Five-Factor Screener: Scoring Procedures
How Analytical Scoring Procedures Were Developed
Scoring procedures were developed to convert a respondent's screener responses to
estimates of individual dietary intake for fruits and vegetables (servings), fiber (gm),
added sugar (tsp), calcium (mg), and dairy (servings) using USDA's 1994-96 Continuing
Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals (CSFII 94-96) dietary recall data. The following
equations were estimated in the CSFII 94-96:
For fiber and calcium:
E (Dietary Factor) = b0 + b1NFG1P1 + b2NFG2P2 + ... + b20NFG20P20
E (Dietary Factor) indicates the expected values for fiber and calcium, and assumes a
normal distribution. In the CSFII 94-96 dataset fiber was positively skewed and required a
cube-root transformation to approximate normality. Calcium required a quarter-root
transformation. NFGk is the usual number of times per day an individual consumed food
group k; Pk is the median portion size of group k; and k indexes the 20 food groups. These
20 food groups were formed to reflect the same food groups on the screener. We calculated
weighted least-squares estimates of the regression coefficients bk, k = 0, ..., 20 on
CSFII 94-96 adults aged 18 and above, stratifying by gender and excluding extreme exposure
values. We first included all 20 food groups in the regression model. After examining the
results, we dropped food groups that failed to attain statistical significance at the α =
0.25 level to form more parsimonious final models. In the fiber model, salad and soda were
dropped for women. In the calcium model, all foods attained statistical significance.
Because of the complex survey design, the analysis was performed using SUDAAN (RTI Inc.,
Research Triangle Park, NC).
For servings of fruits and vegetables:
E (Fruits and Veg1/2) = b0 + b1 (NFG1P1 + NFG2P2 + ... + NFG9P9)1/2
Servings of fruits and vegetables was square-root-transformed to approximate normality;
NFGk is the usual number of times per day an individual consumed food group k; Pk is the
median portion size of group k; and k indexes the 9 fruit and vegetable food groups. We
calculated weighted least-squares estimates of the regression coefficients b0 and b1 on
the adults in the CSFII 94-96 sample, stratifying by gender and excluding extreme exposure
values.
For teaspoons of added sugar:
E (Added Sugar.33) = b0 + b1 (NFG1P1 + NFG2P2 + ... + NFG4P4).33
Teaspoons of added sugar was cube-root-transformed to approximate normality; NFGk is
the usual number of times per day an individual consumed food group k; Pk is the median
portion size of group k; and k indexes the 4 added sugar food groups. We calculated
weighted least-squares estimates of the regression coefficients b0 and b1 on the adults in
the CSFII 94-96 sample, stratifying by gender and excluding extreme exposure values.
For servings of dairy:
E (Dairy1/2) = b0 + b1 (NFG1P1 + NFG2P2)1/2
Servings of dairy was square-root-transformed to approximate normality; NFGk is the
usual number of times per day an individual consumed food group k; Pk is the median
portion size of group k; and k indexes the 2 dairy food groups. We calculated weighted
least-squares estimates of the regression coefficients b0 and b1 on the adults in the
CSFII 94-96 sample, stratifying by gender and excluding extreme exposure values.
[Return to top]
Scoring Procedures
We performed the following steps with the NHIS 2005 Cancer Control Supplement dietary data to estimate the individual's intake of servings of fruits and vegetables, fiber, added sugar, calcium, and servings of dairy.
- Estimation of NFGk: All reported frequencies were standardized to a common unit of time by converting them to daily frequencies.
Frequency Response |
NFGk: Daily Frequency |
Never |
0 |
1-3 times per month |
0.067 |
1-2 times per week |
0.214 |
3-4 times per week |
0.5 |
5-6 times per week |
0.786 |
1 time per day |
1 |
2 times per day |
2 |
3 times per day |
3 |
4 times per day |
4 |
5 or more times per day |
5 |
- Estimation of Pk: The median age- and gender-specific portion sizes for
each food were estimated from CSFII 94-96. For fiber and calcium variables, the units were
in grams (Tables 1-2); for fruit and vegetable servings variables, the units were in
Pyramid servings of fruits and vegetables (Tables 3a & 3b); for dairy servings, the unit was
Pyramid servings of dairy (Table 4); and for teaspoons of added sugar, the unit was
Pyramid teaspoons of added sugar (Table 5).
For fruit and vegetables, a Pyramid serving was defined by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture in the 1992 Dietary Guidelines Food Guide Pyramid as:
- vegetables: 1 cup raw leafy, 1/2 cup of other vegetables, or 3/4 cup vegetable juice; and
- fruit: 1 whole fruit, 1/2 cup of cut-up fruit, or 3/4 cup fruit juice.
More recently, the 2005 Dietary Guidelines measure fruits and vegetables in cup
equivalents. See MyPyramid for
definitions of cup equivalents.
Both metrics are provided for these 2005 data.
For the milk group, a Pyramid serving is defined as:
- 1 cup of milk or yogurt;
- 1½ ounces of natural cheese; and
- 2 ounces of processed cheese.
For added sugar, a Pyramid serving is 1 teaspoon.
Table 1. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Grams per Mention by Age for Fiber and Calcium Analyses: Men
Food Group |
Age Group |
18-27 |
28-37 |
38-47 |
48-57 |
58-67 |
68-77 |
78-99 |
354.000000 |
219.630000 |
247.000000 |
247.000000 |
234.000000 |
239.000000 |
234.000000 |
33.000000 |
33.000000 |
33.000000 |
33.000000 |
22.000000 |
22.000000 |
22.000000 |
84.000000 |
66.000000 |
58.000000 |
64.125000 |
50.000000 |
47.000000 |
39.000000 |
64.000000 |
54.000000 |
54.000000 |
40.625000 |
40.000000 |
30.375000 |
29.000000 |
325.333333 |
268.400000 |
274.500000 |
244.000000 |
233.833333 |
206.000000 |
183.000000 |
453.866667 |
372.000000 |
372.000000 |
372.000000 |
370.200000 |
368.400000 |
368.000000 |
480.000000 |
376.500000 |
378.265000 |
372.000000 |
306.000000 |
248.000000 |
248.000000 |
372.000000 |
311.250000 |
249.000000 |
249.000000 |
248.000000 |
186.750000 |
186.750000 |
131.750000 |
128.000000 |
123.200000 |
127.500000 |
122.000000 |
118.000000 |
114.250000 |
30.000000 |
47.833333 |
42.500000 |
41.250000 |
42.500000 |
41.250000 |
44.666667 |
112.500000 |
114.000000 |
100.000000 |
100.000000 |
85.500000 |
85.500000 |
97.000000 |
210.000000 |
193.000000 |
193.000000 |
161.000000 |
150.000000 |
127.000000 |
113.250000 |
222.500000 |
188.095000 |
178.000000 |
189.750000 |
226.800000 |
199.333333 |
214.000000 |
61.250000 |
74.166667 |
75.625000 |
81.666667 |
76.000000 |
73.332500 |
70.000000 |
63.000000 |
125.000000 |
125.000000 |
156.250000 |
122.500000 |
125.000000 |
125.000000 |
62.250000 |
62.250000 |
49.275000 |
43.875000 |
16.000000 |
31.130000 |
31.130000 |
56.000000 |
54.000000 |
52.000000 |
52.000000 |
51.000000 |
48.250000 |
48.000000 |
71.000000 |
77.500000 |
72.800000 |
65.000000 |
63.000000 |
57.000000 |
57.000000 |
64.000000 |
66.000000 |
66.000000 |
73.733333 |
67.500000 |
64.000000 |
61.000000 |
35.440000 |
28.350000 |
30.470000 |
29.390000 |
28.350000 |
28.350000 |
28.350000 |
Table 2. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Grams per Mention by Age for Fiber and Calcium Analyses: Women
Food Group |
Age Group |
18-27 |
28-37 |
38-47 |
48-57 |
58-67 |
68-77 |
78-99 |
234.000000 |
234.000000 |
234.000000 |
234.000000 |
226.800000 |
234.000000 |
227.475000 |
42.750000 |
42.750000 |
42.750000 |
42.750000 |
27.970000 |
27.970000 |
27.970000 |
60.000000 |
57.000000 |
53.000000 |
49.500000 |
42.000000 |
39.083333 |
40.000000 |
46.500000 |
37.500000 |
36.250000 |
33.000000 |
27.000000 |
26.000000 |
25.000000 |
244.000000 |
244.000000 |
244.000000 |
214.250000 |
183.750000 |
183.000000 |
183.000000 |
372.000000 |
372.000000 |
370.200000 |
368.400000 |
330.666667 |
366.000000 |
368.200000 |
360.000000 |
341.000000 |
250.000000 |
250.000000 |
248.000000 |
240.000000 |
221.200000 |
280.125000 |
249.000000 |
248.800000 |
233.250000 |
189.755000 |
186.600000 |
186.700000 |
118.000000 |
118.000000 |
118.000000 |
118.000000 |
118.000000 |
112.427143 |
109.000000 |
33.750000 |
32.083333 |
47.000000 |
55.000000 |
43.750000 |
34.333333 |
41.250000 |
79.500000 |
70.000000 |
70.000000 |
70.000000 |
66.000000 |
70.000000 |
64.000000 |
122.000000 |
127.000000 |
119.000000 |
113.000000 |
105.000000 |
105.000000 |
105.000000 |
132.750000 |
126.500000 |
126.500000 |
141.750000 |
130.550000 |
172.000000 |
178.000000 |
56.000000 |
62.043333 |
64.415000 |
64.920000 |
65.000000 |
67.375000 |
71.333333 |
125.000000 |
113.400000 |
62.500000 |
125.000000 |
62.500000 |
62.500000 |
62.500000 |
32.000000 |
31.130000 |
36.565000 |
27.847500 |
31.130000 |
16.000000 |
16.000000 |
50.000000 |
48.000000 |
47.500000 |
45.000000 |
45.000000 |
42.400000 |
34.000000 |
67.333333 |
58.000000 |
57.000000 |
58.500000 |
57.000000 |
59.000000 |
47.000000 |
56.700000 |
50.000000 |
48.800000 |
55.200000 |
57.000000 |
48.675000 |
52.666667 |
28.250000 |
24.000000 |
24.000000 |
26.250000 |
28.350000 |
26.250000 |
28.350000 |
Table 3a. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Pyramid Servings* per Mention by Gender and Age for Fruits and Vegetables Analyses
Food Group |
Age Group |
18-27 |
28-37 |
38-47 |
48-57 |
58-67 |
68-77 |
78-99 |
Men |
2.000000 |
1.667500 |
1.335000 |
1.335000 |
1.334000 |
1.001000 |
1.001000 |
1.301000 |
1.301000 |
1.229571 |
1.227333 |
1.168000 |
1.168000 |
1.052333 |
0.545000 |
0.708000 |
0.754500 |
0.750000 |
0.833500 |
0.750000 |
0.822500 |
2.000000 |
2.000000 |
1.773000 |
1.710000 |
1.400000 |
1.250000 |
1.250000 |
2.000000 |
2.000000 |
1.999000 |
1.999000 |
1.914000 |
1.544000 |
1.508000 |
1.374000 |
1.047000 |
1.065000 |
1.227000 |
1.000000 |
1.000000 |
1.114000 |
0.750000 |
0.906000 |
0.974500 |
1.000000 |
1.000000 |
0.880000 |
0.833333 |
0.500000 |
0.541000 |
0.541000 |
0.812000 |
0.541000 |
0.541000 |
0.541000 |
0.533000 |
0.533000 |
0.421500 |
0.386500 |
0.137000 |
0.266000 |
0.266000 |
Women |
1.500500 |
1.334000 |
1.334000 |
1.251250 |
1.019500 |
1.000500 |
1.000500 |
1.168000 |
1.168000 |
1.168000 |
1.168000 |
1.150500 |
1.083833 |
1.000000 |
0.613500 |
0.572500 |
0.833333 |
1.000000 |
0.795500 |
0.625000 |
0.750000 |
1.481000 |
1.365500 |
1.272000 |
1.400000 |
1.000000 |
1.026000 |
1.000000 |
1.544000 |
1.544000 |
1.528000 |
1.544000 |
1.499000 |
1.516000 |
1.272000 |
0.964000 |
0.684000 |
0.800000 |
0.687000 |
0.822000 |
0.807000 |
1.000000 |
0.702200 |
0.779333 |
0.792500 |
0.788500 |
0.774000 |
0.833000 |
0.856750 |
0.541000 |
0.541000 |
0.273000 |
0.541000 |
0.500000 |
0.500000 |
0.500000 |
0.274000 |
0.266000 |
0.322500 |
0.238250 |
0.266000 |
0.137000 |
0.137000 |
Table 3b. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Cup Servings** per Mention by Gender and Age for Fruits and Vegetables Analyses
Food Group |
Age Group |
18-27 |
28-37 |
38-47 |
48-57 |
58-67 |
68-77 |
78-99 |
Men |
1.499160 |
1.250580 |
1.000980 |
1.000980 |
1.000176 |
0.750735 |
0.750735 |
0.999580 |
0.933450 |
0.867300 |
0.867300 |
0.867300 |
0.774916 |
0.657060 |
0.272700 |
0.353970 |
0.377235 |
0.374963 |
0.416640 |
0.375000 |
0.411323 |
0.721125 |
0.727700 |
0.641000 |
0.641000 |
0.548055 |
0.480750 |
0.499980 |
1.000400 |
1.140030 |
0.999600 |
0.999600 |
0.999490 |
0.833175 |
0.754400 |
0.717550 |
0.551540 |
0.566720 |
0.612360 |
0.500250 |
0.502285 |
0.575360 |
0.387675 |
0.473920 |
0.499840 |
0.500240 |
0.499905 |
0.460585 |
0.416899 |
0.249900 |
0.271250 |
0.271250 |
0.406875 |
0.271250 |
0.271250 |
0.271250 |
0.266430 |
0.266430 |
0.210897 |
0.195683 |
0.068480 |
0.133236 |
0.133236 |
Women |
1.124370 |
1.000960 |
1.000176 |
0.938130 |
0.764776 |
0.750728 |
0.750434 |
0.749235 |
0.867300 |
0.844838 |
0.789970 |
0.742350 |
0.712640 |
0.620475 |
0.306788 |
0.286335 |
0.416625 |
0.499950 |
0.397688 |
0.312469 |
0.374963 |
0.509595 |
0.455110 |
0.448700 |
0.448700 |
0.394856 |
0.444260 |
0.444260 |
0.782020 |
0.876945 |
0.771260 |
0.771260 |
0.749700 |
0.771260 |
0.644235 |
0.492150 |
0.341550 |
0.430530 |
0.345763 |
0.430685 |
0.430530 |
0.500400 |
0.364468 |
0.395882 |
0.404303 |
0.408330 |
0.416913 |
0.436560 |
0.452214 |
0.271250 |
0.271250 |
0.136710 |
0.271250 |
0.249900 |
0.249900 |
0.249900 |
0.136960 |
0.133236 |
0.163080 |
0.119187 |
0.133236 |
0.068480 |
0.068480 |
Table 4. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Pyramid Servings* per Mention by Gender and Age for Dairy Analyses
Food Group |
Age Group |
18-27 |
28-37 |
38-47 |
48-57 |
58-67 |
68-77 |
78-99 |
Men |
1.250500 |
1.083000 |
1.100400 |
1.000000 |
0.916667 |
0.833333 |
0.750000 |
0.741000 |
0.641333 |
0.667000 |
0.600000 |
0.575000 |
0.499000 |
0.370000 |
Women |
1.000000 |
1.000000 |
0.999000 |
0.874000 |
0.750000 |
0.718750 |
0.750000 |
0.517000 |
0.470000 |
0.494000 |
0.494000 |
0.470000 |
0.379000 |
0.494000 |
Table 5. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Pyramid Servings* per Mention by Gender and Age for Added Sugar Analyses
Food Group |
Age Group |
18-27 |
28-37 |
38-47 |
48-57 |
58-67 |
68-77 |
78-99 |
Men |
11.835000 |
9.990000 |
9.947000 |
9.683000 |
9.683000 |
9.631000 |
9.605000 |
9.627000 |
8.561000 |
8.985000 |
8.194000 |
6.815000 |
5.463000 |
5.307000 |
4.3080000 |
4.196000 |
3.707000 |
3.095000 |
2.897000 |
2.837000 |
2.781500 |
5.189000 |
5.027000 |
4.845000 |
4.716000 |
4.730000 |
4.428000 |
3.968000 |
Women |
9.815000 |
9.683000 |
9.683000 |
9.644000 |
8.443500 |
8.370000 |
9.683000 |
7.997000 |
7.876000 |
6.418000 |
6.002000 |
6.418000 |
5.116000 |
5.116000 |
2.966000 |
2.966000 |
2.797000 |
2.966000 |
2.498000 |
2.627000 |
2.627000 |
4.133000 |
3.650000 |
3.842000 |
3.719000 |
4.027500 |
3.571000 |
3.166500 |
- For fiber (grams) and calcium (mg), estimation of bk, k = 0, ..., 20: the values for each parameter, for each gender, are in the following table:
Table 6. Estimated Regression Coefficients for Foods as Predictors of Fiber (gm) and Calcium (mg), by Gender
Parameter |
Men |
Women |
Fiber
(cube root) |
Calcium
(quarter root) |
Fiber
(cube root) |
Calcium
(quarter root) |
2.015301 |
4.482732 |
1.838259 |
4.155762 |
0.000558 |
0.000318 |
0.000671 |
0.000484 |
0.011463 |
0.006716 |
0.019873 |
0.006744 |
0.003515 |
-0.000355 |
0.004688 |
0.000074 |
-0.000425 |
-0.002023 |
0.001493 |
-0.001305 |
0.000180 |
0.002204 |
0.000169 |
0.002580 |
0.000043 |
0.000089 |
--- |
0.000095 |
0.000141 |
0.000105 |
0.000115 |
0.000326 |
0.000166 |
0.000123 |
0.000229 |
0.000195 |
0.000985 |
0.000170 |
0.001009 |
0.000264 |
-0.000447 |
-0.000938 |
--- |
-0.000723 |
0.001517 |
0.001159 |
0.001381 |
0.000414 |
0.000720 |
0.000349 |
0.000693 |
0.000489 |
0.002156 |
0.000511 |
0.003217 |
0.001035 |
0.000899 |
0.000400 |
0.000925 |
0.000396 |
0.001315 |
0.000948 |
0.001204 |
0.000287 |
0.003632 |
0.002179 |
0.003239 |
0.002679 |
0.002927 |
0.000406 |
0.003401 |
0.000680 |
0.000979 |
0.001198 |
0.001683 |
0.001873 |
0.001006 |
0.001771 |
0.001377 |
0.002451 |
0.001206 |
0.014186 |
0.000513 |
0.015442 |
- For Pyramid servings of fruits and vegetables, estimation of b0 and b1, the model is:
E (Dietary Factor1/2) = b0 + b1 (NFG1P1 + NFG2P2 + ... + NFG9P9)1/2
For Pyramid servings of fruits and vegetables, including and excluding French fries, for each gender, the estimates of the parameters are:
Table 7a. Estimated Regression Coefficients for Sum of Foods Predicting Servings of Total Fruits and Vegetables and Fruits and Vegetables Excluding French Fries, by Gender
Parameter |
Men |
Women |
Summary Variable with French fries |
Intercept (b0) |
0.704319 |
0.658819 |
b1 |
0.835532 |
0.796243 |
Summary Variable excluding French fries |
Intercept (b0) |
0.729653 |
0.639540 |
b1 |
0.822694 |
0.804796 |
-
For cups of fruits and vegetables (2005 MyPyramid definition), including and excluding French fries, for each gender, the estimates of the parameters are:
Table 7b. Estimated Regression Coefficients for Sum of Foods Predicting Cups of Total Fruits and Vegetables and Fruits and Vegetables Excluding French Fries, by Gender
Parameter |
Men |
Women |
Summary Variable with French fries |
Intercept (b0) |
0.529258 |
0.502480 |
b1 |
0.839721 |
0.792683 |
Summary Variable excluding French fries |
Intercept (b0) |
0.559458 |
0.495205 |
b1 |
0.819797 |
0.794978 |
- For Pyramid servings of dairy, estimation of b0 and b1, the model is:
E (Dietary Factor1/2) = b0 + b1 (NFG1P1 + NFG2P2)1/2
For Pyramid servings of dairy, for each gender, the estimates of the parameters are:
Table 8. Estimated Regression Coefficients for Sum of Foods Predicting Servings of Dairy, by Gender
Parameter |
Men |
Women |
Intercept (b0) |
0.417414 |
0.385301 |
b1 |
0.831739 |
0.782852 |
- For Pyramid teaspoons of added sugar, estimation of b0 and b1, the model is:
E (Dietary Factor1/3) = b0 + b1 (NFG1P1 + NFG2P2 + ... + NFG4P4)1/3
For Pyramid teaspoons of added sugar, for each gender, the estimates of the parameters are:
Table 9. Estimated Regression Coefficients for Sum of Foods Predicting Teaspoons of Added Sugar, by Gender
Parameter |
Men |
Women |
Intercept (b0) |
1.672746 |
1.591494 |
b1 |
0.534485 |
0.491231 |
[Return to top]
* Using 1992 Food Guide Pyramid definitions of servings.
** Using 2005 MyPyramid definitions of cups of fruits and vegetables.
|