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Basic References
Adeli, Hojjat and Asim Karim. Wavelets in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2005. 224 pages. ISBN: 100470867426.
Focuses on the application of advanced computational techniques for ITS.
Barfield, Woodrow and Thomas A. Dingus. Human Factors in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998. 458 pages. ISBN: 0805814337.
Discusses human factors issues that relate to the design and use of ITS.
Bekiaris, Evangelos and Yuko J. Nakanishi, eds. Economic Impacts of Intelligent Transportation Systems: Innovations and Case Studies. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI, 2004. 640 pages. ISBN: 0762309784.
Presents concept papers and case studies on technology assessment strategies and evaluation techniques related to ITS.
Bishop, Richard. Intelligent Vehicle Technology and Trends. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2005. 344 pages. ISBN: 1580539114.
Presents a comprehensive overview of intelligent vehicle systems and the issues involved with their introduction into road vehicles. Discusses electronics and electronic systems and how they work within automobiles, heavy trucks, and buses.
Braess, Hans-Hermann and Ulrich Seiffert, eds. Handbook of Automotive Engineering. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2005. 635 pages. ISBN: 0768007836.
This is a technical reference book on automotive design and construction. Comprised of a series of contributions from over 40 authors, it covers all areas of automotive research, including state-of-the-art developments.
Cambridge Systematics. IDAS User’s Manual. Version 2.3. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://idas.camsys.com/documentation.htm
This User’s Manual is designed to assist in determining the benefits and costs of various ITS deployments. It defines the conceptual framework, system design specifications, and takes the user through the steps of using the Intelligent Transportation Systems Deployment Analysis System (IDAS).
Catling, Ian, ed. Advanced Technology for Road Transport: IVHS and ATT. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1994. 376 pages. ISBN: 0890066132.
Presents a detailed historical overview of topics related to Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems. Although focus is on European developments and programs, U.S. and Japanese efforts are also included.
Chowdhury, Mashrur A. and Adel Sadek. Fundamentals of Intelligent Transportation Systems Planning. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2003. 190 pages. ISBN: 1580531601.
Introduces the fundamentals for successful planning of ITS operations, with emphasis on traffic flow and control. Also covers ITS user services, applications, regional architecture, standards, planning, and evaluation.
Diebold Institute for Public Policy Studies. Transportation Infostructures: The Development of Intelligent Transportation. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995. 207 pages. ISBN: 0275951553.
Presents a series of essays offering a policy-oriented overview of ITS, discussing potential benefits and obstacles to development. Covers ITS experiences in the U.S., Europe and Japan.
Drane, Chris R. and C. Rizos. Positioning Systems in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1998. 369 pages. ISBN: 0890065365.
Examines the role of positioning systems in ITS, the major types of positioning systems, the relationships between them, and methods for evaluating their performance.
Elliott, Scott D. and Daniel J. Dailey. Wireless Communications for Intelligent Transportation Systems. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1995. 405 pages. ISBN: 0890068216.
Presents a comprehensive review of wireless communications systems and their applications to ITS. Covers mobile, microwave, satellite, meteor burst, and personal communication systems.
ERTICO Annual Report 2005. Brussels: ERTICO, 2005. 48 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.ertico.com/download/publications/AR2005.pdf
Presents a recap of the past year’s activities of ERTICO, a multi-sector public/private partnership representing the interests of ITS in Europe.
ERTICO. ITS for Europe: Keeping Goods and People Moving. Brussels: ERTICO, 2006. 12 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.ertico.com/download/publications/ERTICO_CorpBroch_FINAL.pdf
Describes ERTICO, its activities, partners and focus areas, and its vision for the future as it promotes the deployment of ITS in Europe.
Euler, Gary. “Intelligent Transportation Systems,” in Traffic Engineering Handbook. Washington, DC: Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1999. 5th ed. Pages 642-688. ISBN: 0935403329.
This chapter provides an excellent overview of ITS. It discusses the history of the national ITS program, describes ITS concepts in four broad areas, and discusses major considerations in the implementation of the technologies.
Foy, Dennis. Automotive Telematics: The One-Stop Guide to In-Vehicle Telematics and Infotainment Technology and Applications. Cheshire, UK: Red Hat, 2002. 196 pages. ISBN: 0954334000.
Examines the history, current state, and future trends for the transportation telematics industry, ranging from route navigation and traffic information to automated highway systems and remote diagnostics.
French, Robert L. A Comparison of IVHS Progress in the United States, Japan and Europe through 1993. Washington, DC: IVHS America, 1994.
Presents a comparative historical analysis of IVHS progress in Europe, Japan and the U.S. Compares key initiatives and accomplishments from the1960s through 1993.
Fuchs, Axel. Automotive Telematics: An Introduction to the Technical Aspects of Automotive Telematics with Reference to Business Model and User Needs. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2002. 107 pages. ISBN: 0768009766.
Presents a technical discussion of automotive telematics, focusing on the business model and user value.
Garrison, William L. and Jerry D. Ward. Tomorrow’s Transportation: Changing Cities, Economies, and Lives. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2000. 316 pages. ISBN: 1580530966.
Real-world case studies are used to show how ITS technologies are solving problems and how emergent technologies can lead to further ITS success.
Ghosh, Sumit and Tony Lee. Intelligent Transportation Systems: New Principles and Architectures. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000. 177 pages + CD-ROM. ISBN: 0849300673.
Focuses on the design of distributed algorithms for the control and coordination of ITS.
Gillen, David and David M. Levinson, eds. Assessing the Benefits and Costs of ITS: Making the Business Case for ITS Investments. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004. 372 pages. ISBN: 1402076770.
Examines the costs and benefits of ITS in an economic and business policy context. Contains 18 contributions that evolved from a conference on measuring the contributions of ITS.
Hartman, Katherine and Jennifer Strasser. Saving Lives through Advanced Vehicle Safety Technology: Intelligent Vehicle Initiative Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2005. 12 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/14153.htm
Provides an overview of the accomplishments of the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) program that closed in 2005. Authorized by TEA-21 legislation, the goal of the IVI was to prevent highway crashes and their resulting fatalities and injuries.
Hwang, Mimi, et al. Advanced Public Transportation Systems: The State-of-the-Art Update 2006. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2006. Electronic document accessed February 2007:
http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/APTS_State_of_the_Art.pdf
Latest in a series of State-of-the-Art reports and last published in December 2000, provides up-to-date information on the current deployment status of transit ITS technologies, lessons learned from deployment experiences, and what the future holds for Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS).
Institute of Transportation Engineers. Intelligent Transportation Primer. Washington, DC: The Institute, 2000. ISBN: 0935403450.
Produced through a partnership representing academia, industry and the government. Presents a comprehensive review of ITS, with a range of topics, such as traffic and vehicle control, standards, system architecture, telecommunications, and traveler information. Appendices contain a glossary and a list of acronyms.
Institute of Transportation Engineers. Management and Operations of Intelligent Transportation Systems. Washington, DC: The Institute, 1999. 39 pages. ISBN: 0935403396.
This is a “Recommended Practice”, containing guidelines for ITS operations and management needs and practices.
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), Title VI, Part B, Section 6054(b). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1991.
This legislation officially established a federal program to research, develop, and operationally test Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) as well as promote their implementation.
ITS America Annual Report. Washington, DC: Intelligent Transportation Society of America. Annual.
Annual report from the “foremost advocate on development and deployment of ITS in the U.S.” Reflects on past accomplishments and achievements, and provides an overview of current major activities.
ITS America. Homeland Security and ITS: Using Intelligent Transportation Systems to Improve and Support Homeland Security. Washington, DC: Intelligent Transportation Society of America, 2002. 30 pages.
Serves as a supplement to the “National ITS Program Plan: A Ten-Year Vision”. Provides an analysis of the role of ITS in ensuring the surface transportation requirements of homeland security.
ITS America. ITS Market Data & Forecast: Infrastructure ITS. Washington, DC: Intelligent Transportation Society of America, 2006. 120 pages.
First in a series of ITS market data and forecast reports, presents estimate of the current size, and two-year forecasts, of the Infrastructure ITS market by region and for the U.S. as a whole.
ITS America. National Intelligent Transportation Systems Program Plan: A Ten-Year Vision. Washington, DC: Intelligent Transportation Society of America, 2002. 146 pages.
Offers an in-depth study of the policies, programs and players driving the future of ITS.
ITS America. Primer on Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration: VII White Paper Series. Washington, DC: Intelligent Transportation Society of America, 2005. 8 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.itsa.org/itsa/files/pdf/VIIPrimer.pdf
Gives an overview of the Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) program, a major initiative of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The initiative has as its objective the deployment and enabling of a communications infrastructure that supports vehicle-to-infrastructure, as well as vehicle-to-vehicle communications, for a variety of vehicle safety applications and transportation operations.
ITS Handbook, Japan: 2003-2004. Tokyo: Highway Industry Development Organization, 2004. 91 pages.
Gives an overview of ITS activities, applications and deployment, and system architecture.
ITS Strategy in Japan: Report of the ITS Strategy Committee, ITS Japan, Summary Version. 2003. 15 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007:
http://www.its-jp.org/english/topics_e/doc/strategy_e.pdf
Discusses Japan’s vision for ITS, applications of ITS technologies, recommendations to government ministries and agencies, and the recommended role for ITS Japan.
IVHS America. Strategic Plan for Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems in the United States. Washington, DC: IVHS America, 1992.
This is one of the first documents designed to guide the development and deployment of IVHS in the U.S. Considered to be a blueprint, the plan covers goals and objectives, deployment, suggested roles for participants, a course of action, and cost estimates for a 20-year time period.
Jurgen, Ronald K., ed. Navigation and Intelligent Transportation Systems. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1998. 340 pages. ISBN: 0768002648.
Contains a selection of papers dealing with the technical and functional aspects of ITS and navigation systems. This volume, no. 72 of SAE’s Progress in Technology (PT) series, covers SAE papers dating from 1992 through 1998.
Kachroo, Pushkin and Kaan Ozbay. Feedback Ramp Metering in Intelligent Transportation Systems. New York, NY: Klewer Academic/Plenum, 2003. 333 pages. ISBN: 0306478013.
Discusses the use of feedback or adaptive control in ramp metering, providing traffic theory fundamentals as well as the design of feedback controllers for isolated and coordinated ramp metering problems.
Khattak,Asad J. Intelligent Transportation Systems: Planning, Operations, and Evaluation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006. 330 pages. ISBN: 084933120X.
Addresses the impact of information and communications technology on transportation. Reviews the literature, and discusses issues of measurement, research design, data reliability, and validity.
Klein, Lawrence A. Sensor Technologies and Data Requirements for ITS. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2001. 549 pages. ISBN: 158053077X.
Examines intrusive and non-intrusive traffic sensors and related technologies measuring traffic flow and assisting in congestion management.
Maccubbin, Robert, et al. Intelligent Transportation Systems Benefits, Costs, and Lessons Learned: 2005 Update. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2005. 190 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/14073_files/14073.pdf
Continuation of a series of reports providing a synthesis on the impact that ITS projects have on the surface transportation network, including the costs of ITS deployment and operations. New to this edition are summaries of lessons learned from ITS planning, deployment, operations, and evaluation experiences. This is a print companion to the “ITS Benefits, Costs, and Lessons Learned Databases” cited under Statistical Sources.
McQueen, Bob and Judy McQueen. Intelligent Transportation Systems Architectures. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1999. 467 pages. ISBN: 089006525X.
Presents a non-technical introduction, using a “cooperative development approach”, to ITS. Covers areas dealing with system architecture, standards, finance, and procurement.
McQueen, Bob, Rick Schuman, and Kan Chen. Advanced Traveler Information Systems. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2002. 241 pages. ISBN: 1580531334.
Examines the entire traveler information supply chain, covering needs analysis, data collection, information processing, and dissemination.
Miles, John Collingwood and Kan Chen, eds. ITS Handbook – 2nd Edition: Recommendations from the World Road Association (PIARC). Kent, UK: Route 2 Market, Ltd., 2004. 380 pages. ISBN: 2840601745.
Contains recommendations and charts the progress of ITS. Covers concepts, operation, standards and architecture, benefits, planning, implementation future prospects, human factors, and unit costs. Includes 39 case studies, 33 dedicated country profiles, and a comprehensive bibliography. Also available in CD-ROM and website format.
Mobility 2000 Presents Intelligent Vehicles and Highway Systems: 1990 Summary. College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute, 1990. 20 pages.
This document, stemming from the Mobility 2000 National Workshop on IVHS, is considered to be one of the first “most effective succinct descriptions of IVHS”. Describes 11 action items that established the backbone of the national program.
Mosse, Olivier (ed). ITS Highlights. Brussels: ERTICO Public Authorities Platform, 2003. 52 pages.
Features the wide variety of ITS initiatives and programs undertaken by the ERTICO Public Authorities Platform. Describes ITS activities in 21 European countries.
Neudorff, Louis J., et al. Freeway Management and Operations Handbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2003. 564 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freewaymgmt/freeway_mgmt_handbook/index.htm
This resource document provides an overview of the different institutional and technical issues associated with the planning, design, implementation, operation, and management of a freeway network. Focuses on the impact that ITS have had on freeway traffic operations and management.
Njord, John, et al. Safety Applications of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Europe and Japan. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2006. 52 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.international.fhwa.dot.gov/ipsafety/ipsafety.pdf
Presents the results of a scanning study of ITS applications deployed in Europe and Japan to mitigate traffic safety problems.
Nwagboso, Christopher O., ed. Advanced Vehicles and Infrastructure Systems: Computer Application, Control, and Automation. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. 502 pages. ISBN: 0471956457.
Contains presentations on intelligent vehicles and automated traffic systems, from an international panel of experts in the transportation industry and academia.
Ozbay, Kaan and Pushkin Kachroo. Incident Management in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1999. 267 pages. ISBN: 0890067740.
Presents a review of incident management support tools and models as they are applied to ITS.
Pickford, Andrew T. W. and Philip T. Blythe. Road User Charging and Electronic Toll Collection. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2006. 370 pages. ISBN: 1580538584.
Describes state-of-the-art technologies, systems, regulatory pricing schemes for electronic toll collection and road user charging. Includes case studies and best practice examples for successful tolling, road us pricing, and traffic demand management.
Radi, Sari. Advanced Public Transportation Systems Deployment in the United States: Year 2004 Update. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2005. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/14169_files/14169.pdf
Updated every two years, this report documents work performed under the Federal Transit Administration’s Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) Program, which is designed to promote research and development of ITS applications beneficial to public transportation.
Riley, Robert Q. Alternative Cars in the 21st Century – A New Personal Transportation Paradigm. 2nd edition. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2003. 514 pages. ISBN: 0768008743.
Examines ITS, alternative fuels, electric and hybrid vehicles, and personal mobility.
Rupert, Bob, et al. Traveler Information Systems in Europe. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2003. 100 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007:
http://www.international.fhwa.dot.gov/travelinfo/traveler_information.pdf
Presents results of a scanning study examining established advanced traveler information products and services in Europe, with potential ITS applications for the U.S.
Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), Title V, Subtitle C, Sec. 5301-5310. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005.
This legislation authorized continued funding for ITS programs for FYs 2005-2009. Areas covered include the National ITS program plan, infrastructure development, research and development, national architecture and standards, road weather research and development, and centers for surface transportation excellence.
Shibata, Jun and Robert L. French. A Comparison of Intelligent Transportation Systems Progress Around the World Through 1996. Washington, DC: Intelligent Transportation Society of America, 1997. 174 pages.
Provides an international comparison of ITS through 1996. Designed as a supplement and update to the original assessment published by French in 1994. ITS activities in both established and emerging countries are described.
Sussman, Joseph. Introduction to Transportation Systems. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2000. 508 pages. ISBN: 580531415.
Designed as a graduate level introduction to transportation systems in general, their context, concepts, and characterizations. A chapter gives a solid overview of ITS by examining history, legislation, the functional areas of ITS, institutional issues, and future visions.
Sussman, Joseph M. Perspectives on Intelligent Transportation Systems. New York: Springer, 2005. 232 pages. ISBN: 0387232575.
Comprised of a series of articles written between 1995-2004, this book offers an historical perspective on the development and deployment of ITS, as well as addressing the important organizational challenges of ITS.
Sussman, Joseph M., ed. What Have We Learned About Intelligent Transportation Systems? Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2000. 188 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/13316.pdf
Examines which ITS technologies and applications have been successful, which have not, and those for which more information is needed to make a judgment. Identifies the characteristics distinguishing successful applications from unsuccessful ones. Assesses ITS deployment and the barriers it is encountering, and offers some future views.
Transportation Efficiency Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), Title V, Subtitle C, Sec. 5201-5213. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998.
This legislation authorized continued funding for ITS programs for FYs 1998-2003. Promotes the National ITS Program Plan, architecture and standards, research and development, integration, and infrastructure deployment.
United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Operations Technology Services. Intelligent Transportation Systems Awareness CD-ROM. Washington, DC: U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1999. 1 CD-ROM.
Gives an overview of ITS to meet state and local transportation planning efforts. Examines strategies and plans for implementation, and presents examples of successful deployment. Provides links to further Internet resources.
United States. Federal Highway Administration. Traveler Information Systems: A Primer: Navigating into the Future. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2001. 45 pages.
Discusses the elements, operation, benefits, and users in traveler information systems. Offers examples of a variety of traveler information systems.
United States. Government Accountability Office. Highway Congestion: Intelligent Transportation Systems’ Promise for Managing Congestion Falls Short, and DOT Could Better Facilitate Their Strategic Use. GAO-05-943. Washington, DC: The Office, 2005. 64 pages. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05943.pdf
Describes the federal role in deployment of ITS, assesses ITS goals and measurement efforts, identifies what ITS studies have found in terms of impacts of ITS deployments, and identifies barriers to ITS deployment and use.
United States. Joint Program Office for Intelligent Transportation Systems. ITS/Operations Resource Guide 2006. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2006. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.resourceguide.its.dot.gov/
Offers a comprehensive listing of over 400 documents, websites, training courses, software tools, and points of contact related to ITS.
United States. Joint Program Office for Intelligent Transportation Systems. ITS User Services Document. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2005. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS%5FTE/14113.htm
ITS user services are transportation services that can be provided by ITS technologies. This document consolidates the descriptions of all 33 current user services into a single document in which all user services are described in a consistent manner.
United States. Joint Program Office for Intelligent Transportation Systems. National ITS Architecture, Version 5.1 Electronic resource accessed February 2007:
http://www.iteris.com/itsarch/html/menu/documents.htm
Provides a common framework for planning, defining, and integrating Intelligent Transportation Systems. Defines the functions required for ITS, the physical entities or subsystems where these functions reside, and the information and data flows that connect the functions into an integrated system. The National ITSarchitecture is organized into a suite of documents covering the following categories: User Services, Executive Summary, Architecture Definition, Evaluation, Implementation Strategy, Standards, Security, and Regional ITS Architecture Guidance.
United States. Department of Transportation. Joint Program Office for Intelligent Transportation Systems. National ITS Architecture: Executive Summary. 2003. Electronic document accessed February 2007:
http://www.iteris.com/itsarch/documents/zipped/execsum.zip
Provides an overview of the most important aspects of the National ITS Architecture, with focus on the Logical and Physical Architectures.
United States. Department of Transportation. Joint Program Office for Intelligent Transportation Systems. U.S. Department of Transportation’s Summary of ITS Integration Projects. Washington, DC: The Department, 2006. Electronic document accessed February 2007: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/14264_files/14264.pdf
Provides summarized information on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) projects initiated as a result of the enactment of the ITS Integration Component of the ITS Deployment Program as defined in Section 5208 of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). Arranged alphabetically by state.
Vlacic, Ljubo, Michel Parent, and Fumio Harashima, eds. Intelligent Vehicle Technologies: Theory and Applications. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 2001. 498 pages. ISBN: 0768007801.
Provides a series of contributions by experts on intelligent vehicle sensor technologies, intelligent vehicle decision and control technologies, and a case study of the ARGO intelligent vehicle prototype.
Walker, John, ed. Advances in Mobile Information Systems. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1999. 468 pages. ISBN: 0890069514.
Provides an in-depth overview of mobile information systems, covering GSM, cellular radio, mobile data, and ITS.
Whelan, Richard. Smart Highways, Smart Cars. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1995. 231 pages. ISBN: 0890067651.
Provides a non-technical history and overview of the IVHS initiative in the U.S., including details of IVHS activities and developments in Europe and Japan.
Yokota, Toshiyuki, et al. ITS Technical Notes for Developing Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004. Electronic document accessed February 2007:
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTTRANSPORT/EXTROADSHIGHWAYS/
0,,contentMDK:20688447~menuPK:1157552~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:338661,00.html
This is a series of five technical notes and an appendix, designed to provide a high-level introduction to ITS for decision makers and planners in developing countries. Includes an introduction, decision-making model, innovative approaches, standards, system architectures, and case studies.
Zhao, Yilin. Vehicle Location and Navigation Systems. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1997. 345 pages. ISBN: 0890068615.
Focuses on the principles and practices of vehicle location and navigation systems and their application to ITS.
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