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A PubMed search of the scientific literature from 1981 to 2001 was conducted using the keyword “mouse embryonic stem cells” and yielded over 2700 citations. Although the literature includes publications that feature cell lines developed from other species (e.g., rat, hamster, cow, pig), this search focused only on cell lines developed from mice. Publications were collected and reviewed to determine if they met the entry criteria for the analysis. There were 1338 original papers deemed acceptable for review. Thus, more than 1400 review papers, methods papers, publications describing work on isolated cell preparations (not cultures), and incorrectly coded PubMed citations, were excluded. Thirty other eligible publications were identified that were not captured via the key words in the PubMed search, and these were included in the analysis.

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