NAME: CAN/MARC Changes for MARC Format Alignment
SOURCE: National Library of Canada, Library of Congress, British Library
SUMMARY: This paper presents the changes that the CAN/MARC users have suggested that be made to USMARC to facilitate the alignment of the Bibliographic and Authority format and indicates the status of the UKMARC alignment discussions.
RELATED: DP90 (June 1995)
KEYWORDS: CAN/MARC; UKMARC
STATUS/COMMENTS:
1/16/96 - Forwarded to USMARC Advisory Group for introduction at the January 1996 MARBI meeting.
1/22/96 - Introduced at the USMARC Advisory Group meeting. Based on brief discussion and investigation the paper will be revised to divide the changes into two parts, those stimilated by the introduction of the Rules for Archival Description in Canada and "other". Participants are asked to respond with general impact statements on each of the four parts to the new version of the DP by April 15.
2/9/96 - Reissued based on information from Canada and to divide the Archival from the other changes.DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 93: CAN/MARC Changes Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Suggested Changes to USMARC to Align with CAN/MARC 3. Bibliographic Format 4. Authority Format 5. Bibliographic Format, Archival material 6. Authority Format, Archival material 7. Next Steps Appendix A: Prime Meridians Appendix B: New Bibliographic Format Fields Appendix C: Examples for CAN/MARC Field 378 Appendix D: CAN/MARC's Local Fields in Bibliographic and Authority Formats Appendix E: New Authority Format Character Positions and Fields 1. INTRODUCTION In November of 1994 a process to align the USMARC, CAN/MARC, and UKMARC formats was initiated by representatives from the British Library (BL), the Library of Congress (LC), and the National Library of Canada (NLC). Discussion Paper No.90, presented in June 1995, described that initiative, the motivations for seeking alignment, and a listing of differences between CAN/MARC and USMARC and description of differences between UKMARC and USMARC. There were two major areas to be treated in the alignment process: the arrangements for control and maintenance of the joint format and the actual changes to content designation that might be proposed to effect alignment. Since May 1995 consultations have been held with constituencies in the US, Canada, and the UK. The USMARC Advisory Group had a discussion in June 1995 (DP90), the Canadian Committee on MARC held discussions in June and October 1995, and the British Library held a consultation meeting in July 1995. All three forums supported the alignment. The Canadian committee made a detailed analysis of the differences between CAN/MARC and USMARC and recommended how differences could be dealt with. The British meeting supported the process and the BL is preparing documentation on differences and critical elements of UKMARC. The US meeting supported the process and looked forward to more detail to enable the USMARC users to analyze costs, as a first step. At a meeting of LC, NLC and the BL in December 1995, the Canadian suggestions became available and a slightly later time line (approximately 1 year) for the UKMARC alignment, which is more complex, was discussed. In looking at alignment, account has been taken of the fact that the USMARC constituency (and also the CAN/MARC users) went through an in-depth review of the format in the format integration process. At that time a number of simplification proposals were considered, along with changes required for integration. 2. SUGGESTED CHANGES TO USMARC TO ALIGN WITH CAN/MARC The US has had a long history of cooperation with Canada on format development. In the last 5-10 years, format changes have been virtually simultanious and almost identical. CAN/MARC and USMARC are already very close as the list of differences in DP 90 indicated. The Canadian Committee on MARC has analyzed those differences and recommended which changes their community could make (a considerable number) and for which they suggested a change to USMARC. They have treated both the Bibliographic and the Authority formats. This detail allows the USMARC community to analyze cost and impact of the proposed changes to USMARC. One major event for CAN/MARC has come up recently. The archival community in Canada has been developing a standard set of cataloging rules for archival material, called the Rules for Archival Description. In the summer and fall of 1995, the Canadian Committee on MARC (CCM) considered enhancements to the CAN/MARC format to better accommodate the descriptions formulated under those rules. A number of the following changes result from these archival enhancements to CAN/MARC, although they are far fewer than the possible changes the CCM originally discussed. Several changes, and particularly the new fields, duplicate data already in USMARC and CAN/MARC. This has been noted in the field descriptions. All of the possible additions stimulated by these archival rules need to be carefully reviewed by the US communities that deal with archival materials. Canada would like to have comments on those changes especially. The Society for American Archivists has been tracking the progress of the RAD rules and can perhaps indicate the possibilities for their use in the US. The following recommendations from Canada are divided into four parts, the Bibliographic and Authority formats, general changes, and the same formats, archival material changes. Additions to USMARC are enclosed in angle brackets <>. In a few cases square brackets [ ] indicate words or values to be deleted from USMARC. 3. BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORMAT LDR/17 - Encoding Level <3 Abbreviated record Code 3 indicates a record in which the content is reduced. It would be used for pamphlets or ephemeral material and could include only a title and fields needed for record management, such as 001.> <6 CAN/MARC minimal level> Code 6 indicates a Canadian minimal level record which allows reduced content designation in the record, even in the tags. For example, a tag may be "7xx". Note: USMARC value 7 also means Minimal level. CAN/MARC value 6 is only used in Canada for communication of some records from Canadian libaraies to the National Library of Canada for their union list function. The National Library of Canada does not distribute records with this value and nor is the originating institution expected to exchange them with other institutions. 007 - All / 02 - Original vs. Reproduction Aspect <# No information given> Note: USMARC advises not using this postion but supplying a fill character. Canada does not have the position defined, so it contains a blank (#), therefore blank needs to be defined. Reconsider making the definition obsolete? 007 - Globe / 01 - Specific Material Designation <e Lunar globe (earth moon)> Note: In USMARC, globes of earth moons are NOT distinguished from other non-earth moon globes. Both are currently coded b=Planetary or lunar globe. <u Unknown> 008 - All / 39 - Cataloging Source c [Library of Congress] Cooperative cataloging {Redefine} <f National Library of Canada> <r Library reporting to Canadian National Union Catalogue> 008 - Books / 24-27 - Nature of Contents <m Thesis> <z Treaties> Note: Neither are currently coded in USMARC. 008 - Books / 33 - Fiction <# Non-fiction> <c Comic strip> <d Drama> <e Essays> <f Fiction> <h Humor, satire, etc.> <i Letter> <j Short stories> <m Miscellaneous info.> <p Poetry> <s Speeches> [0 Not fiction] <OBSOLETE> [1 Fiction] <OBSOLETE> 008 - Maps / 18-21 - Relief <u Unknown> 008 - Maps / 22-23 - Projection <az Azimuthal, other type> <bz Cylindrical, other type> <cz Conic, other type> Note: USMARC at preseat includes the following codes which appear to be similar to the ones from CAN/MARC: au=Azimuthal, specific type unknown, bu=Cylindrical, specific type unknown, cu=Conic, specific type unknown, and zz=Other. If the general and/or the specific types are known but there is not a code for the specific, the positions are probably being coded zz. Statistics for the LC maps file: 144,851 ## = Projection not specified 1,356 zz = Other 289 aa-af = specific type of azimuthal 28 au = specific azimuthal unknown 4,990 ba-bi = specific type of cylindrical 39 bu = specific cylindrical unknown 4,525 ca-cp = specific type of conic 352 cu = specific conic unknown 178 da-dh = other specific types 008 - Maps / 24-25 - Prime Meridian CANMARC has 39 prime meridian values, using 2 character positions for them. USMARC has only 7 values, in cp 24. Six of the 7 USMARC merdians are also in the CAN/MARC list, with different codes. USMARC uses cp 25 for Type of cartographic material (Single map, Map series, Map serial, Globe, Atlas). Canada suggests that the USMARC values for positions 24 and 25 be abandoned and the 39 prime meridian 2-character values in CAN/MARC be adopted. See Appendix A for the current CAN/MARC and current USMARC values. 008 - Music / 18-19 - Form of Composition <bd Ballads> <rp Rhapsodies> <sd Square dance music> Note: ballads and square dance music are currently coded fm=Folk music; rhapsodies are coded zz=Other. 008 - Serials / 24 - Nature of Entire Work <u University calendars> Note: University calendars are listings of courses offered and are simetimes called catalogs or bulletins in the US. USMARC includes university catalogs under c=Catalogs. 008 - Visual Material / 24-27 - Accompanying Material <a Language material, printed> <c Music, printed> <d Diorama> <e Map, printed> <f Filmstrip> <g Game> <h Microform> <i Sound recording, non-musical> <j Sound recording, musical> <k Picture> l <MRDF> [Stills] {Redefine} m <Motion picture [Script material] {Redefine} <n Chart> o <Flash card> [Posters] {Redefine} p <Microscope slide> [Pressbooks] {Redefine} q <Model> [Lobby cards] {Rededine} r <Realia> [Instructional materials] {Redefine} s <Slide> [Music] {Redefine} <t Transparency> <v Videorecording> Note: Accompanying material occupies character postions 23-27 in USMARC, allowing specification of 5 types. Canada suggests that postion 23 be abandoned, since it was defined for something different in CAN/MARC, and only 4 postions, 24-27, be used. The old definition of CAN/MARC/008/VM/23 and of USMARC/008/VM/23 would become obsolete; and, with the mixing of records, it could no longer be interpreted. Any values in USMARC position 23 that need to be preserved would need to be moved to positions 24-27. The proposed values for positions 24-27 would change the orientation of this position. In USMARC the position is specifically for material that might accompany motion pictures, especially archival, whereas the CAN/MARC values would eliminate designation of these materials and substitute designation of all types of accompanying material at approximately the SMD level. The codes appear to be a mixture of parts of the values found in Leader/06 (Type of Record), 007/00 (Category of material), and 007/01 (Specific material designation). <009 - Cartographic Material> Add an appendix to the format with this local Canadian field. Most of the positions are covered in a combination of the USMARC 008 and 007, especially with the expansion of 007 that is currently being proposed for the maps field 007. See Appendix D for outline of CAN/MARC 009. <016 - National Library of Canada Record Control Number> New field. See Appendix B for description. 028 Publisher Number for Music / Ind 2 Ind 2 - Note[/added entry] controller {Redefine} 0 <Printed or displayed> [No note, no added entry] 1 <Not printed or displayed> [Note, added entry] [2 Note, no added entry] [3 No note, added entry] Note: Canada had no need for the added entry designation (which means indexed or not indexed) as they always index the number. 048 - Number of Musical Instruments or Vioces <pf Celeste> [kl Celeste] Note: CAN/MARC changed the code from kl when they decided that the celeste was a percussive instrument (p_), not a keyboard instrument (k_). 082 - Dewey Decimal Call Number / Ind 2 Ind 2 - Source of call number <1 Assigned by NLC> <087 - Document Shelving Number (CODOC)> New field. See Appendix B for description. <9XX - Equivalence, Cross-References and History Notes> Add appendix for local Canadian fields. See Appendix D for list of CAN/MARC 9XX fields. 4. AUTHORITY FORMAT <008/08 - Bilingual Usage Code> Newly defined character position. This information is very important for Canada. The values are narrowly defined to accommodate only the English and French. See Appendix E for description. 008/11 - Subject Heading System/Thesaurus <s Sears List of Subject Headings> <t Canadian Supplement to Sears List of Subject Headings> 008/17 - Type of Subject Subdivision <# No information given> 008 - All / 39 - Cataloging Source c [Library of Congress] Cooperative cataloging {Redefine} <f National Library of Canada> Note: Corresponds to code #=Library of Congress. <v Universite Laval> Note: Center for French records. <016 - National Library of Canada Record Control Number> New field. See Appendix E for description. <055 - Call Number Assigned in Canada (Series)> New field. See Appendix E for description. $w / 0 - Special Relationship <o Variant name> Used especially for corporate bodies for variant names that commonly appear on an organization's publications but do not represent a change of name for the organization. 4XX - See From Tracings (where applicable) <$2 Source Subfield $2 contains a code indicating the subject heading system of the heading in the field.> Note: In USMARC, the 7XX were established to carry the valid forms of headings as found in other subject heading systems or thesauri. They may be treated as 4XX by a processing insitution, or in some special manner. Canada uses LCSH for the most part, but have developed alternative and expanded headings in some areas. They code as LCSH for all 1XX headings from LCSH that they use and they code all headings that are different or that are an expansion of LCSH as Canadian Subject Headings (CSH). For headings that are different they include the LCSH form of heading as a 4XX and want to be able to identify that it is the corresponding LCSH form. An alternative would be to use the 7XX fields. 5XX - See Also From Tracings (where applicable) <$3 Authority record control number> 7XX - Heading Linking Entries (where applicable) [$u Record control number] <$3 Authority record control number> <9XX - Equivalent Headings> Add appendix for local Canadian fields. See Appendix D for list of CAN/MARC 9XX fields. Note: USMARC defined the 7XX fields for valid forms of a heading in other thesauri. Canada plans to continue to use the 9XX fields for the other heading in the special french/english cases and to use the 7XX for other appropriate headings. 5. BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORMAT, Archival Material LDR/7 - Bibliographic Level In the definition of d=Subunit indicate that it includes a level of archival description below fonds. <f Archival fonds> Note: According to the RAD a fonds is the whole of the documents, regardless of form or meduim, automatically and organically created and/or accumulated and used by a particular individual, family of corporate body in the course of the creator's activities or functions. A fonds is not equivalent to an accession. A fonds may contain two or more accession units; similarly, an accession may contain more than one fonds. An archival fonds is essentially equivalent to a collection in USMARC and CAN/MARC, for which code c has already been established. LDR/8 - Type of Control In the definition of a=Archival control add that it means <for example, fonds, series, files, item, etc.> <b Archival accession> Note: An archival record required by law in Canada. The record describes a group of archival materials as they were received from a source. The materials described in an archival accession record could be part of an archival fonds or dispersed into more than one archival fonds. It is not clear that this is the appropriate place to indicate what appears to be a record status or an encoding level. There may be a more appropriate place in the record for this type of information. LDR/18 - Descriptive Cataloging Form <m International Standard Archival Description (ISAD) form Code m indicates the records are formulated according to the General International Standard Archival description (ISAD(G)).> Note: ISAD(G) was adopted by the Ad-hoc Commission on Descriptive Standards, Stockholm, 21-23 January 1993 (Final ICA approved version). It was published in 1994 by the International Council of Archives, Ottawa; ISBN 0-9696035-1-7; $10.00 USD Prepaid. 260 - Publication, Distribution, <Creation,> etc. (Imprint) $a Place of publication, distribution, <creation,> etc. $c Date of publication, distribution, <creation,> etc. Note: In USMARC and CAN/MARC place and date of creation are currently placed in field 245, subfields $c, $f, and $g. <376 - Archival Description - Custodial History> New field. See Appendix B for description. <377 - Archival Description - Scope and Content> New field. See Appendix B for description. <378 - Archival Description - Archival History> New field. See Appendix B for description. <542 - Location of Related Archival Materials Note> New field. See Appendix B for description. 583 - Action Note <$8 Link and sequence number> Note: Field 583 in the Holdings format has $8 defined. 584 - Accumulation, <Accrual,> and Frequency of Use {Redefine} 6. AUTHORITY FORMAT, Archival Material 008/10 - Descriptive Cataloging Rules <t Rules for Archival Description (RAD)> $w / 0 - Special Relationship <t Immediate parent> Used for archival material according to the RAD rules, for corporations and persons(?). 7. NEXT STEPS MARC implementations assess impact and cost of the above changes if they were made to USMARC. Consider software and retrospective conversion or non-conversion. Also consider the advantages of having the CAN/MARC format aligned with USMARC so that the North American libraries can have improved interchange of records. Forward comments for the four areas specified in items 3. through 6. above to the Network Development and MARC Standards Office by April 15, 1996 (Sally McCallum, Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 20540) (smcc@loc.gov). If all or part of comments can be shared on the USMARC Forum, then also post to the list. Based on impact statements and further discussion with Canada, a proposal will be prepared for the July 1996 meeting. It should be noted that Australia is becoming a USMARC user in 1996 and New Zealand has been using USMARC for a number of years. They have not been a formal part of the alignment initiative, as they were considered to be "not different". The National Library of Australia is a member of the USMARC Advisory Group. There is close collaboration between the National libraries in Australia and New Zealand as they are jointly developing a new system for their respective institutions. They will continue to be informed and participate in this discussion through the USMARC Advisory Group. _________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX A: PRIME MERIDIANS Current CAN/MARC Codes Current USMARC Codes ab Ferro, Canary Islands f Ferro ac Paris, France g Paris ad Amsterdam, Neththerlands ---- ae Athens, Greece ---- af Batavia, (Djakarta) Indonesia ---- ag Berne, Switzerland ---- ah Bogota, Columbia ---- ai Brussels, Belgium ---- ak Cadiz, Spain ---- al Capetown, South Africa ---- am Caracas, Venezuela ---- an Copenhagen, Denmark ---- ao Cordoba, Argentina ---- ap Helsinki, Finland ---- aq Julianehaab, Greenland ---- ar Lisbon, Portugal ---- as Madras, India ---- at Madrid, Spain ---- ba Mexico City, Mexico ---- bb Munich, Germany ---- bc Naples, Italy ---- bd Oslo (Christiana), Norway ---- be Philadelphia, Pa. U.S.A. p Philadelphia bf Pulkovo (St. Petersberg), Russia ---- bg Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ---- bh Rome, Italy ---- bi Santiago, Chile ---- bj Stockholm, Sweden ---- bk Sydney, Australia ---- bl Tirana, Albania ---- bm Tokyo, Japan ---- bn Washington, D.C., U.S.A. w Washington, D.C. bo London, England ---- bp Moscow, Russia ---- bq Istanbul, Turkey ---- br Peking, China ---- uu Unknown ---- zz Other z Other ---- # Prime meridian not specified ---- e Grenwich Statistics for the LC maps file: 155,764 # = Prime meridian not specified 449 e,f,g,p,w = specific prime meridians indicated in records 396 z = prime meridian other than the ones with specific values _________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX B: NEW BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORMAT FIELDS The Canadian MARC Office (CMO) states that these fields would only be used by Canadians, therefore would be only document changes to USMARC. This is not clear since the concept is a common format that all can use and Canadians using US utilities would require these fields. The fields would need to be implemented in any USMARC system, regardless of origin. Add the following new fields: 016 NLC Control Number This field contains record control numbers assigned by the National Library of Canada. Indicators are undefined; contain blanks Subfield codes $a NLC record control number (NR) $z Cancelled NLC record control number (R) Example: 016 ##$a#730032015##rev Note: This field is comparable to field 010 (LC control number). 087 CODOC Number This field is provided for the document shelving number for Canadian federal and provincial government documents that was recommended by the Canadian Task Group on Cataloging Standards. The CODOC system originated at the University of Guelph and was developed by the Ontario Universities Library Cooperative (OULCS) Cooperative Government Publications Project. The CODOC number is a variable length alphanumeric code. Indicators are undefined; contain blanks Subfield codes $a Document shelving number (CODOC) $6 Linkage Examples: 087 ##$aCA2 PQ CO7 81P52 Number for Programme de depot des publications gouvernementales du Quebec dans les bibliotheques (1981) by C. Beaudet. CA2 means the document is a provincial one; PQ means province Quebec. 087 ##$aCA2 PQ Z3 73M103 Number for Analyse des mecanismes existant dans la solution des problems de relations de travail by P. Beaugrand-Champagne. Note: In USMARC, if a government document number has some topical intelligence built into the number, field 086 (Government Document Call Number) is used, and if it is a number used for distribution of the government document it appears in field 074 (GPO Item Number). Field 086 has an indicator value for the Canadian printing office number, which is applied by the Canadian federal government. The CODOC number is like the 086 but it is a "local" schema. The USMARC 086 has $2 defined to indicate the schema for those that were not developed by the federal governments, so it appears that 086 could be used with Indicator 1 = # (Source specified in subfield $2) and in subfield $2 a code such as "cacodoc" (since the code "codocs" has already been used for Colorado state documents). CAN/MARC currently uses the tag 088 for the CODOC number and is willing to change. 376 Archival Description - Custodial History <No description available from Canadian proposal. Following information in <> derived fron the RAD specification.> <History of the custody of the unit being described such as successive transfers of ownership and custody of control of material, along with dates. At first level, custodial history of fonds as a whole; at subsequent levels, custodial history that pertains to part being described.> Indicators are undefined, contain blanks Subfields $a Custodial History Example: 376 ##$aEastern Kings Unitarian Universalist Fellowship records were sent to the Universalist Unitarian Church in Halifax for safekeeping in 1980 and transferred to the Public Archives of Nova Scotia with the Universalist Unitarian Church of Halifax records. Note: The content of this field is described in the new Canadian Rules for Archival Description (RAD). The field content overlaps with fields already existing in CAN/MARC and USMARC, but since this and the following two data elements are part of an archival area in the RAD and belonged just before the notes in a display, new 3XX fields were created for the data. Field 376 field ia a new form of USMARC and CAN/MARC field 561 (Provenance Note). 377 Archival Description - Scope and Content <No description available from Canadian proposal. Following information in <> derived from the RAD specification. The RAD rules also have clauses on the scope and content statements for fonds, series, files, and items.> <Contains information about the scope, contents, and internal structure or arrangement of the records that is important to the understanding of the records and of their creation.> Indicators not defined, contain blanks. Subfield codes $a Level of description $b Scope and content Examples: 377 ##$aSeries$bconsists of minutes of meetings of the Board together with correspondence and other documents referred to in the minutes. The records reflect ... 377 ##$aFonds$bconsists of minutes of meetings, research files relating to the delivery of health care services in Nova Scotia, recorded ... Note: The content of this field is described in the new Canadian Rules for Archival Description (RAD). The field content overlaps with fields already existing in CAN/MARC and USMARC. The 377 field is a new form of USMARC and CAN/MARC field 351 (Organization and Arrangement of Materials), although that field has more structure than the above, and field 520 (Summary, Etc. Note). 378 Archival Description - Archival History <No description available from Canadian proposal. Following information in <> derived fron the RAD specification.> <For fonds and series, contains the history of the corporate body (administrative history) or the history of the person(s) or family(ies) (biographical sketch) responsible for the creation and/or accumulation and use of the fonds as a whole or the series.> Indicator 1 - Type of History 0 Administrative history 1 Biographical history Indicator 2 - Structure of Information The information is given either structured or unstructured. If unstructured, place all the information under $a. Paragraphs may be set off with repeating $a as required. If the information is structured, use appropriate subfields as required. 0 Unstructured narrative 1 Structured narrative Subfield codes $a Narrative text and other information (R) $b Dates of founding and dissolution (NR) <Date of founding of the corporate body and, as applicable the date of dissolution.> $c Mandate and sphere of functional responsibility (R) <Authority of the corporate body in terms of powers, functional sphere of responsibilities, or sphere of activities; cite of enabling legislation; summary of significant changes of authority.> $d Predecessors and successors (R) $e Administrative relationship and structure (NR) <Relationship of the body with predecessor or successor bodies to its mandate, functions, or activities.> $f Names of corporate bodies (R) <Any changes of the official name of the body not recorded in one of the other elements, any popular or common names, names in other languages.> $h Names of chief officers, families, and other persons (R) <Names of persons holding position of chief officer of the organization or corporate body.> $j Place of residence (R) <Residence(s) of the person or family, and length of residence.> $k Education (NR) <Formal education of persons, including members of families.> $m Occupation, life, and activities (R) <Principal occupation(s) and career or life work of persons, or activities of families; relationships; offices held; honors; etc.> Examples: Very long, see Appendix C. Note: The content of this field is described in the new Canadian Rules for Archival Description (RAD). The field content overlaps with fields already existing in CAN/MARC and USMARC. The 378 field ia a new form of USMARC and CAN/MARC field 545 (Biographical or Historical Note). 542 Location of Related Archival Materials Note <No description available.> Indicators not defined; contain blanks Subfield codes $a Unstructured narrative (NR) $d Title of related materials (R) $e Provenance of related materials (R) $3 Materials specified (NR) $6 Linkage (NR) Example: 542 ##$aOther records relating to the delivery of health care services can be found in the Health Care Services Division files of the Dept. of Health fonds. Note: This field is a new form of the USMARC and CAN/MARC field 544 (Location of Associated Archival Materials Note). The CAN/MARC field 542 substitutes a new subfield $a for the three USMARC subfields $a, $b, $c giving Custodian, Address, and Country. _________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX C: EXAMPLES FOR CAN/MARC FIELD 378 Administrative sketch associated with the Canadian Department of External Affairs Unstructured version: 378 00$aThe Department of External Affairs was founded in l9O9, 8-9 Edward VII, c-13: An Act to create a Department of External Affairs". Assented to 19 May 1909.$aThe Department of External Affairs was formed in 1909 to be responsible for the conduct of Canadian relations with other countries, within the context of the British Empire. In 1931 the scope of this responsibility was broadened by the Statute of Westminster to include all aspects of Canadian international relations. The main function of the department is the protection and advancement of Canadian interests abroad. To achieve this objective the department supervises relations between Canada and other countries and Canadian participation in international organizations. It provides for Canada in representation in foreign countries negotiates treaties and agreements and collect's information regarding developments likely to affect Canada's international relations.$aPrevious to the establishment of the Department of External Affairs, the Office of the Governor General was the official body through which Canada's foreign affairs were handled. Correspondence between the Dominions and Colonial Offices in Great Britain was routed through the Governor General and then to the specific department involved. No one body was responsible for the conduct of Canada's foreign policy. At the time of Confederation Parliament became responsible for the regulation of trade and commerce and defence, but there was no suggestion that Canada should act as an independent entity in external relations. The conduct of Canada's foreign affairs was in the hands of the British Foreign Office. Because there was no department specifically charged with handling external affairs matters, responsibility for handling correspondence regarding the appointment of foreign consuls, extradition and passports was in the office of the Secretary of State. His office also handled foreign visits and ceremonies. Before the establishment of an independent foreign affairs ministry, trade matters were dealt with by the Department of Trade and Commerce, founded in 1892, and the Departments of Agriculture and Interior were responsible for Immigration matters.$aThe conduct of immigration, trade and international aid policy has throughout Canada's history been conducted primarily by those departments' whose main mandate has been these tasks. However, it must be noted that the overall conduct of Canada's foreign policy is in the hands of the Department of External Affairs and it has always played a leading and coordinating role in Canada's international relations.$aThe Department of External Affairs is headed by a Secretary of State for External Affairs who is a member of the Canadian Cabinet. The Under-Secretary of State is the chief administrative officer of the department and is assisted by a number of Assistant and Associate Under- Secretaries of State. The department is divided into headquarters'operations along with all of its posts abroad. Posts abroad are divided into High Commissions, Embassies, Legations and Consuls to either individual countdes or international organizations.$aThe Prime Minister of Canada, except for the department's first three years of existence, was the Secretary of State for External Affairs until 28 May 1946 with the passage of the Department of External Affairs Act which allowed the department a separate Secretary of State. Secretaries of State of the Department of External Affairs. Charles Murphy (1 June 1909 - 6 October 191 1); Robert Laird Borden 1 April 1912 - 10 July 1920); Arthur Meighen (10 July 1920 - 29 December 1921); William Lyon Mackenzie King (29 December 1921 - 28 June 1926), Arthur Meighen (29 June 1926 - 25 September 1926); William Lyon Mackenzie King (25 September 1926 - 7 August 1930); Richard Bedford Bennett (7 August 1930 - 23 October 1935); William Lyon Mackenzie King (23 October 1935 - 3 September 1946; Louis St. Laurent (4 September 1946 - 9 September 1948), Lester Bowles Pearson (1 0 September 1948 - 15 November 1948); Lester Bowles Pearson (15 November 1948 - 21 June 1957); John George Diefenbaker (21 June 1957 - 12 September 1957), Sidney Earle Smith (13 September 1957 - 17 March 1959); Howard Charles Green (4 June 1959 - 22 April 1963); Paul Joseph James Martin (22 April 1963 - 20 April 1968). Structured version of the same text. The text would be exactly the same as the above only the subfielding would be different. To save space the text has not been repeated below except after subfield identifiers. 378 01$bThe Department of External Affairs was founded in 1909, 8-9 Edward VII, c-13: An Act to create a Department of External Affairs". Assented to 19 May 1909.$cThe Department of External Affairs was formed in 1909 to be responsible for the conduct of Canadian relations with other countries, within the context of the British Empire. In 1931 ...$dPrevious to the establishment of the Department of External Affairs, the Office ...$eThe conduct of immigration, trade and international aid policy ...$fThe Department of External Affairs is headed by a Secretary of State for ...$hThe Prime Minister of Canada, except for the department's first three years ... Biographical sketch associated with Marshall McLuhan Unstructured version 378 10$aHerbert Marshall McLuhan was a Canadian theorist of the media. Herbert Marshall McLuhan was known as Marshall McLuhan throughout his life. Marshall McLuhan was born in Edmonton, Alberta on 21 July 1911 to Herbert Ernest McLuhan, a salesman, and Elsie Naomi (Hall) McLuhan, an actress and monologist.$aThe family moved to Winnipeg, where McLuhan attended the University of Manitoba from 1929 to 1934, receiving a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts in English literature. He received his doctorate in English literature from Cambridge University in 1942, the topic of his dissertation being "The Place of Thomas Nashe in the Learning of His Time".$a After teaching English at various American universities, McLuhan returned to Canada in 1944 to teach at Assumption College in Windsor. From 1946 until shortly before his death, he taught English at St. Michael's College, University of Toronto. From 1953 to 1956 he directed a seminar on culture and communication that was sponsored by the Ford Foundation. In addftion to his teaching work, he co-edited with anthropologist Edmund Carpenter a periodical called "Explorations" from 1953 to 1959. He later directed a media project for the United States Office of Education and the Nabonal Association of Educational Broadcasters (1 959-1960) titled "Understanding New Media". In 1963, McLuhan became the director of the University of Toronto's newly-established Centre for Culture and Technology. The Centre conducted research on questions of sensory perception and other communications-related issues and offered academic courses. In December 1966, McLuhan was appointed to the Albert Schweitzer Chair in Humanities at Fordham University in New York City, a post he held for the 1967-1968 academic year. In 1970, McLuhan became a Companion of the Order of Canada.$aMcLuhan's books include the following: The Mechanical Bride: The Folklore of Industrial Man (1 951); The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1 962), for which he was awarded the Governor General's prize for critical prose; Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964); The Medium is the Massage (1967), written with Quentin Fiore; War and Peace in the Global Village (1 968), also written with Quentin Fiore; Through the Vanishing Point: Space in Poetry and Painting (1968), co-authored with Harley Parker; Counterblast (1969), also written with Harley Parker; Culture is Our Business (1970); From Clich(J to Archetype (1970), written with Wilfred Watson; Take Today: The Executive as Dropout (1972), written with Barrington Nevitt; and The City as Classroom, co-authored by McLuhan, his son Eric McLuhan, and Kathryn Hutchon in 1977. In addition to these works, McLuhan had a volume of his literary criticism published in 1969, entitled The Interior Landscape: Selected Literary Criticism, and edited by Eugene McNamara. He also co- edited with Edmund Carpenter, a volume of essays compiled from the Explorations periodical, entitled Explorations in Communications (1960). McLuhan's only book-length work of literary criticism is his 1956 edition of the poetry of Alfred Lord Tennyson entitled Selected Poetry of Tennyson. With Richard J. Schoek, he edited Voices ofLfterature(1964-1970). In addition to these works, McLuhan wrote hundreds of articles, was interviewed for numerous journals and popular magazines, and delivered many lectures and informal talks on a variety of topics. He also edited an information letter, The Dew Line.$aAs a theorist of the media, McLuhan believed that the printing press radically transformed Western thought and society. Moreover, the invention and wide diffusion of the telegraph, telephone, cinema, radio, television and other electronic media recreated an environment for communication not unlike that of primitive societies. Critics of his writings and ideas noted that McLuhan presented his ideas in a mosaic rather than a linear pattern. Structured version of the same text. The text would be exactly the same as the above only the subfielding would be different. To save space the text has not been repeated below except after subfield identifiers. 378 11$bHerbert Marshall McLuhan was known ...$eHe was a Canadian theorist ....$dThe family moved to Winnipeg, where ...$eAfter teaching English at various American ...$fMcLuhan's books include the following: The Mechanical ...$eAs a theorist of the media, McLuhan ... ________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX D: CAN/MARC'S LOCAL FIELDS IN BIBLIOGRAPHIC AND AUTHORITY FORMATS Bibliographic Format: 009 Cartographic Material - Physical Description Fixed Field (Detailed) This field provides physical description information about a cartographic item at a greater level of detail than is provided for field 007 (Physical Description Fixed Field). If necessary, the field can be repeated to specify a multiplicity of characteristics pertaining to a single item or to specify individually the characteristics of each component in a multi- part item. Outline of 009: Char.Pos. Name of Data Element Physical Attributes 0 Physical dimension 1-2 Primary cartographic image 3-4 Physical medium 5 Creation technique 6 Form of reproduction 7 Geodetic adjustment 8 Physical form of publication Photographic and Remote Sensing Images 9 Altitude of sensor 10 Attitude of sensor 11-12 Spectral bands 13 Quality of image 14 Cloud cover 15-16 Mean value of ground resolution Specific Material Designation 17 Character of image 18-19 Form of cartographic item 20-21 Presentation technique 22 Position of platform 23 Category of satellite 24-25 Name of satellites 26-27 Recording technique 9XX Equivalences, Cross-references and History Notes The following fields are presently defined for the French or English equivalents or cross-references of names. 900 Equivalence or Cross-reference - Personal Name 910 Equivalence, Cross-reference or History Note - Corporate Name 911 Equivalence, Cross-reference or History Note - Conference or Meeting Name 930 Equivalence or Cross-reference - Uniform Title Heading 940 Equivalence or Cross-reference - Uniform Title 941 Equivalence or Cross-reference - Romanized Title [OBSOLETE] 943 Equivalence or Cross-reference - Collective Title 945 Equivalence or Cross-reference - Title 951 Equivalence or Cross-reference - Geographic Name/Area Name 952 Equivalence or Cross-reference - Hierarchical Place Name Authority Format: The following fields are presently defined for the French or English equivalents of names in the 1XX fields. The 7XX fields in USMARC are also defined for this information. 900 Equivalent Heading - Personal Name 910 Equivalent Heading - Corporate Name 911 Equivalent Heading - Conference or Meeting 930 Equivalent Heading - Uniform Title 950 Equivalent Heading - Topical Subject 951 Equivalent Heading - Geographic Name 952 Equivalent Heading - Reversed Geographic Name __________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX E: NEW AUTHORITY FORMAT CHARACTER POSITIONS AND FIELDS 008/8 Bilingual Usage The codes in this character position indicate wherther the heading in the 1XX field and its associated reference structure (that is, the headings in the 1XX, 260, 360, 4XX, 5XX, 663 and 664 fields) are valid according to the rules used in establishing headings for English-language catalogs (ALA, AACR), French-language catalogs (RCAA, etc.) or both. If any heading in the fields mentioned above is valid only in a single language, then the bilingual usage code must be set to "e" or "f" as appropriate. Values: # No information given b Headings valid in both French-language and English- language catalogs e Headings valid in English-language catalogs only; not valid in French-language catalogs f Headings valid in French-language catalogs only; not valid in English-language catalogs g Headings valid in English-language catalogs; validity in French-language catalogs undetermined h Headings valid in French-language catalogs; validity in English-language catalogs undetermined 016 NLC Control Number This field contains authority record control numbers assigned by the National Library of Canada. Indicators are undefined; contain blanks Subfield codes $a NLC authority record control number (NR) $z Cancelled NLC authority record control number (R) Examples: 016 ##$a0010C0008## 016 ##$a0115E5000F# Note: This field is comparable to field 010 (LC control number). 055 National Library of Canada Call Number This field contains the call number for a series assigned in Canada if the institution has classified all of part of the series as a collected set. Indicator 1 0 Current call number 1 Earlier call number Indicator 2 - Source of call number 0 Assigned by NLC 1 Assigned by agency other than NLC Subfield codes $a Classification number (NR) $b Item number (NR) $d Volumes/dates to which call number applies (NR) $5 Institution to which field applies (R) Example: 055 10$aK347.9944$bC516$d1970-1979 Note: This field is comparable to USMARC Authority format field 050 (Library of Congress Call Number).