrazin MS, Wakefield B, Rosenthal GE. Mortality of Department of Veterans Affairs patients undergoing coronary revascularization in private sector hospitals. Health Services Research. 2007; 42(5): 1802-21.
