• To assess the achievement of insulin independence at 12-month and 24-month post transplant in patients who undergo pancreatic islet cell transplantation.
  

• Presence or absence of hypoglycemic unawareness
  
• To assess incidence of hypoglycemic episodes
  
• To assess insulin requirements in patients who did not become insulin independent
  
• To assess the islet cell mass, its viability and function obtained after transport using the two-layer preservation method, remote site processing and islet culture
  
• To assess the number of islet cell infusions needed to achieve insulin independence
  
• To assess renal function
  
• To describe morbidity related to the immunosuppression regimen
  
• To describe morbidity related to the islet cells infusion
  
• To assess the quality of life of the recipients
  

The purpose of this study is to assess a novel approach to immunosuppression in allogenic pancreatic islet cell transplant recipients. In addition, the study aims to assess remote site islet processing with culture for pancreatic islet cell transplantation in human subjects.

Detailed Description: Diabetes mellitus (DM) type I is a disease that has significant social and economical impact. The prevalence of the disease in the United States is about 120,000 in individuals aged 19 or less and 300,000 to 500,000 at all ages and 150 million worldwide.

So far there are no mechanical devices able to effectively adjust the dose of insulin injected according to the serum glucose in patients with DM. This leads to less than perfect sugar control, with episodes of hypoglycemia. Successful pancreas transplantation averts the need of insulin administration.

The emerging alternative to whole organ pancreas transplantation is pancreatic islet cell transplantation (ICT). The process is based on the enzymatic isolation of the pancreatic islets from an organ procured from a cadaver donor. The islets obtained are injected into the liver in the recipient via percutaneous catheterization of the portal venous system. This procedure allows the selective transplantation of the insulin-producing cell population avoiding open surgery as well as the transplantation of the duodenum and the exocrine pancreas and their related morbidity.

The initial efforts with ICT had only modest results. The immunosuppression regimen was similar to the one used in solid organ transplantation, based on high dose steroids and calcineurin inhibitors - both agents with diabetogenic effects. The results improved markedly with the changes in the manipulations of the islets, and the change in immunosuppression thus avoiding the higher doses of steroids and using sirolimus, tacrolimus and daclizumab initiated by the investigators group at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. Their protocol requires in general two islet cell infusions in order to attain the critical cell mass necessary to achieve insulin-independency. The changes in treatment were adopted as the Edmonton Protocol, which is used in several transplant centers, worldwide.

A novel approach to organ preservation uses the two-layer preservation technique. This allows for longer travel time for the eventual shipment of the pancreas to an islet cell processing facility remotely located from the donor procurement site.

The isolation of the islets from the donor pancreas will be performed at the Diabetes Research Institute in Miami, Florida, according to the standard currently used by that institution. The Diabetes Research Institute is a well-established center with a state-of-the-art islet cell isolation facility for the purpose of transplantation in humans, accredited and monitored by the FDA according to FDA standards.

The focus of the research in the ICT is centered on the development of a safe and effective procedure that will eventually replace surgical pancreas transplantation together with an ideal immunosuppressive regimen that provides safe and effective prevention against rejection, while minimizing the adverse events associated that negatively impact transplant recipient's quality of life.

This study is being conducted as a validation of the Edmonton protocol for ICT at our institution. Our aim is to test the efficacy of the use of the two-layer preservation technique for transport of the donor pancreas to the off-site processing facility and the use of islet cell culture in the off-site processing facility before the islet isolate is shipped to our center.