Ventilation during basic life support improves survival in cardiac arrest patients significantly. Unfortunately, this is in contrast to the willingness of potential rescuers to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation. For example, although healthcare professionals would perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation on a 4-year old drowned child in >90% of cases, this likelihood would decrease to ~10% in the case of a young male unconscious patient in a San Francisco public bus. Possibly, lay rescuers would perform assisted ventilation more often if a simple ventilation device were available. However, both the willingness to perform assisted ventilation plus the ability to open and to maintain the airway patent are necessary to ensure efficient ventilation in an unconscious patient with an unprotected upper airway.

Since retention of skills after basic life support classes are notoriously low, a resuscitation tool should incorporate self-explanatory features to improve applicability, and to provide built-in safety. Thus, an option could be to ensure an open airway by the use of a built-in indicator within a ventilating device to confirm correct head extension. One possible approach may be to determine head positions that make an open airway likely, and then extrapolate these angles to a scale that could be integrated into a ventilating device; however, safe head extension needs to be determined first to prevent harm. The purpose of this study is to determine head position angles reflecting neutral position and maximal extension in unconscious supine children in a first step to design a ventilating device to optimise ventilation of an unprotected upper airway.

Eligibility criteria: ASA I and II patients; 1-10 years of age, male and female gender.

Exclusion criteria: Facial deformity, pathological airway or cervical spine, BMI>35, history of gastric reflux.