References

[1] The State of Florida was added because it has population and health workforce characteristics and needs similar to those of the U.S.-Mexico Border States.

[2] U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.

[3] Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002.

[4] Area Resource File (ARF), 2002.  Metropolitan includes those counties identified as Level A (Areas of 1 million or more), Level B (Areas of 250,000 to 999, 999), Level C (Areas of 100,000 to 249,000) and Level D (Areas of Less than 100,000) on the MSAPMSALevel1999 field in the ARF.  According to ARF documentation, metropolitan areas, which include Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA), were announced by the Office of Management and Budget in OMB Bulletin No.99-04 and became effective June 30, 1999.  Current standards require that newly qualifying MSAs include at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or a Census Bureau-defined urbanized area (50,000 or more inhabitants) and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New England).

[5] U.S. Census Bureau, 2003.

[6] U.S. Census Bureau, 2000; using America Fact Finder;  P77. MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME IN 1999 (DOLLARS) [1] – Universe Families Data Set:  Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) – Sample Data, and P155H. MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME IN 1999 (DOLLARS) (HISPANIC OR LATINO HOUSEHOLDER) [1] – Universe:  Families with a householder who is Hispanic or Latino Data Set:  Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) – Sample Data.

[7] U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty in the United States:  2000:  Current Population Reports:  Consumer Income; September 2001, p 5.  Note:  Poverty thresholds are updated annually by the Census Bureau.

[8] Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Atlanta, Georgia:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.  In the BRFSS, respondents were asked “Do you have any kind of health care coverage, including health insurance, prepaid plans such as HMOs, or government plans such as Medicare?”  Sample size reflects number of respondents, excluding those who answered “Do not know/not sure” or refused.  The sample size within a State may not add up to State total due to suppression of data for counties with small sample sizes.  The percentages were weighted to population characteristics in order to produce estimates that were representative of the sampled population.  Health characteristics estimated from the BRFSS pertain only to the adult population (age 18 and older) living in households.

[9] Note:  Estimates based on the Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic supplement, 2004, indicated that 18 percent of California residents were uninsured during some time in 2003.

[10] Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Atlanta, Georgia:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.  In the BRFSS, female respondents were asked “How long has it been since you had your last mammogram?” if they responded “yes” to ever having had a mammogram.  The percentages reported here were weighted to population characteristics in order to produce estimates that were representative of the sampled population.

[11] Age-adjusted mortality rate= Sum of ((number of resident deaths/population) in 10-year age groups multiplied by weights from the U.S. 2000 Standard Population).  This formula was applied whenever age-adjusted mortality rate is referred to in this report.  The population used in calculating the crude death rates by 10-year age groups includes total population with exception of breast (when specified) and cervical cancer (females only).

[12] Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Atlanta, Georgia:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.  In the BRFSS, female respondents were asked “How long has it been since you had your last Pap smear?” if they responded “yes” to ever having had a Pap smear.  The percentages reported here were weighted to population characteristics in order to produce estimates that were representative of the sampled population.

[13] Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths:  Final data for 2002.  National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004.

[14] Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  10 Leading Causes of Death, California, 2002, All Races, Both Sexes, http://webapp.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10.html, accessed on January 24, 2005.

[15] Jermendy G. Can type 2 diabetes mellitus be considered preventable? Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2005, 68SI:  S73-81; Schwarz PEH, Schwarz J, Bornstein SR, Schulze J. Prevention of type 2 diabetes:  what challenges do we have to address? Journal of Public Health, 2005. 13:303-308; Zimmet P, Shaw J, Alberti KGMM. Preventing Type 2 diabetes and the dysmetabolic syndrome in the real world:  a realistic view. Diabetic Medicine, 2003. 20:693-702.

[16] Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003;289:76-9.

[17] Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), Prevalence of Diabetes Among Hispanics --Selected Areas, 1998—2002. 53(40):941-944.

[18] U.S.-Mexico Border Health Commission (USMBHC).  Healthy Border 2010:  An Agenda for Improving Health on the United States Mexico Border, 2003.

[19] National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003.  Estimates are based on a sample and presented as 95 percent confidence intervals; wide confidence intervals for the State (plus or minus 3.7 percent) may be a sign of small sample size and less precision; national estimates have smaller confidence intervals (plus or minus 1.0 percent) and are more precise that State estimates.

[20] National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Injury in America.  Defining Risk…Increasing Safety, June 2002.

[21] Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  10 Leading Causes of Death, California, 2002, All Races, Both Sexes, http://webapp.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10.html, accessed on January 24, 2005.

[22] Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths:  Final data for 2002.  National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004.

[23] National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Injury Fact Book 2001–2002, November 2001; and National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Injury in America.  Defining Risk...Increasing Safety, June 2002.

[24] Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002.

[25] U.S.-Mexico Border Health Commission (USMBHC).  Healthy Border 2010:  An Agenda for Improving Health on the United States Mexico Border, 2003.

[26] Mental Health:  A Report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary. Rockville, MD:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 1999.

[27]  Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  10 Leading Causes of Death, California, 2002, All Races, Both Sexes, http://webapp.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10.html, accessed on January 24, 2005.

[28] Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths:  Final data for 2002.  National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004.

[29] Oral Health in America:  A Report of the Surgeon General.  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 2000.

[30] Cappelli DP, Steffensen JEM, Urbieta M.  “Oral Health,” in the Bexar County Community Health Assessment, 2002.  The Bexar County Community Health Collaborative, San Antonio, Texas; Grossi SG, Zambon JJ, Ho AW, et al. Assessment of risk for periodontal disease:  risk indicators of periodontal attachment loss.  Journal of Periodontology, 1994. 65:260-267; Mattila KJ, Valle MS, Nieninen MS, et al. Dental infections and coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 1993. 103:205-211; Offenbacher S, Katz V, Fertik G, et al. Periodontal disease as a possible risk factor for preterm low birthweight. Journal of Periodontology, 1996. 67:1103-1113.

[31] Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Barker LK, Canto MT, Dye BA, Gooch BF, Griffin SO, Hyman J, Jaramillo F, Kingman A, Nowjack-Raymer R, Selwitz RH, Wu T. Surveillance for Dental Caries, Dental Sealants, Tooth Retention, Edentulism, and Enamel Fluorosis. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2005;54(03);1–44.

[32] Cappelli DP, Steffensen JEM, Urbieta M. “Oral Health,” in the Bexar County Community Health Assessment, 2002.  The Bexar County Community Health Collaborative, San Antonio, Texas.

[33] Dower, C, McRee T, Grumbach K, Briggance B, Mutha S, Coffman J, Vranizan K, Bindman A, O’Neil E.  The Practice of Medicine in California:  A Profile of the Physician Workforce.  San Francisco CA:  California Workforce Initiative at the UCSF Center for the Health Professions. February 2001.  Appendix F:  California Active Patient-Care Physicians (Totals, Generalists, Specialists) and Ratios to 100,000 Population, by County, 2000.

[34] California did not collect information about individual characteristics on license forms.  As a result, tables for direct patient care, primary care, and physician characteristics were not available.

[35] California did not collect information about individual characteristics on license forms.  As a result, tables for private practice, specialties, and dentist characteristics were not available.

[36] Current ratios for psychiatrists could not be calculated as specialty data were not available for California physicians.  For this same reason a comparable Border States ratio could not be calculated.

[37] This is a HRSA description inclusive of the core roles of CHWs in the U.S. from the National Community Health Advisor Study by Rosenthal EL, Wiggins N, Brownstein JN et al., 1998.

[38] Keane, D., C. Nielson, and C. Dower, Community Health Workers and Promotores in California.  2004, UCSF Center for Health Professions:  San Francisco, CA.

[39] Assembly Bill AB 1963 – Veto Message, September 24, 2004, from Official California Legislative Information, State of California Office of Legislative Counsel.

[40] Love, M.B., and K. Gardner, The Emerging Role of the Community Health Worker in California:  Results of a Statewide Survey and San Francisco Bay Area Focus Groups on the Community Health Workers in California's Public Health System.  1992, Center for Health Promotion, CHW Certificate Training, and California Department of Health Services.

[41] Love, MB, K. Gardner, and V. Legion, Community Health Workers:  Who They Are and What They Do. Health Education and Behavior, 1997.  24(4):  p:510-22.

[42] Source:  U.S. Census Bureau.  Census 2000 Summary File (SF-3) – Sample Data.

[43] Source:  U.S. Census Bureau County Population Estimates.

[44] Source:  U.S. Census Bureau County Population Estimates.

[45] Source:  U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.  Data for 2000 were the most recent year of data available.  Note:  In 2000, $17,761 for a family of four was established as the poverty threshold according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty in the United States:  2000:  Current Population Reports:  Consumer Income, September 2001, p 5.  Poverty thresholds are updated annually by the Census Bureau, in 2004, the poverty threshold changed to $19,484, http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/threshld/thresh04.html, accessed on February 8, 2006.

[46]  Source:  Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Atlanta, Georgia:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.  In the BRFSS, respondents were asked “Do you have any kind of health care coverage, including health insurance, prepaid plans such as HMOs, or government plans such as Medicare?”  Sample size reflects number of respondents, excluding those who answered “Do not know/not sure” or refused.  The sample size within a State may not add up to State total due to suppression of data for counties with small sample sizes.  The percentages were weighted to population characteristics in order to produce estimates that were representative of the sampled population.  Health characteristics estimated from the BRFSS pertain only to the adult population (age 18 and older) living in households.

[47] Source:  U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.  Figures reported here reflect the highest level of education attained by adults ages 25 and over.  Data for 2000 were the most recent year of data available.

[48] Years of potential life lost (YPLL) calculated for persons who died before age 65.

[49] Sources:  Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths:  Final data for 2002. National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004, for mortality; and http://wonder.cdc.gov/mortICD10J.html, accessed on September 9, 2004, for YPLL rates.

[50] Sources:  Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002, for mortality and YPLL rates, and California Cancer Registry, California Department of Health Services, 2001, for incidence rates.  Breast cancer mortality and YPLL rates include all deaths and total population; female population used to calculate mortality and YPLL for cervical cancer; both mortality rates were adjusted to the 2000 U.S. Standard Population.  Incidence rates reflect malignant neoplasm of the breast and cervix uteri and were for the most current years of data available; breast cancer incidence reflects males and females.  The California Registry indicated that incidence data for 2001, reported here, were 97 percent complete based on expected counts from previous years.  Age at death due to cervical cancer not reported for one case in California.

[51] Years of potential life lost (YPLL) calculated for persons who died before age 65.

[52] Source:  Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Atlanta, Georgia:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.  In the BRFSS, respondents were asked “Have you ever been told by a doctor that you have diabetes?  (If "Yes" and female, ask ‘Was this only when you were pregnant?’)”.  Sample size reflects number of respondents, excluding those who answered “Do not know/not sure,” were female and had diabetes while pregnant, or refused.  The sample size within a State may not add up to State total due to suppression of data for counties with small sample sizes.  The percentages were weighted to population characteristics in order to produce estimates that were representative of the sampled population.  Health characteristics estimated from the BRFSS pertain only to the adult population (age 18 and older) living in households.

[53] Sources:  DeFrances CJ, Hall MJ. 2002 National Hospital Discharge Survey.  Advance data from vital and health statistics; no 342.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004; for hospital discharge rate; Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths:  Final data for 2002. National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004, for mortality; and http://wonder.cdc.gov/mortICD10J.html, accessed on September 9, 2004, for YPLL rate.

[54] Sources:  Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, California Health and Human Services Agency, 2002 and Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002, for mortality and YPLL rates.

[55] Source:  Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Atlanta, Georgia:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.  In the BRFSS, body mass index is reported as a calculated variable using weight and height data collected from the respondent.  Sample size reflects number of respondents, excluding those who answered “Do not know/not sure” or refused, or whose data was missing.  The sample size within a State may not add up to State total due to suppression of data for counties with small sample sizes.  The percentages were weighted to population characteristics in order to produce estimates that were representative of the sampled population.  Health characteristics estimated from the BRFSS pertain only to the adult population (age 18 and older) living in households.

[56] Years of potential life lost (YPLL) calculated for persons who died before age 65.

[57] Sources:  Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths:  Final data for 2002. National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004, for mortality; and http://wonder.cdc.gov/mortICD10J.html, accessed on September 9, 2004, for YPLL rate.

[58] Source:  Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002, for mortality and YPLL rates.  Age at death not reported for two cases in California.

[59] Source:  National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Table 14.  AIDS cases and rate (per 100,000 population), by area of residence and age category, reported through December 2002 – United States.

[60] Source:  Office of AIDS, California Department of Health Services, 2002.

[61] Sources:  National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Table 1.  Reported cases of acute viral hepatitis, by type and year, United States, 1966-2003; National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Table 1.  Tuberculosis Cases and Case Rates per 100,000 Population, Deaths, and Death Rates per 100,000 Population:  United States, 1953-2002.

[62] Sources:  Infectious Diseases Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Health Services, 2002; reflects only acute hepatitis cases, and Tuberculosis Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Health Services, 2002.

[63] Source:  National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003.  National Immunization Survey table available at http://www.cdc.gov/nip/coverage/nis/03/tab26_431331_race_iap.xls, accessed on August 25, 2004.

[64] Years of potential life lost (YPLL) calculated for persons who died before age 65.

[65] Sources:  Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths:  Final data for 2002.  National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004, for mortality, and National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for YPLL rate http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/ypll10.html, accessed on August 30, 2004.

[66] Source:  Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002, for mortality and YPLL rates.  Age at death not reported for seven cases in California.

[67] Source:  Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths:  Final data for 2002.  National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004.

[68] Source:  Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002.

[69] Source:  Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Munson ML.  Births:  Final data for 2002.  National vital statistics reports; vol 52 no 10.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2003.

[70] Source:  Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002.

[71] Source:  Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Munson ML.  Births:  Final data for 2002.  National vital statistics reports; vol 52 no 10.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2003.

[72] Source:  Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002.

[73] Source:  Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Munson ML.  Births:  Final data for 2002.  National vital statistics reports; vol 52 no 10.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2003.

[74] Source:  Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002.

[75] Years of potential life lost (YPLL) calculated for persons who died before age 65.

[76] Sources:  DeFrances CJ, Hall MJ. 2002 National Hospital Discharge Survey.  Advance data from vital and health statistics; no 342.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004 for hospital discharge rate; Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths:  Final data for 2002. National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004, for mortality; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for YPLL rate http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/ypll10.html, accessed on August 30, 2004.

[77] Source:  Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, California Health and Human Services Agency, 2002, and Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002, for mortality and YPLL rates.  Age at death not reported for one case in California.

[78]  Source:  Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Atlanta, Georgia:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.  In the BRFSS, respondents were asked “How long has it been since you last visited a dentist or a dental clinic for any reason?  [Include visits to dental specialists, such as orthodontists.]”  Sample size reflects number of respondents, excluding those who answered “Do not know/not sure” or refused.  The sample size within a State may not add up to State total due to suppression of data for counties with small sample sizes.  The percentages were weighted to population characteristics in order to produce estimates that were representative of the sampled population.  Health characteristics estimated from the BRFSS pertain only to the adult population (age 18 and older) living in households.

[79] Years of potential life lost (YPLL) calculated for persons who died before age 65.

[80] Source:  Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Atlanta, Georgia:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.  In the BRFSS, respondents were asked “Have you ever been told by a doctor, nurse, or other health professional that you had asthma?”  Sample size reflects number of respondents, excluding those who answered “Do not know/not sure” or refused.  The sample size within a State may not add up to State total due to suppression of data for counties with small sample sizes.  The percentages were weighted to population characteristics in order to produce estimates that were representative of the sampled population.  Health characteristics estimated from the BRFSS pertain only to the adult population (age 18 and older) living in households.

[81] Sources:  DeFrances CJ, Hall MJ. 2002 National Hospital Discharge Survey.  Advance data from vital and health statistics; no 342.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004 for hospital discharge rate; Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths:  Final data for 2002. National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 5.  Hyattsville, Maryland:  National Center for Health Statistics. 2004, for mortality; and http://wonder.cdc.gov/mortICD10J.html, accessed on September 9, 2004, for YPLL rates.

[82] Sources:  Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, California Health and Human Services Agency, 2002 and Office of Health Information and Research, California Department of Health Services, 2002, for mortality and YPLL rates.  Age at death not reported for one case in California.

[83] Source:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis.  United States Health Personnel Factbook, 2003.  Table #203 Number, Percent Distribution, and Physician-to-Population Ratios of Active MDs by Primary Care Specialty, 1981-2000; Table #211 Total and Active Osteopathic Physicians (DOs) and Physician-to-Population Ratios, 1981-2000.

[84] Source:  California Department of Consumer Affairs, July 2004.  Physicians include active MDs and DOs whose address was located in California.  MD license types included were “A,” “C,” “G,” “AFE,” “CFE,” and “GFE,” (with exception of retired and disabled licensees), and a license type of “20A” for DOs.

[85] Source:  Dower, C, McRee T, Grumbach K, Briggance B, Mutha S, Coffman J, Vranizan K, Bindman A, O’Neil E.  The Practice of Medicine in California:  A Profile of the Physician Workforce.  San Francisco CA:  California Workforce Initiative at the UCSF Center for the Health Professions. February 2001.  Appendix F:  California Active Patient-Care Physicians (Totals, Generalists, Specialists) and Ratios to 100,000 Population, by County, 2000.

[86] Source:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis.  United States Health Personnel Factbook, 2003.  Table #301 Professionally Active and Private Practice Dentists and Dentist-to-Population Ratios, Selected Years:  1975-2000.

[87] Source:  California Department of Consumer Affairs, July 2004.  Dentists include those dentists with an active license and a license type of “DDS” whose address was located in California.

[88] Source:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis.  United States Health Personnel Factbook, 2003.  Table #402 Estimated Supply of Registered Nurses by Geographic Area December 31, 1999.

[89] Source:  California Department of Consumer Affairs, July 2004.  Registered nurses (RNs) include those RNs with an active license (and a license type of “RN”) whose address was located in California.

[90] Source:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis.  United States Health Personnel Factbook, 2003.  Table #220 Estimated Number of Physician Assistants and Physician Assistant-to-Population Ratios by Geographic Area, January 1, 2002.

[91] Source:  California Department of Consumer Affairs, July 2004.  Physician assistants (PAs) are those PAs with an active license and a license type of “PA” whose address was located in California.

[92] Source:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis.  The Registered Nurse Population:  Findings from the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses, 2001.  Table 12. Distribution of advanced practice nurses by national certification, State recognition and employment status:  March 2000.  It was estimated that 77,584 nurse practitioners employed in nursing were represented by survey results.  Ratio calculated using the estimated number of nurse practitioners and the 2000 U.S. population.

[93] Source:  California Department of Consumer Affairs, July 2004.  Nurse practitioners are registered nurses with an active license and a license type of “NP” or “NPF” (nurse practitioner or nurse practitioner furnisher, respectively) whose address was located in California.

[94] Source:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis.  The Registered Nurse Population:  Findings from the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses, 2001.  Table 12. Distribution of advanced practice nurses by national certification, State recognition and employment status:  March 2000.  It is estimated that 7,914 nurse midwives employed in nursing were represented by survey results.  Ratio calculated using the estimated number of nurse midwives and the 2000 U.S. population.

[95] Source:  California Department of Consumer Affairs, July 2004.  Nurse midwives are registered nurses with an active license and a license type of “NMW” or “NMF” (nurse midwife or nurse midwife furnisher, respectively) whose address was located in California.

[96] Source:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis.  The Registered Nurse Population:  Findings from the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses, 2001.  Table 12. Distribution of advanced practice nurses by national certification, State recognition and employment status:  March 2000.  It was estimated that 25,575 nurse anesthetists employed in nursing were represented by survey results.  Ratio calculated using the estimated number of nurse anesthetists and the 2000 U.S. population.

[97] Source:  California Department of Consumer Affairs, July 2004.  Nurse anesthetists are registered nurses with an active license and a license type of “NA” whose address was located in California.

[98] Source:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis.  United States Health Personnel Factbook, 2003.  Table #701 Estimated Number of Clinically Active or Clinically Trained Mental Health Personnel and Practitioner-to-Population Ratios by Discipline and Geographic Area.

[99] Source:  McRee T, Dower C, Briggance B, Vance J, Keane D, O’Neil E.  The Mental Health Workforce:  Who’s Meeting California’s Needs?  San Francisco, CA:  California Workforce Initiative at the USCF Center for the Health Professions.  February 2003.

[100] Source:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis.  United States Health Personnel Factbook, 2003.  Table #701 Estimated Number of Clinically Active or Clinically Trained Mental Health Personnel and Practitioner-to-Population Ratios by Discipline and Geographic Area.

[101] Source:  California Department of Consumer Affairs, July 2004.  Psychologists include those psychologists whose license was active, with a license type of “PSY,” and whose address was located in California.

[102] Source:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis.  United States Health Personnel Factbook, 2003.  Table #701 Estimated Number of Clinically Active or Clinically Trained Mental Health Personnel and Practitioner-to-Population Ratios by Discipline and Geographic Area.

[103] Source:  California Department of Consumer Affairs, July 2004.  Includes only Licensed Clinical Social Workers (license type of “LCS”) whose license was active and whose address was located in California.

[104] Source:  http://www.medicare.gov/NHCompare/home.asp, accessed on August 25, 2004.  Nursing Home Compare includes information only on nursing homes that are Medicare or Medicaid certified.

[105] Source: Hospital Annual Financial Data, Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), California Health and Human Services Agency, 2002.

[106] Source:  HPSA designations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, Office of Workforce Analysis and Quality Assurance, Shortage Designations Branch, updated weekly.

[107] Source:  HPSA designations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, Office of Workforce Analysis and Quality Assurance, Shortage Designations Branch, updated weekly.

[108] Source:  HPSA designations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, Office of Workforce Analysis and Quality Assurance, Shortage Designations Branch, updated weekly.

[109] Subsequent geocoding passes were performed on unmatched records only.

[110] Analysis, interpretations, and conclusions are those of the authors, not the California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.

[111] Analysis, interpretations, and conclusions are those of the authors, not the California Department of Health Services, Office of AIDS.