• Does RIPC reduce ischemia reperfusion injury in patients undergoing liver surgery [ Time Frame: 8 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Changes in liver regeneration [ Time Frame: 1 year ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Data Collection & Measurements:

Blood Measurements: Blood will be collected at seven different time points, Baseline, Post IPC, 15 and 90 minutes post IRI and then 6,12 and 24 hours post IRI. At each time point approximately 35 ml of blood will be collected. Samples will be collected for the following measurements: Serum LFT and electrolytes, Serum CPK isozymes, Plasma cytokines, coagulation profile, TEG profile, Plasma cytokines, xanthine and XO/XDH activities, Plasma neutrophil activation, Total plasma Nitrate levels, Plasma lactate and ammonia levels and pulmonary artery blood (from indwelling Swan Ganz) for Plasma Myeloperoxidase levels. Some of these are routine measurements done during and after liver surgery.

Biopsies: Two Liver trucut biopsies - one prior to implantation (and in case of liver resection from the normal remnant liver before occlusion) and the other immediately prior to closure of the abdomen - will be taken to study the changes in tissue oxidation, tissue adhesion molecule upregulation and morphology prior to and after preconditioning.

Intra-operative haemodynamcis: Cardio-pulmonary haemodynamics will be monitored using a Swan-Ganz catheter (if it is clinically indicated and already in place) to note the effects of skeletal muscle ischemic preconditioning on the liver, lungs and the heart. In those patients undergoing liver resection invasive heaemodynamic monitoring will not be performed for the purpose of the study, if not required clinically by the anaesthetists and intensive care physicians. Non-invasive measurements will be made of hepatic and cutaneous circulation using surface Laser Doppler flow meter and Ultra sound probes. Cutaneous microvascular responses to iontophoresis (non-invasive) of acetylcholine, an endothelium-independent vasodilator and sodium nitroprusside, and endothelium-independent vasodilator will be measured using the laser Doppler flow meter. NIRS probes (non -invasive) will be used on the surface of the to measure liver tissue oxygenation. All probes will be properly sterilised prior to application.

Post-operative heamodynamics: Cardio-pulmonary haemodynamics will continue to be monitored using a Swan-Ganz catheter (routinely inserted during liver transplantation) in the post-operative period for 24 hours.

ICG measurements: To assess liver function by injecting 0.5 mg/kg of indocyanine green (ICG) pre-operatively, intra-operatively and post operatively. ICG is routinely used in many liver centres for the assessment of liver function in clinical practise. No additional blood samples will be collected since the uptake and excretion of ICG by the liver will be measured by a non invasive digital pulse densitometric device (ICG Pulsion) connected to the patient by a finger sensor.