• Incidence and severity of adverse events; Physical examination results and vital signs
  

• Parent's global assessment of pain control on Days 1 and 16; Pain level assessed once in the morning and in the evening; Pain level at the time rescue medication is given and one hour afterwards; Pharmacokinetics
  

This is a single-arm, nonrandomized, open-label, multicenter trial designed to enroll a total of approximately 200 pediatric subjects with moderate to severe chronic pain due to malignant or nonmalignant disease. Subjects must have received opioids continuously for a minimum of 7 days prior to enrollment with a projected need for continuous opioids for at least the length of the primary treatment period. Subjects must also have received the equivalent of at least 30 mg of oral morphine on the day prior to enrollment. Subjects were enrolled into 3 age cohorts including 2 to <6 years, 6 to <12 years, and 12 to <16 years. The study consisted of a 15-day primary treatment period. After the 15-day primary treatment period, subjects may, at the investigator's discretion, continue long-term treatment with Duragesic® as long as medically appropriate. The objective of this study is to provide an evaluation of the safety of Duragesic® in pediatric subjects who require treatment with a potent opioid for the management of chronic pain. On Day 1, subjects are converted from oral or parenteral opioids to Duragesic® by calculating the previous 24-hour opioid analgesic requirement. This amount is then converted to the equi-analgesic oral morphine dose, and then used to determine the corresponding Duragesic® dose. Short-acting oral or parenteral opioids are used as rescue medication at any time during the study to treat breakthrough pain (pain not adequately controlled by Duragesic®). Following initiation of Duragesic® treatment using the recommended dose, subjects are titrated upwards (no more frequently than every 3 days after the initial dose) until analgesic effectiveness is attained. Titration is based on supplemental opioid consumption, such that the dose of Duragesic® is increased by 12.5 micrograms/hour for every 45 mg of oral morphine consumed on the 2nd or 3rd days following the last patch change, up to a maximum increase of 25 micrograms/hour at any one time. The primary endpoint of this trial is the determination of the safety profile of Duragesic® in the defined target population. Safety is assessed by monitoring adverse events, vital sign measurements, and through physical examination. In addition, respiratory rate and level of sedation are closely monitored during the first 72 hours. The assessment of clinical utility includes the parent's global assessment of pain control on Days 1 and 16, the pain level assessed by the parent and the patient twice daily, once in the morning and in the evening (or assessed by the parent only if the patient is younger than age 6), the pain level at the time rescue medication is given and one hour afterwards, the child's play performance, and a quality-of-life child health questionnaire (CHQ) used to measure the physical, psychosocial functioning and well being of children 5 years of age. During the primary treatment period, serum fentanyl concentrations are also measured. Sparse pharmacokinetic sampling is incorporated into the trial design to facilitate population pharmacokinetic analysis.