Guide for Keeping Laboratory Records
History recognizes Alexander Graham Bell as the inventor of the
telephone. Actually, Daniel Drawbaugh invented it first – but
the U.S. Patent Office believed Bell's records over
Drawbaugh's. The difference? Bell understood the importance of
investing the time to keep proper records, and his efforts repaid
handsome dividends. Most of your colleagues in private industry, and
many in academia, already keep records such as those described
below.
Be Recognised for your work by recording your research properly!
Who Should Record
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Any NIH employee performing official-duty research.
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Anyone conducting research in an NIH lab.
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Anyone using NIH personnel or NIH resources to perform research.
How to Record
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Binder. Get a bound notebook, with numbered pages. Preferably,
every other page should be detachable carbon paper, so that you can
keep a copy of your handwritten notes in a separate location. If
not, photocopy your notes regularly. Do not use a looseleaf or
spiral notebook; altering or ripping out pages is so easy that the
U.S. Patent Office gives it no credence.
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Record. Write in ink, legibly. At least once in every binder, make
sure every acronym, trade name, code, or jargon is defined, so that
your reference is understandable by someone not working on your
project.
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Supplement. Save all loose notes, e-mail messages, and letters
containing any part of the conception of an idea that could become
an invention. Permanently affix (staple, tape, etc.) copies of
these into your notebook as you go, to maintain the chronological
order as best as possible. Separately sign each such attachment so
that part of your signature is on the attachment, and part on the
page (this is in addition to signing & dating each page).
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“Nevers.” Never blot out or erase mistakes –
merely strike through them, put a brief note in the margin
indicating why the material is stricken, and keep going.
Corrections risk making your work illegible, or worse, vulnerable
to the accusation of posthoc alteration; the better practice is to
rewrite from scratch. Never rip out pages (except pressure-paper
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Sign & Date. Every page. Always. If other people record data in
your notebook, they too should sign & date each such page. If
you modify or supplement anything afterwards, initial and date each
such modification as well.
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Witness. This also is crucial. Have at least one person (two if
possible)– who is familiar enough with your field to
understand what you are doing, but who is not directly involved in
the research itself – sign and date each page as a witness
that you did the work recorded (“Witnessed by Dr. Dale Doe, /
s/ , on _____, 1999”). For every page on which you write down
a key insight, or solve a major problem, try to find two witnesses.
If your work is not witnessed, your efforts at recording will be
given little credence by the U.S. Patent Office.
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Electronic Records. Computer software packages present many
excellent research tools, but you should not rely on electronic
records for purposes of documentation. If you produce
electronically anything you need to record, make a paper copy, and
affix it permanently in your notebook – signed, witnessed,
and dated, as always.
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Storage. Keep the original lab notebook in your lab; keep a copy in
another building under lock and key. Your lab books and notes are
government property.
What to Record
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Your Data. Obviously. But also include charts, graphs, and figures
you relied on, and bibliographic references to key articles you
used to design your experiments. Remember to affix these
permanently. If you acquired materials from another lab, write that
down as well.
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Your Thoughts. Feel free to incorporate any ideas, future plans,
brainstorming activities, or wild speculations. An inventor is
defined as a person who first conceives of the invention –
this is your chance to show who thought of it, and when. AVOID
using words like “obvious” and “abandoned,”
because these words happen to have tremendous legal significance,
and if the words are applied inappropriately in your notes, they
can be used against you.
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Your Understanding. Make sure everything you include can be
understood by a colleague of "ordinary skill" in your
field. Your goal should be to make your records sufficiently
complete and clear that such a colleague, reading only your
notebook (and any articles cited in it), could duplicate your
copies). Never skip pages, or leave large blank spaces; a blank
page suggests that the work may not have been recorded
chronologically.
For Further Information
TTC has two locations. Staff serving the Bethesda/Rockville area are
located at the Rockville Office. Staff serving the NCI Frederick
Cancer Research and Development Center are located at the Frederick
Office.
National Cancer Institute
Technology Development and Commercialization Branch
6120 Executive Blvd., Suite 450
Rockville, MD 20852
Telephone: (301) 496-0477
Fax: (301) 402-2117
National Cancer Institute
Technology Transfer Center
Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center
1003 W. 7th Street, Suite 502
Frederick, MD 21702
Telephone: (301) 846-5465
Fax: (301) 846-6820
e-mail: outreach@otd.nci.nih.gov
web site: http://ttc.nci.nih.gov/