Six new studies were included in this update. Two studies were added to the section on Modification of External Stimuli (Fucile 2005, Keller 2003). Two new studies were added to the NIDCAP section (Als 2003, Als 2004) and the long-term outcomes from the Westrup 2000 study were also included in the NIDCAP section (Kleberg 2002, Westrup 2004).
Conclusions of the review were altered.
Study | Methods | Participants | Interventions | Outcomes | Notes | Allocation concealment |
Aebi 1991 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Birth weight: 1.5kg or less, included ill infants Alive at 6 months Sample size - 100 (Experimental: 54; Control: 46) | Experimental: positioned in a 'hemimetra' (plastic shell) before 7 days of age until discharge Control: routine positioning | Length of stay Psychomotor development ("Illingsworth" and "Touwen") at 3 months corrected age | Age at enrollment: before 7 days of life Duration of follow-up: 2 years Country of study: Switzerland | B |
Als 1986 | Blinding of randomization - Inadequate (phase lag design) Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Unclear | Birth weight: <1.25kg IMV within 48 hours of birth IMV > 24 hours of first 48 hours of life At least 60% oxygen for at least 2 hours of first 48 hours of life No genetic abnormality, congenital infection, major maternal illness Sample size - 16, 14 at 9 month follow-up (Experimental: 8; Control: 8) | Experimental: NIDCAP, by specially trained personnel until discharge Control: routine care | IVH PDA FiO2 (birth to Day 10) Number of days ventilated Number of days on oxygen Air leaks BPD Weight gain Corrected age at discharge Length of stay Number of days to full bottle/breast feeds (above outcomes measured at discharge) Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior at 1 month corrected age Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 3, 6, 9 months corrected age Kangaroo Box Paradigm at 9 months corrected age | Age at enrollment: by Day 9 Duration of follow-up: 9 months corrected age Country of study: USA | C |
Als 1994 | Blinding of randomization - Adequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Birth weight: <1.25kg > 24 weeks and <30 weeks gestational age Alive at 48 hours IMV within first 3 hours IMV > 24 hours of first 48 hours of life Inborn, Singleton, English speaking parent Sample size - 38, 36 at 9 months corrected age (Experimental: 20; Control: 18) (Experimental: 20 at 9 months follow-up; Control: 16 at 9 months follow-up) | Experimental: NIDCAP, by specially trained personnel until discharge Control: routine care (included Primary Care and "standard developmental protocol") | IVH ROP Pneumothorax Days of ventilation Days in oxygen BPD Days of tube feeding Weight gain (birth to 2 weeks corrected age) Length of stay Age at discharge Hospital costs (above outcomes measured at discharge) Bayley Scales of Infant Development (9 months corrected age Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior (2 weeks corrected age) | Possible contamination by overlap of standard and individualized developmental care protocols Age at enrollment: within 3 hours of life Duration of follow-up: 9 months corrected age Country of study: USA | A |
Als 2003 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Birth weight: <1.25kg <28 weeks gestational age Alive at 48 hours IMV within first 3 hours IMV > 24 hours of first 48 hours of life Singleton, English speaking parent Sample size - 110 . 92 at 42 weeks post EDC. (Experimental: 45; Control: 47) | Experimental: NIDCAP, by specially trained personnel until discharge Control: routine care and elements of developmental care | IVH ROP Days of ventilation Days in oxygen BPD Days of tube feeding Weight gain (birth to 2 weeks corrected age) Length of stay Age at discharge Hospital costs (above outcomes measured at discharge) Steroid use Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior (2 weeks corrected age) Parenting Stress Index Mother's View of the Child | Study period 1990-1992 Country of study: USA | B |
Als 2004 | Blinding of randomization - Adequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | 28 4/7-33 3/7 weeks gestational age <72 hours of mechanical ventilation including CPAP Live in Greater Boston area Mother<=14 years old No major maternal medical or psychiatric illness Absence of chronic maternal medication treatment No history of maternal substance abuse at any time Telephone access Apgar at 5 min >=7 Appropriate for gestational age Normal initial head ultrasound, MRI, EEG <=72 hours of vasopressors No congenital or chromosomal abnormality No congenital or acquired infection No absence of prenatal care No known prenatal brain lesions No neonatal seizures English speaking parent Sample size - 33. (Experimental: 16; Control: 14) | Experimental: NIDCAP, by specially trained personnel until discharge Control: routine care and elements of developmental care | Medical outcomes at 2 weeks corrected age: Average daily weight gain; days on oxygen; days before bottle feeding; age at discharge; Pediatric Complication Scale; Weight; Length; Head Circumference; Pneumothorax; IVH; BPD; ROP Medica outcomes at 9 months corrected age: Weight; Length; Head circumference Developmental care experience Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior at 2 weeks corrected age Prechtl at 2 weeks corrected age Bayley Scales of Infant Development (9 months corrected age) Weight, height , head circumference at 9 months corrected age EEG Sleep EEG MRI (DTI and T2) | Sample includes only infants at low risk for adverse medical outcomes 67% of eligible infants not enrolled including 50% refusal rate Country of study: USA | A |
Ariagno 1997 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - Unclear Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | Birth weight: 1.25kg or less 30 weeks gestational age or less IMV within first 3 hours of birth and continued for > 24 hours in first 48 hours of life Sample size - 40; 35 at 42 weeks corrected age; 23 at 2 years corrected age (Experimental: 11 at 2 years; Control 12 at 2 years) | Experimental: NIDCAP, by specially trained personnel until discharge Control: Routine care | Sleep-Wake states for 2 days during intervention Neurobehavioral Assessment of the Preterm Infant at 36 weeks corrected age Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior at 42 weeks corrected age Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 4, 12 and 24 months corrected age | Age at enrollment: > 48 hours of life Duration of follow-up: 2 years corrected age Country of study: USA | B |
Barnard 1983 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | <35 weeks gestational age, well infants Sample size - 88; 82 at 4 months;77 at 8 months; 72 at 2 years (Experimental: Fixed interval - 26; Self-activating - 23; Quasi self-activating - 10; Control - 28 | Experimental: Fixed interval stimulation - rocking 15 minutes /hour and recorded heartbeat. Self-activating stimulation - rocking for 15 minutes commenced when inactive for 90 seconds and recorded heartbeat. Quasi self-activating stimulation* - rocking for maximum 15 minutes/hour when inactive for 90 seconds and recorded heartbeat (duration of above interventions was about 3 weeks) Control: No rocking or recorded heartbeat | Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 18 and 24 months corrected age Parent-Infant Interaction (feeding scale) at discharge, 4 and 8 months corrected age Teaching- Interaction scale at 4, 8 and 24 months corrected age HOME at 24 months corrected age Brazelton at 34 weeks, prior to discharge and 1 month following discharge home Sleep-Wake states on Day 1,4, 8, 12 and 34 weeks and after transfer to crib | *Created post-hoc following mechanical problem 109 variables tested Age at enrollment: 3 - 15 days Duration of follow-up: 24 months corrected age Country of Study: U.S.A. | B |
Beckman 1997 | Blinding of randomization - Adequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Birth weight: 0.6-1.499kg 26-32 weeks gestational age No IVH >Grade 2 Included ill infants Sample size - 102; 95 at completion of study (Experimental: 52, 49 completed study; Control: 50, 46 completed study) | Experimental: Positioned in 'snuggle-up' until 1.8kg Control: Positioned with blanket rolls until 1.8kg | Weight gain Length of stay | Age at enrollment: when moved to isolette Duration of follow-up: hospital discharge SD for LOS and weight at discharge provided by author Country of study: USA | A |
Brown 1980 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | Birth weight : 1-1.75kg 37 weeks gestational age or less Black mother Mother at least 18 years old Bottle feeding No abnormalities Out of NICU by 24 hours of age Comparison group - Preterm infants Sample size - 67; 41 at discharge; 37 at 1 year (Experimental: Infant stimulation group - 13, Mother training group - 14, Infant stimulation group/Mother training group - 14 Control: 26 | Experimental: *Infant stimulation group
- tactile, vestibular, auditory, visual stimulation for 30 minutes at feeding
time twice each day 5 days/week; Mother training group - teaching of infant
stimulation program to mother; Infant stimulation group/Mother training group
- both interventions as previously described (duration of above interventions was about 6 days) Comparison group: no additional stimulation | Length of stay Weight gain Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment prior to discharge Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 12 months corrected age HOME at 9 months corrected age | Age at enrollment: when stable (Range 3-9 days) Duration of follow-up: 1 year Country of study: USA *Individualized program dependent on infant condition and method of feeding | B |
Buehler 1995 | Blinding of randomization - Adequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Birth Weight: 2.5kg or less 30-34 weeks gestational age No ventilatory support Sample size - 24 (Experimental: 12; Control: 12) | Experimental: individualized developmental care interventions, by specially trained personnel until discharge Control: routine care, including a standard developmental care protocol and primary nursing | Number of days on oxygen Mean daily pulmonary index (Day 3-10) Number of days with apnea HMD CLD IVH Number of days on TPN and gavage feeding Weight gain Number of medical diagnoses at discharge Age at discharge Weight at 2 weeks corrected age EEG and EP's at 2 weeks corrected age Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior at 2 weeks corrected age | Contamination of control group by existing developmental care practices Age at enrollment: < 48 hours Duration of follow-up: 2 weeks corrected age Country of Study: USA | A |
Chapman 1984 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Preterm, stable infants Sample size - 259 (Experimental: Group A - 83, Group B - 80; Control: 82) | Experimental:
Group A - During feeding, lullaby during first half of hospitalization, parents
voice during second half of hospitalization. Group B - During each feeding,
lullaby alternating with parents voice throughout hospitalization; (duration of above interventions was about 5 weeks) Control: routine care | Anthropometric measures during study period | No inclusion criteria stated Age at enrollment: Day 5 Duration of follow-up: to hospital discharge Country of study: Canada | B |
Clark 1989 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - partial Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | Preterm, non-ventilated infants Sample size - 26 (Experimental: 7; Control: 6 at follow-up) | Experimental: rocking/ oscillating mattress, for 3 15-minute periods/day for 2 weeks Control: regular mattress | Dubowitz Neurological Assessment tested pre- and post-intervention and 2 weeks post-intervention | No inclusion criteria stated Age at enrollment: unclear Duration of follow-up: 2 weeks after treatment Country of study: USA | B |
Cordero 1986 | Blinding of randomization - Adequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Birth weight: 1-1.53kg Appropriate for gestational age Non-ventilated Sample size - 17 (Experimental: 10; Control: 7) | Experimental: rocking isolette for 2 weeks Control: regular isolette | Sleep-Wake states on Day 1 and 14 of study period | Age at enrollment: unclear Duration of follow-up: study completion (2 weeks) Country of study: USA | A |
Darrah 1994 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | <32 weeks gestational age, post-acute illness Admitted to NICU Sample size - 107 (Experimental: 23; Control: 29) | Experimental: waterbed until transferred to open cot (duration of intervention about 5 weeks) Control: no waterbed | Movement Assessment of Infants at 4 and 8 months corrected age Dubowitz score at post-intervention and at 40 weeks corrected age Infant Neurological International Battery at 4, 8 and 12 months corrected age Peabody Developmental Motor Scales at 4, 8, 12 and 18 months corrected age | Age at enrollment: 2-7 days Duration of follow-up: 18 months corrected age Country of study: Canada | B |
Fleisher 1995 | Blinding of randomization - Adequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | Birth weight: 1.25kg or less 30 weeks gestational age or less No IMV in first 3 hours of life or for >24 hours in first 48 hours of life | Experimental: individualized developmental care interventions, by specially trained personnel until discharge Control: routine care | Days on ventilation IVH PDA NEC ROP PIE CLD Number of days on tube feeds Length of stay Age at discharge Hospital costs (above outcomes measured at discharge) Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior at 42 weeks corrected age | Age at enrollment: after 48 hours Duration of follow-up: 42 weeks corrected age Country of study: USA Corrected data for CLD provided by author. SD for LOS, ventilation days, tube feeding days, GA at discharge and hospital charges provided by author. | A |
Fucile 2005 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - Yes Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | 26-29 weeks gestation Appropriate for gestational age Gavage feeding No chronic medical complications including BPD, IVH, PVL, NEC, congenital anomalies Sample size - 32 (Experimental: 16; Cortol: 16) | Experimental: Oral stimulation program: Stroking the perioral and intraoral structures for 15 minutes once daily for 10 days, 15-30 minutes before gavage feeding. Control: Researchers hands in isolette, not touching infant, for 15 minutes | Days to transition to full bottle feeds. | Age at enrollment: 48 hours after discontinuing NP-CPAP Country of study: USA | B |
Gaebler 1996 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | 30-34 weeks gestational age Stable sample size -18 (Experimental: 9; Control: 9) | Experimental: 5 minute stroking and perioral/ intraoral stimulation protocol before feeds, 3 times/day for 5 days/week Control: 5 minute stroking protocol before feeds | Weight gain during hospitalization Length of stay Revised Neonatal Motor Assessment Scale at Day 3 and 5. Neurobehavioral assessment | Age at enrollment: unclear Duration of follow-up: 5 days Country of study: U.S.A. | B |
Gatts 1994 | Blinding of randomization - Adequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Birth weight: 1-2kg Stable at 15 days Sample size - 38 (Experimental: 20; Control: 18) | Experimental: intermittent rocking bed and sound during hospitalization Control: regular bed | Weight gain Caloric intake Tube feeding days Days from birth to first nipple feed | Age at enrollment: 5-7 days Duration of follow-up: to hospital discharge Country of study: U.S.A. | A |
Helders 1989 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | Birth weight: 1.5kg 32 weeks gestational age or less, stable Sample size - 149; 51 at 12 months corrected age (Experimental: 67; Control: 82) | Experimental:
nursed in hammock when in supine position, supported with flannelette blanket
when in lateral position; during hospitalization Control: nursed on sheepskin alternating lateral positions | Weight for length at 3,6,12 months corrected age | Age at enrollment: admission to the intermediate care nursery Duration of follow-up: 12 months corrected age Country of study: Netherlands | B |
Keller 2003 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | <31 weeks gestation <1500 grams Stable Normal head ultrasound No oxygen or intravenous No congenital anomalies or metabolic disorders Sample size - 20 (Experimental: 10; Control 10) | Experimental: Supine in hammock for 3 hour session for 10 consecutive days. Control: Nested in prone position for same period of time. | Weight gain Heart rate Respiratory rate Ballard Assessment of Maturity Scale | Age at enrollment: 4.5 weeks. Country of study: Israel | B |
Korner 1975 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Birth weight: <2kg, healthy <34 weeks gestational age Nursed in incubator by <120 hrs of age Sample size - 21 (Experimental: 10; Control: 11) | Experimental: oscillating waterbed for 7 days Control: no waterbed | Physiological parameters Weight gain Emesis Apnea (outcome data from first 9 days) | Age at enrollment: 3-5 days of age Duration of follow-up: 9 days Country of study: USA | B |
Korner 1983 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | Preterm infants with RDS Sample size - 56 (Experimental: 12; Control: 8) | Experimental: waterbed for 7 days Control: no waterbed | Neurobehavioral assessment at 34-35 weeks corrected age | Age at enrollment: <4 days of age Duration of follow-up: 34-35 weeks corrected age Country of study: USA | B |
Kramer 1976 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Unclear | <34 weeks gestational age, healthy Sample size - 20 (Experimental: 11; Control: 9) | Experimental: rocking waterbed, woman's voice and heartbeat during hospitalization Control: standard care | Weight gain Dubowitz score Brazelton (above outcomes measured at discharge) | Age at enrollment: Day 2 Duration of follow-up: 36 weeks corrected age Country of study: USA | B |
Mann 1986 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - No Completeness of follow-up - Unclear | <36 weeks gestational age No longer requires intensive care Sample size - 41 (Experimental: 20; Control: 21) | Experimental: 12 hours at night light and noise reduced Control: Lighting always on during hospitalization | Sleep-Wake states assessed over 48 hours at: discharge home, term, 6 and 12 weeks corrected age Weight at discharge, EDC, 6 and 12 weeks post-EDC Hours spent feeding at discharge, EDC, 6 and 12 weeks post-EDC Hours awake at discharge, EDC, 6 and 12 weeks post-EDC | Age at enrollment: when intensive care not required (1-63 days) Duration of follow-up: 12 weeks corrected age. Country of study: UK | B |
Resnick 1987 | Blinding of randomization - Inadequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | Birth weight: .50-1.8kg, included ill infants Sample size: 255; 228 at discharge; 133 at 1 year follow-up (Experimental: 27 at 2 years; Control: 26 at 2 years) | Experimental: water mattress; pictures; exercise program during hospitalization Control: routine care | Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 1 & 2 years corrected age | Age at enrollment: after first 24 hours of age Duration of follow-up: 2 years Country of study: USA Standard deviation of Bayley PDI at 24 months confirmed with author to be 16.5. | C |
Resnick 1988 | Blinding of randomization - Inadequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Unclear | Birth weight: <1.8kg, included ill infants Admitted to NICU within 24 hours of birth Live within district Sample size: 41 (Experimental: 21; Control: 20) | Experimental:
minimum of 2 developmental care interventions per day while in NICU; after
hospital discharge, weekly home visits until due date; home visits 2 times
per month for 12 months; by specially trained personnel Control: referral to support services as indicated | Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 6 & 12 months corrected age Greenspan- Lieberman Observations System at 6 & 12 months corrected age | Age at enrollment: <24 hours of age Duration of follow-up: 12 months corrected age Country of study: USA | C |
Saigal 1986 | Blinding of randomization - Adequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | Birth weight: .75-1.75kg Non-ventilated for 12 hrs prior to enrollment Sample size - 122 (Experimental: 59 - 44 at 12 months; Control: 63 - 48 at 12 months follow-up) | Experimental: constantly oscillating air mattress Control: regular mattress Median duration of intervention in days, 18; range 7-68 days. | Weight gain Apnea; both during study period Einstein test at term corrected age Habituation scores at 3 months corrected age Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 6 & 12 months corrected age Sleep-Wake state at end of study period | Age at enrollment: < 5 days of age Duration of follow-up: 12 months Country of study: Canada | A |
Scott 1983 | Blinding of randomization - Adequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - No Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Birth weight: <1.4kg <31 days of age Gained weight for 2 consecutive days, stable Sample size - 34 (Experimental: 17; Control:17) | Experimental: nursed on lambs wool Control: nursed on cotton Median duration of study in days, 15; range 4-37 days | Weight gain during study period | Age at enrollment: 2-31 days Duration of follow-up: 4-37 days Country of study: U.K. | A |
Short 1996 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Birth weight: <1.25kg 7-21 days of age, post-acute illness Appropriate for gestational age Sample size - 50 (Experimental: 24; Control: 26) | Experimental: Positioning with swaddling and hip roll, during hospitalization for a minimum of 15 hours/day Control: routine positioning including blanket rolls | Morgan Neonatal Neurobehavioral Exam | Subjects in control group could be swaddled when necessary (numbers not described) Age at enrollment: 7-21 days Duration of follow-up: 34 weeks corrected age Country of study: USA. | B |
Thoman 1991 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | 29-33 weeks gestational age Stable Sample size - 58; 45 at discharge (Experimental: 16 at follow-up; Control: 17 at follow-up) | Experimental: breathing teddy bear in isolette; for 3 weeks Control: non-breathing teddy bear in isolette | Post-natal age at discharge Conceptional age at discharge Behaviour Sleep-Wake states during study period | Age at enrollment: Unclear Duration of follow-up: 5 weeks corrected age Country of study: USA | B |
Westrup 2000 | Blinding of randomization - Adequate Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes* Completeness of follow-up - Inadequate | <32 weeks gestational age Requiring ventilatory assistance by 24 hours of age Sample size - 25 (Experimental: 12; Control: 13 Survivors- Experimental: 11; Control: 10) | Experimental: NIDCAP, by specially trained personnel until discharge Control: routine care | Duration of mechanical ventilation Duration of CPAP Length of time on oxygen BPD Weight gain Head growth Corrected age at discharge Mortality IVH Antibiotic therapy Sepsis Apnea ROP (above outcomes measured at discharge) | Sample size calculated but study concluded before completion of enrollment Age at enrollment: randomized at birth, entered study at Day 3 Duration of follow-up: to discharge. *Confirmation of adequacy of blinding provided by investigator. Country of study: Sweden | A |
White-Traut 1988 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Unclear | 28-35 weeks gestational age Appropriate for gestational age English speaking mother Vaginal delivery Mother 16 years old or more Stable Sample size - 33 mother - infant pairs Number randomized to each group - 11 | Experimental: Group: Talking or singing for 15 minutes at 24-36 hr, 37-48 hr, 49-60 hr, 61-72 hr intervals; Group: RISS (Rice Technique) tactile (massage), vestibular motion (rocking), auditory (talking), visual (eye-to-eye contact). Control: parents received a lecture on infant clothing. | NCAFS (feeding assessment scale), includes infant and maternal behavioral scores; completed prior to discharge | Age at enrollment: 24 hours of age Duration of follow-up: to hospital discharge Country of study: USA | B |
White-Traut 1993 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Unclear | Birth weight: <1.8 kg 30-32 weeks gestational age Appropriate for gestational age Stable Sample size - 40 (Experimental: 20; Control: 20) | Experimental:
ATVV - auditory stimuli (female voice); tactile stimuli (light stroking);
visual stimuli (eye-to-eye contact); vestibular stimuli (rocking). All interventions
given for 4 days Control: no additional stimulations | Physiological parameters Behavioral states; during study period | Age at enrollment: 33 weeks postconceptional age Duration of follow-up: 4 days Country of study: USA | B |
White-Traut 1997 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - Unclear Completeness of follow-up - Unclear | Preterm infant Stable Sample size - 54 (Experimental: ATVV - 10; ATV -11; A - 9; T - 10. Control: 14.) | Experimental: Group ATVV - auditory stimuli (female voice); tactile stimuli (light stroking); visual stimuli (eye-to-eye contact); vestibular stimuli (rocking). Group ATV - auditory stimuli (female voice); tactile stimuli (light stroking); visual stimuli (eye-to-eye contact). Group A - auditory stimuli only. Group T- tactile stimuli (light stroking) only. All interventions given for 4 days. Control: routine care. | Physiological parameters Sleep-Wake states; during study period Postnatal complication scale | Age at enrollment: 33 weeks postconceptional age Duration of follow-up: 4 days Country of study: USA | B |
White-Traut 2002 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - Yes Blinding of outcome assessors - Yes Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | 23-31 weeks gestational age Stable Sample size - 37 (Experimental: 21; Control: 16) | Experimental:
Group ATVV - auditory stimuli (female voice); tactile stimuli (10 minute
massage); visual stimuli (eye-to-eye contact); vestibular stimuli (rocking). Control: routine care. | Behavioural state during study period Days from gavage feeding only to complete nipple feeding Length of hospital stay | All subjects participated in a stress reduction program Age at enrollment: 32 weeks postconceptional age Duration of follow-up: 3 weeks Country of study: USA | D |
Zahr 1995 | Blinding of randomization - Unclear Blinding of intervention - No Blinding of outcome assessors - No Completeness of follow-up - Adequate | Preterm infants, post-acute illness Sample size - 30 (17 in non-crossover situation. Experimental: 9; Control: 8) | Experimental: earmuffs for 2 days Control: no earmuffs | Physiological parametres Anderson Behavioral State Scale; during study period | No inclusion criteria stated Age at enrollment: about 3 weeks of age Duration of follow-up: 2 days Country of study: USA | B |
Study | Reason for exclusion |
Adamson-Macedo 1994 | Not a randomized trial |
Als 1998 | Not a randomized trial |
Berlin 1998 | Not a developmental care intervention |
Bottos 1985 | Not a randomized trial |
Bozynski 1988 | Not a randomized trial |
Brown 1997 | Not a randomized trial |
Cartlidge 1988 | Not a randomized trial |
Deiriggi 1990 | Not a randomized trial |
Dollberg 2004 | Not a randomized trial |
Duxbury 1984 | Not a randomized trial Term infants Not a developmental care intervention |
Fearon 1997 | Not a randomized trial |
Field 1980 | Not a randomized trial No clinical outcomes Term infants Not a developmental care intervention |
Field 1980/a | Not a randomized trial Not a developmental care intervention No clinical outcomes |
Fox 1993 | Not a randomized trial |
Garcia 1993 | Not a randomized trial |
Glass 1985 | Not a randomized trial |
Goto 1999 | Not a randomized trial |
Grauer 1989 | Not a randomized trial Term infants |
Gray 1998 | Not a randomized trial |
Gray 2004 | Included in another Cochrane review |
Harrison 1991 | Not a randomized trial |
Harrison 1996 | Infant massage not included in this review |
Jay 1982 | Not a randomized trial |
Jenni 1997 | Not a randomized trial Not a developmental care intervention |
Jirapaet 1993 | Not a developmental care intervention |
Katz 1971 | Not a randomized trial |
Kelly 1989 | Not a randomized trial |
Kleberg 2000 | Not a randomized trial |
Korner 1982 | Not a randomized trial |
Kurlak 1994 | Not a randomized trial |
Lekskulchai 2001 | Participants >37 weeks |
Masterson 1987 | Not a randomized trial |
Mathai 2001 | Not a randomized trial |
Monterosso 1995 | Not a randomized trial Not a developmental care intervention |
Montfort 1997 | Not a randomized trial |
Nelson 1997 | Not a randomized trial Term infants Not a developmental care intervention |
Neu 1997 | Not a randomized trial |
Ogi 2001 | Not a randomized trial |
Parker 1992 | Not a randomized trial Control group received developmental care |
Pressler 2002 | Not a randomized trial |
Resnick 1998 | Not a randomized trial Not a developmental care intervention |
Saunders 1995 | Not a randomized trial |
Schwirian 1986 | Not a randomized trial |
Sell 1992 | Not a randomized trial Not a developmental care intervention |
Standley 1995 | Not a randomized trial |
Standley 1998 | Not a randomized trial |
White-Traut 1999 | Included only preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia |
White-Traut 2004 | Included only preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia |
Wilcox 1995 | Not a randomized trial |
Zahr 1995/a | Not a randomized trial Not a developmental care intervention |
Study | Trial name or title | Participants | Interventions | Outcomes | Starting date | Contact information | Notes |
Tyebkhan 2004 |
Aebi U, Nielsen J, Sidiropoulos D, Stucki M. Outcome of 100 randomly positioned children of very low birthweight at 2 years. Child: Care, Health and Development 1991;17:1-8.
Als 1986 {published data only}
Als H, Lawhon G, Brown E, Gibes R, Duffy FH, McAnulty G, Blickman JG. Individualized behavioral and environmental care for the very low birth weight preterm infant at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Neonatal intensive care unit and developmental outcome. Pediatrics 1986;78:1123-32.
Als 1994 {published data only}
Als H, Lawhon G, Duffy F, McAnulty GB, Gibes-Grossman R, Blickman JG. Individualized developmental care for the very low-birth-weight preterm infant: medical and neurofunctional effects. JAMA 1994;272:853-8.
Als 2003 {published data only}
Als H, Gilkerson L, Duffy FH, McAnulty GB, Buehler DM, Vandenberg K, Sweet N, Sell E, Parad RB, Ringer SA, Butler SC, Blickman JG, Jones KJ. A three-center, randomized, controlled trial of individualized developmental care for very low birth weight preterm infants: Medical, neurodevelopmental parenting and caregiving effects. Journal of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics 2003;24:399-408.
Als 2004 {published data only}
Als H, Duffy FH, McAnulty GB, Rivkin MJ, Vajapeyam S, Mulkern RV, Warfield SK, Huppi PS, Butler SC, Conneman N, Fischer C, Eichenwald EC. Early experience alters brain function and structure. Pediatrics 2004;113(4):846-57.
Ariagno 1997 {published data only}
Ariagno RL, Thoman EB, Boeddiker MA, Kugener MA, Constantinou JC, Mirmiran M, Baldwin RB. Developmental care does not alter sleep and development of premature infants. Pediatrics 1997;100:1-7.
Barnard 1983 {published data only}
Barnard KE, Bee HL. The impact of temporally patterned stimulation on the development of preterm infants. Child Development 1983;54:1156-67.
Beckman 1997 {published data only}
Beckmann CA. Use of neonatal boundaries to improve outcomes. Journal of Holistic Nursing 1997;15:54-67.
Brown 1980 {published data only}
Brown JV, LaRossa MM, Aylward GP, Davis DJ, Rutherford PK, Bakeman R. Nursery-based intervention with prematurely born babies and their mothers: Are there effects? Journal of Pediatrics 1980;97:487-91.
Buehler 1995 {published data only}
Buehler DM, Als H, Duffy FH, McAnulty GB, Liederman J. Effectiveness of individualized developmental care for low-risk preterm infants: Behavioral and electrophysiologic evidence. Pediatrics 1995;96:923-32.
Chapman 1984 {published data only}
Chapman JS. Longitudinal follow-up of prematurely born children: Predischarge outcomes of hospital stimulation programme. Nursing Papers 1984;16:30-48.
Clark 1989 {published data only}
Clark DL, Cordero L, Goss KC, Manos D. Effects of rocking on neuromuscular development in the premature. Biology of the Neonate 1989;56:306-14.
Cordero 1986 {published data only}
Cordero L, Clark DL, Schott L. Effects of vestibular stimulation on sleep states in premature infants. American Journal of Perinatology 1986;3:319-24.
Darrah 1994 {published data only}
Darrah J, Piper M, Byrne P, Watt MJ. The use of waterbeds for very low-birthweight infants: Effects on neuromotor development. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1994;36:989-99.
Fleisher 1995 {published data only}
Fleisher BE, Vandenberg K, Constantinou J, Heller C, Benitz, WE, Johnson A, Rosenthal A, Stevenson DK. Individualized developmental care for very-low-birth-weight premature infants. Clinical Pediatrics 1995;10:523-9.
Fucile 2005 {published data only}
Fucile S, Gisel EG, Lau C. Effect of oral stimulation program on sucking skill maturation of preterm infants. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2005;47:158-62.
Gaebler 1996 {published data only}
Gaebler CP, Hanzlik, JR. The effects of a prefeeding stimulation program on preterm infants. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1996;50:184-92.
Gatts 1994 {published data only}
Gatts JD, Wallace DH, Glasscock GF, McKee E, Cohen RS. A modified newborn intensive care unit environment may shorten hospital stay. Journal of Perinatology 1994;14:422-7.
Helders 1989 {published data only}
Helders PJM, Cats BP, Debast S. Effects of a tactile stimulation/range-finding programme on the development of VLBW-neonates during the first year of life. Child: Care, Health and Development 1989;15:369-79.
Keller 2003 {published data only}
Keller A, Arbel N, Merlob P, Davidson S. Neurobehavioral and autonomic effects of hammock positioning in infants with very low birth weight. Pediatric Physical Therapy 2003;15:3-7.
Korner 1975 {published data only}
Korner AF, Kraemer HC, Haffner ME, Cosper LM. Effects of waterbed flotation on premature infants: A pilot study. Pediatrics 1975;56:361-367.
Korner 1983 {published data only}
Korner AF, Schneider P, Forrest T. Effects of vestibular-proprioceptive stimulation on the neurobehavioral development of preterm infants: A pilot study. Neuropediatrics 1983;14:170-5.
Kramer 1976 {published data only}
Kramer LI, Pierpont ME. Rocking waterbeds and auditory stimuli to enhance growth of preterm infants. Preliminary report. Journal of Pediatrics 1976;88:297-9.
Mann 1986 {published data only}
Mann NP, Haddow R, Stokes L, Goodley S, Rutter N. Effect of night and day on preterm infants in a newborn nursery: randomised trial. BMJ 1986;293:1265-7.
Resnick 1987 {published data only}
Resnick MB, Eyler FD, Nelson RM, Eitzman DV, Bucciarelli RL. Developmental intervention for low birth weight infants: improved early developmental outcome. Pediatrics 1987;80:68-74.
Resnick 1988 {published data only}
Resnick MB, Armstrong S, Carter, RL. Developmental intervention program for high-risk premature infants: Effects on development and parent-infant interactions. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1988;9:73-8.
Saigal 1986 {published data only}
Saigal S, Watts J, Campbell D. Randomized clinical trial of an oscillating air mattress in preterm infants: Effect on apnea, growth and development. Journal of Pediatrics 1986;109:857-64.
Scott 1983 {published data only}
Scott S, Cole T, Lucas P, Richards M. Weight gain and movement patterns of very low birthweight babies nursed on lambswool. Lancet 1983;2:1014-6.
Short 1996 {published data only}
Short MA, Brooks-Brunn JA, Reeves DS, Yeager J, Thorpe JA. The effects of swaddling versus standard positioning on neuromuscular development in very low birth weight infants. Neonatal Network 1996;15:2-31.
Thoman 1991 {published data only}
Thoman EB, Ingersoll EW, Acebo C. Premature infants seek rhythmic stimulation, and the experience facilitates neurobehavioral development. Journal of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics 1991;12:11-8.
Westrup 2000 {published data only}
Kleberg A, Westrup B, Stjernqvist K, Lagercrantz H. Indications of improved cognitive development at one year of age among infants born very prematurely who received care based on the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP). Early Human Development 2002;68:83-91.
Westrup B, Bohm B, Lagercrantz H, Stjernqvist K. Preschool outcome in children born very prematurely and cared for according to the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP). Acta Paediatrica 2004;93:498-507.
* Westrup B, Kleberg A, von Eichwald K, Stjernqvist K, Lagercrantz H. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of the newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program in a Swedish setting. Pediatrics 2000;105:66-72.
White-Traut 1988 {published data only}
White-Traut RC, Nelson MN. Maternally administered tactile, auditory, visual, and vestibular stimulation: relationship to later interactions between mothers and premature infants. Research in Nursing & Health 1988;11:31-9.
White-Traut 1993 {published data only}
White-Traut RC, Nelson MN, Silvestri JM, Patel MK, Kilgallon D. Patterns of physiologic and behavioral response of intermediate care preterm infants to intervention. Pediatric Nursing 1993;19:625-9.
White-Traut 1997 {published data only}
White-Traut RC, Nelson MN, Silvestri JM, Cunningham N, Patel M. Responses of preterm infants to unimodal and multimodal sensory intervention. Pediatric Nursing 1997;23:169-75.
White-Traut 2002 {published data only}
White-Traut RC, Nelson MN, Silvestri JM, Vasan U, Littau S, Meleedy-Rey P, Gu G, Patel M. Effect of auditory, tactile, visual, and vestibular intervention on length of stay, alertness, and feeding progression in preterm infants. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2002;44:91-7.
Zahr 1995 {published data only}
Zahr LK, de Traversay J. Premature infant responses to noise reduction by earmuffs: effects on behavioral and physiologic measures. Journal of Perinatology 1995;15:448-55.
Adamson-Macedo EN, De Roiste A, Wilson A, De Carvalho, Dattani I. TAC-TIC therapy with high-risk, distressed, ventilated preterms. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 1994;12:249-52.
Als 1998 {published data only}
Als H. Developmental care in the newborn intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 1998;10:138-42.
Berlin 1998 {published data only}
Berlin LJ, Brooks-Gunn J, McCarton C, McCormick MC. The effectiveness of early intervention: Examining risk factors and pathways to enhanced development. Preventive Medicine 1998;27:238-45.
Bottos 1985 {published data only}
Bottos M, Pettenazzo A, Giancola G, Stefani D, Pettenza G, Viscolani B, Rubaltelli FF. The effect of a 'containing' position in a hammock versus the supine position on the cutaneous oxygen level in premature and term babies. Early Human Development 1985;11:265-73.
Bozynski 1988 {published data only}
Bozynski MEA, Naglie RA, Nicks JJ, Burpee B, Johnson RV. Lateral positioning of the stable ventilated very-low-birth-weight infant. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1988;142:200-2.
Brown 1997 {published data only}
Brown LD, Heerman JA. The effect of developmental care on preterm infant outcome. Applied Nursing Research 1997;10:190-7.
Cartlidge 1988 {published data only}
Cartlidge PHT, Rutter N. Reduction of head flattening in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1988;63:755-7.
Deiriggi 1990 {published data only}
Deiriggi PM. Effects of waterbed flotation on indicators of energy expenditure in preterm infants. Nursing Research 1990;39:140-7.
Dollberg 2004 {published data only}
Dollberg S, Yacov G, Mimouni FB, Barak M. The effect of positioning on energy expenditure in preterm infants: A feasibility study. American Journal of Perinatology 2004;21(7):391-4.
Duxbury 1984 {published data only}
Duxbury ML, Henly SJ, Broz LJ, Armstrong GD, Wachdorf CM. Caregiver disruptions and sleep of high-risk infants. Heart Lung 1984;13:141-7.
Fearon 1997 {published data only}
Fearon I, Kisilevsky BS, Hains SM, Muir DW, Tranmer J. Swaddling after heel lance: Age specific effects on behavioral recovery in preterm infants. Journal of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics 1997;18:222-32.
Field 1980 {published data only}
Field T. Supplemental stimulation of preterm neonates. Early Human Development 1980;4:301-14.
Field 1980/a {published data only}
Field T. Alleviating stress in intensive-care unit neonates. Journal of the American Optometric Association 1987;87:646-50.
Fox 1993 {published data only}
Fox RE, Viscardi RM, Taciak VI, Niknafs H, Cinoman MI. Effect of position on pulmonary mechanics in healthy preterm newborn infants. Journal of Perinatology 1993;13:205-11.
Garcia 1993 {published data only}
Garcia AP, White-Traut R. Preterm infants' responses to taste/smell and tactile stimulation during and apneic episode. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 1993;8:245-52.
Glass 1985 {published data only}
Glass P, Avery GB, Subramanian KNS, Keys MP, Sostek AM, Friendly DS. Effect of bright light in the hospital nursery on the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity. New England Journal of Medicine 1985;313:401-4.
Goto 1999 {published data only}
Goto K, Mirmiran M, Adams MM, Longford RV, Baldwin RB, Boeddiker MA, Ariagno RL. More awakenings and heart rate variability during supine sleep in preterm infants. Pediatrics 1999;103:603-9.
Grauer 1989 {published data only}
Grauer TT. Environmental lighting, behavioral state, and hormonal response in the newborn. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice 1989;3:53-66.
Gray 1998 {published data only}
Gray K, Dostal S, Ternullo-Retta C, Armstrong MA. Developmentally supportive care in a neonatal intensive care unit: A research utilization project. Neonatal Network 1998;17:33-8.
Gray 2004 {published data only}
Gray PH, Paterson S, Finch G, Hayes M. Cot-nursing using a heated, water-filled mattress and incubator care: A randomized clinical trial. Acta Paediatrics 2004;93:350-5.
Harrison 1991 {published data only}
Harrison L, Olivet L, Cunningham K, Bodin MB, Hicks C. Effects of gentle human touch on preterm infants: Pilot study results. Neonatal Network 1996;15:35-41.
Harrison 1996 {published data only}
Harrison LL, Leeper J, Yoon M. Preterm infants' physiologic responses to early parent touch. Western Journal of Nursing research 1991;13:698-713.
Jay 1982 {published data only}
Jay SS. The effects of gentle human touch on mechanically ventilated very-short-gestation infants. Maternal-Child Nursing Journal 1982;11:199-256.
Jenni 1997 {published data only}
Jenni OG, von Siebenthal K, Wolf M, Keel M, Duc G, Bucher HU. Effect of nursing in the head elevated tilt position (15 degrees) on the incidence of bradycardic and hypoxemic episodes in preterm infants. Pediatrics 1997;100:622-5.
Jirapaet 1993 {published data only}
Jirapaet K. The effect of vertical pulsating stimulation on apnea of prematurity. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1993;76:319-26.
Katz 1971 {published data only}
Katz V. Auditory stimulation and developmental behavior of the premature infant. Nursing Research 1971;20:196-201.
Kelly 1989 {published data only}
Kelly MK, Palisano RJ, Wolfson MR. Effects of developmental physical therapy program on oxygen saturation and heart rate in preterm infants. Physical Therapy 1989;69:467-74.
Kleberg 2000 {published data only}
Kleberg A, Westrup B, Stjernqvist K. Developmental outcome, child behaviour and mother-child interaction at 3 years of age following Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Intervention Program (NIDCAP) intervention. Early Human Development 2000;60:123-5.
Korner 1982 {published data only}
Korner AF, Ruppel EM, Rho JM. Effects of water beds on the sleep and motility of theophylline-treated preterm infants. Pediatrics 1982;70:864-9.
Kurlak 1994 {published data only}
Kurlack LO, Ruggins NR, Stephenson TJ. Effect of nursing position on incidence, type, and duration of clinically significant apnoea in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal Neonatal Edition 1994;71:F16-19.
Lekskulchai 2001 {published data only}
Lekskulchai R, Cole J. Effect of a developmental program on motor performance in infants born preterm. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2001;47:169-76.
Masterson 1987 {published data only}
Masterson J, Zucker C, Schulze K. Prone and supine positioning effects on energy expenditure and behavior of low birth weight neonates. Pediatrics 1987;80:689-92.
Mathai 2001 {published data only}
Mathai S, Fernandez A, Mondkar J, Kanbur W. Effects of tactile-kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: A controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics 2001;38:1091-8.
Monterosso 1995 {published data only}
Monterosso L, Coenen A, Percival P, Evans S. Effect of postural support nappy on 'flattened posture' of the lower extremeties in very preterm infants. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 1995;31:350-4.
Montfort 1997 {published data only}
Monfort K, Case-Smith J. The effects of neonatal positioner on scapular rotation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1997;51:378-84.
Nelson 1997 {published data only}
Nelson KG, Goldenberg RL, Hoffman HJ, Cliver SP. Growth and development during the first year in a cohort of low income term-born American children. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1997;165:87-92.
Neu 1997 {published data only}
Neu M, Browne JV. Infant physiologic and behavioral organization during swaddled versus unswaddled weighing. Journal of Perinatology 1997;17:193-8.
Ogi 2001 {published data only}
Ogi S, Arisawa K, Takahashi T, Akiyama T, Goto Y, Fukuda M, Saito H.. The developmental effects of an early intervention program for very low birthweight infants. No To Hattatsu 2001;33:31-6.
Parker 1992 {published data only}
Parker SJ, Zahr LK, Cole JG, Brecht ML. Outcome after developmental intervention in the neonatal intensive care unit for mothers of preterm infants with low socioeconomic status. Journal of Pediatrics 1992;120:780-5.
Pressler 2002 {published data only}
Pressler JL, Hepworth JT. A quantitative use of the NIDCAP tool. Clinical Nursing Research 2002;11:89-102.
Resnick 1998 {published data only}
Resnick MB, Gomatam SV, Carter RL, Ariet M, Roth J, Kilgore KL, Bucciarelli RL, Mahan CS, Curran JS, Eitzman DV. Educational disabilities of neonatal intensive care graduates. Pediatrics 1998;102:308-14.
Saunders 1995 {published data only}
Saunders AN. Incubator noise: A method to decrease decibels. Pediatric Nursing 1995;21:265-8.
Schwirian 1986 {published data only}
Schwirian PM, Eesley T, Cuellar L. Use of water pillows in reducing head shape distortion in preterm infants. Research in Nursing & Health 1986;9:203-7.
Sell 1992 {published data only}
Sell EJ, Hill-Mangan S, Holberg CJ. Natural course of behavioral organization in premature infants. Infant Behavior and Development 1992;15:461-78.
Standley 1995 {published data only}
Standley JM, Moore RS. Therapeutic effects of music and mother's voice on premature infants. Pediatric Nursing 1995;21:509-12.
Standley 1998 {published data only}
Standley JM. The effect of music and mulitmodal stimulation on responses of premature infants in neonatal intensive care. Pediatric Nursing 1998;24:532-8.
White-Traut 1999 {published data only}
White-Traut RC, Nelson MN, Silvestri JM, Patel M, Vasan U, Han BK, Cunningham N, Burns K, Kopischke K, Bradford L. Developmental intervention for preterm infants diagnosed with periventricular leukomalacia. Research in Nursing & Health 1999;22:131-43.
White-Traut 2004 {published data only}
White-Traut RC, Nelson MN, Silvestri JM, Patel M, Berbaum M, Gu G-G, Rey PM. Developmental patterns of physiologic response to a multisensory intervention in extremely premature and high risk infants. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 2004;33(2):266-75.
Wilcox 1995 {published data only}
Wilcox S. Happy Babies. Nursing Times 1995;91:48-51.
Zahr 1995/a {published data only}
Zahr LK, Balian S. Responses of premature infants to routine nursing interventions and noise in the NICU. Nursing Research 1995;44:179-85.
* indicates the primary reference for the study
Als H. In: Manual for the naturalistic observation of newborn behavior (preterm and full term). Boston: The Children's Hospital, 1985:1-19.
Als H, Lawhon G, Brown E, Gibes R, Duffy FH, McAnulty G, Blickman JG. Individualized behavioural and environmental care for the very low birth weight preterm infant at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: neonatal intensive care unit and developmental outcome. Pediatrics 1986;78:1123-32.
Cornell EH, Gottfried AW. Intervention with premature human infants. Child Development 1976;47:32-9.
Gottfried AW, Gaiter JL. Infant stress under intensive care. University Park Press, 1985.
Lawson K, Daum C, Turkewitz G. Environmental characteristics of a neonatal intensive care unit. Child Development 1977;48:1633-9.
Rothchild BT. Incubator isolation as a possible contributing factor to the high incidence of emotional disturbance among premature born persons. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 1966;110:287-304.
Symington A, Pinelli J. Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants. In: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, 2000.
Symington A, Pinelli J. Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants. In: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, 2001.
Symington A, Pinelli J. Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants. In: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, 2003.
04 Auditory stimulation vs Control
04.01 Physiologic Parameters05 Tactile stimulation vs Control
05.01 Weight gain (grams)06 Vestibular and auditory stimulation vs Control
06.01 Feeding07 NIDCAP vs Control
07.01 Respiratory support08 Other individualized interventions vs Control
08.01 Respiratory supportComparison or outcome | Studies | Participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
---|---|---|---|---|
01 Nesting vs No nesting | ||||
01 Length of hospital stay (days) | 1 | 95 | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | 8.10 [0.06, 16.14] |
02 Weight at discharge from study (grams) | 1 | 95 | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | 17.50 [-104.20, 139.20] |
02 Swaddling vs No swaddling | ||||
01 Morgan Neonatal Neurobehavioral Exam | 1 | 46 | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | 6.20 [2.62, 9.78] |
03 Vestibular stimulation vs Control | ||||
01 Physiologic Parameters | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
02 Feeding | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
03 Growth | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
04 Neurodevelopment | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
04 Auditory stimulation vs Control | ||||
01 Physiologic Parameters | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
02 Growth | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
05 Tactile stimulation vs Control | ||||
01 Weight gain (grams) | 1 | 18 | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | 4.40 [-1.30, 10.10] |
02 Full or partial nipple feeds (%) | 1 | 18 | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | 8.00 [-0.72, 16.72] |
03 Days to full oral feeding | 1 | 32 | WMD (random), 95% CI | -7.00 [-10.95, -3.05] |
04 Length of stay (days) | 1 | 18 | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | -3.89 [-7.07, -0.71] |
06 Vestibular and auditory stimulation vs Control | ||||
01 Feeding | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
02 Growth | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
03 Length of stay | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
07 NIDCAP vs Control | ||||
01 Respiratory support | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
02 Neonatal outcomes | RR (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
03 Feeding and growth | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
04 Length and costs of hospital stay | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
05 Death | RR (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
06 Neurodevelopment | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
08 Other individualized interventions vs Control | ||||
01 Respiratory support | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
02 Neonatal outcomes | RR (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
03 Feeding and Growth | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
04 Length and costs of hospital stay | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only | ||
05 Neurodevelopment | WMD (fixed), 95% CI | Subtotals only |
The review is published as a Cochrane review in The
Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2006 (see http://www.thecochranelibrary.com for
information). Cochrane reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges
and in response to comments and criticisms, and The Cochrane Library should
be consulted for the most recent version of the Review. |