| Glyphosate Biomonitoring for Farmers and Their Families: Results from the Farm Family Exposure Study John F. Acquavella,1 Bruce H. Alexander,2 Jack S. Mandel,3 Christophe Gustin,1 Beth Baker,2 Pamela Chapman,4 and Marian Bleeke1 1Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; 2School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; 3Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 4Exponent Corporation, Menlo Park, California, USA Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup agricultural herbicides and other herbicide formulations that are widely used for agricultural, forestry, and residential weed control. As part of the Farm Family Exposure Study, we evaluated urinary glyphosate concentrations for 48 farmers, their spouses, and their 79 children (4-18 years of age) . We evaluated 24-hr composite urine samples for each family member the day before, the day of, and for 3 days after a glyphosate application. Sixty percent of farmers had detectable levels of glyphosate in their urine on the day of application. The geometric mean (GM) concentration was 3 ppb, the maximum value was 233 ppb, and the highest estimated systemic dose was 0.004 mg/kg. Farmers who did not use rubber gloves had higher GM urinary concentrations than did other farmers (10 ppb vs. 2.0 ppb) . For spouses, 4% had detectable levels in their urine on the day of application. Their maximum value was 3 ppb. For children, 12% had detectable glyphosate in their urine on the day of application, with a maximum concentration of 29 ppb. All but one of the children with detectable concentrations had helped with the application or were present during herbicide mixing, loading, or application. None of the systemic doses estimated in this study approached the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose for glyphosate of 2 mg/kg/day. Nonetheless, it is advisable to minimize exposure to pesticides, and this study did identify specific practices that could be modified to reduce the potential for exposure. Key words: biomonitoring, epidemiologic studies, glyphosate, pesticide exposure. Environ Health Perspect 112:321-326 (2004) . doi:10.1289/ehp.6667 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 3 December 2003]
Address correspondence to J. Acquavella, Senior Fellow, Epidemiology, Monsanto Company, mail stop A2NE, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167 USA. Telephone: (314) 694-8813. Fax: (314) 694-4028. E-mail: john.f.acquavella@monsanto.com We acknowledge the cooperation of participating families and advice from an advisory panel consisting of H. Pastides (chair) , M. Cullen, R. Fenske, K. Solomon, L. Sheldon, and C. Lunchick. J.F.A, M.B., and C.G. are employed by Monsanto Company, a cosponsor of the study and a manufacturer of glyphosate. This study was funded through a research contract with the University of Minnesota. Sponsors were Bayer, Dow, DuPont, FMC, Monsanto, Syngenta, and the American Chemistry Council. The authors declare they have no undeclared competing financial interests. Received 12 August 2003 ; accepted 3 December 2003.
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