Pharmacology Conference

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. PHARMACODYNAMIC DIFFERENCES

Baum VC, Miletich DJ, Curran MA. Progesterone potentiation of bupivacaine arrhythmogenicity in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats and beating rat heart cell cultures. J Cardio Pharmacol 1992;20(533):537.

Benton RE, Sale M, Flockhart DA, Woosley R. Greater quinidine induced QTc interval prolongation in women (submitted for publication).

Drici MD, Burklow TR, Haridasse V, Glazer RI, Woosley RL. Sex hormones prolong the QT interval and down-regulate potassium channel expression in the rabbit heart. Circulation 1996;94(6):1471-4.

Drici M-D, Wang, WX, Liu, X, Woosley, RL, Flockhart, DA. Prolongation of QT interval in isolated feline hearts by antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 18: 477-481.

Drici, M-D, Knollmann, BC, Wang, W-X, Woosley, RL. Cardiac actions of erythromycin. JAMA 1998;280:1774-1776.

Flockhart, DA, Drici, MD, Samuel, C. Abernethy, DA, Woosley, RL. Effects of gender on propranolol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. FASEB J 1996;10(3):2476.

Lehmann, MH, Hardy, S, Archibald, D, Quart, B, MacNeil, DJ. Sex Differences in Risk of Torsade de Pointes with d,l-Sotalol. Circulation 1996; 94 (10): 2535-2541

Makkar RR, Fromm BS, Steinman RT, Meissner MD, Lehmann MH. Female gender as a risk factor for Torsades de Pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs. JAMA 1993;270:2590-7.

Wesche D, Schuster B. Chen Y, Wang WX, Woosley, RL. Mechanism of cardiotoxicity of Halofantrine (submitted for publication).

2. PHARMACOKINETIC DIFFERENCES

General Sex/Gender Pharmacokinetics Differences

Harris RZ, Benet LZ, Schwartz JB. Gender effects in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Drugs 1995;50:222-239.

Berg MJ. Status of research on gender differences. In: Berg MJ, Francke G, Rollings M, ed. Gender-Related Health Issues: An International Perspective. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association 1996:37-68.

Berg MJ. Drugs, vitamins, and gender. The Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine 1999;2(1):18-20.

Campbell ME, Spielberg SP, Kalow W. A urinary metabolite ratio that reflects systemic caffeine clearance. Clin Pharmacol Therapy 1987;42:157-165.

Shah A, Letlieri J, Nix D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of high dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in young and elderly and in male and female subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:1003- 1006.

Gallicano K, Sahai J. Lack of gender effect on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;42:632-634.

Chien CC, Chon AH, Natarajan J, et al. Absence of age and gender effects on the pharmacokinetics of a single 500 mg oral dose of levofloxacin in healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:1562-1565.

Samara EE, Gustavson LE, El-Shourbagy L, et al. Population analysis of the pharmacokinetics of tiagabine in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998;39:868-873.

Knupp CA, Milbrath RL, Barbhalya RH. Effect of metoclopropamide and loperamide on the pharmacokinetics of didanosine in HIV seropositive asymptomatic male and female patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;45:409-413.

Saenz-Campos D, Bayes MC, Martin S, et al. Gender-related pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;33:397-400.

Gupta SK, Atkinson L, Tu T, Longstreth JA. Age and gender-related changes in stereo- selective pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil and norverapamil. Brit J Clin Pharmacol 1995;40:325-331.

Dobbs NA, Twelves CJ, Gillies H, et al. Gender affects doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in patients with normal liver biochemistry. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995;36:473-486.

Kaul S, Srinivas NR, Mummaneri V, et al. Effect of gender, age, and race on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide after intravenous administration of etoposide phosphate in cancer patients. Semin Oncol 1996;23:23-29.

de Groot AN, Vree TB, Hekster YA, et al. Comparison of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral methylergotamine in men and women. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;33:328-332.

Loi CM, Alvey CW, Randinitis EJ, et al. Meta-analysis of steady-state pharmacokinetics of troglitazone and its metabolites. J Clin Pharmacol 1997;37:1038-1047.

Abad-Santos F, Carcas AJ, Guerra P, et al. Evaluation of sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 1996;36:748-751.

Wong SL, Guoliang C, Mack RJ, Granneman GR. Pharmacokinetics of sertindole in healthy young and elderly male and female subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;62:157-164.

Ishida M, Otani K, Kaneko S, et al. Effects of various factors on steady-state plasma rconcentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine. International Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;10:143-146.

Klamerus KJ, Parker VD, Rudolph RL, et al. Effects of age and gender on venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine pharmacokinetics. Pharmacotherapy 1996;16:915-923.

Drug Interactions

Jusko WJ. Role of tobacco smoking in pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1978;6:7-39.

Schein JR. Cigarette smoking and clinically significant drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:1139-1148.

Carrillo JA, Benitez J. CYP 1A2 activity, gender and smoking as variables influencing the toxicity of caffeine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;41:605-608.

May DC, Jarboe CH, VanBakel AB, Williams WM. Effects of cimetidine on caffeine disposition in smokers and non-smokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982;31:656-661.

McNamara PJ, Slaughter RL, Visco JP, et al. Effects of smoking on binding of lidocaine to human serum proteins. J Pharm Sci 1980;69:749-751.

Hsyu PH, Singh A, Giargiari TD, et al. Pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its metabolites in cigarette smokers versus nonsmokers. J Clin Pharmacol 1997;37: 737-743.

Perry PJ, Browne JL, Prince RA, et al. Effects of smoking on nortriptyline plasma concentrations in depressed patients. Ther Drug Monit 1986;8:279-284.

Peng WS, Li HD, Wu SW. Effect of smoking and patient sex on the pharmacokinetics of clozapine and norclozapine. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal 1997;32:541-544.

Jann MW, Saklad SR, Ereshefsky L, et al. Effects of smoking on haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma concentrations and haloperidol clearance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986;90:468-470.

Ishida M, Otani K, Kaneko S, et al. Effects of various factors on steady state plasma concentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;10:143-146.

Spigset O, Carleborg L, Hedenmalm K, Dahlqvist R. Effect of cigarette smoking on fluvoxamine pharmacokinetics in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995:58:399-403.

Ereshefsky L, Jann MW, Saklad SR, et al. Effects of smoking on fluphenazine clearance in psychiatric inpatients. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:329-352.

Jennings TS, Nafziger AN, Davidson L, Bertino JS Jr. Gender differences in hepatic induction and inhibition of theophylline pharmacokinetics and metabolism. J Lab Clin Med 1993;122:208-216.

Crowley JJ, Cusack BJ, Jue SG, et al. Cigarette smoking and theophylline metabolism: Effects of phenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987;42:334-340.

Conley BA, Egorin MJ, Sridhara R, et al. Phase I clinical trial of all-trans-retinoic acid with correlation of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997;39:291-299.
Loi CM, Alvey CW, Randinitis EJ, et al. Meta-analysis of steady-state pharmacokinetics of troglitazone and its metabolites. J Clin Pharmacol 1997;37:1038-1047.

Grech-Belanger O, Gilbert N, Turgeon J, LeBlanc PP. Effect of cigarette smoking on mexiletine kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985;37:638-643.

Hitzenberger G, Fitscha P, Beveridge T, et al. Effects of age and smoking on the pharmacokinetics of pindolol and propranolol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982;13(suppl 2): 217S-222S.

Edwards DJ, Axelson JE, Visco JP, et al. Lack of effect of smoking on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of quinidine in patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987;23:351-354.

Pantuck EJ, Kuntzman R, Conney AH. Decreased concentration of phenacetin in plasma of cigarette smokers. Science 1972;175:1248-1250.

Wanwimolruk S, Wong SM, Coville PF, et al. Cigarette smoking enhances the elimination of quinine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993;36:610-614.

Otani K, Yasui N, Kaneko S, et al. Effects of genetically determined S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation status and cigarette smoking on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of oral alprazolam. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997;16:8-14.

Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Burstein ES. Lack of influence of cigarette smoking on triazolam pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987;23:759-763.

Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, et al. Absorption and disposition of chlodiazepoxide in young and elderly male volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1977;17:709-718.

Scavone JM, Greenblatt DJ, Abernathy DR, et al. Influence of oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking alone and together, on antipyrine pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 1997;37:437-41.

Rose JQ, Yurchak AM, Meikle AW, Jusko WJ. Effect of smoking on prednisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1981;9:1-14.

Baak LC, Ganesh S, Jansen JB, Lamers CB. Does smoking influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine? Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;33:193-196.

Gharaibeh AEM, Alkaysi HN, Salem MS, Gharaibeh KIA. Nil effect of cigarette smoking on ranitidine pharmacokinetics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics (Amsterdam) 1993;100:253-255.

Donahue SR, Flockhart DA, Abernethy DR, Ko J-W: Ticlopidine inhibition of phenytoin metabolism mediated by poten inhibition of CYP2C19. Clin Pharmacol Ther 62: 572-577, 1997.

Abernethy DR. Grapefruit and drugs: When is statistically significant clinically significant? J Clin Invest 99: 2297-2298, 1997.

Schaaf LJ, Campbell SC, Mayersohn MB, et al. Influence of smoking and gender in the disposition kinetics of metoprolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987;33:355-361.

III. PHARMACOGENETICS DIFFERENCES

Bonate P. Gender-related differences in xenobiotic metabolism. J Clin Pharmacol 1991;1:684-90.

Wrighton S. Stevens J. The human hepatic cytochrome P450 involved in drug metabolism. Crit Rev Toxicol 1992;22:1-21.

Harris R, Benet L, Schwart J. Gender effects in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Drugs 1995;50(2):222-39.

Guttendorf R, Wedlund P. Genetic aspects of drug disposition and therapeutics. J Clin Pharmacol 1992;32:107-17.

Kalow W. Pharmacogenetics: past and future. Life Sci 1990;47:1385-97.

Wood A, Zhou H. Ethnic differences in drug disposition and responsiveness. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991;20(5):350-73.

Evans D, Krahn P, Narayanan N. The mephenytoin (cytochrome P450 2C 19) and dextromethorphan (cytochrome P450 2D6) polymorphisms in Sudi Arabians and Filipinos. Pharmacogenetics 1995;5:64-71.

Gleiter CH, Gundert-Remy U. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics. Eur J Drug Metabol Pharmacokinet 1996;21(2):123-8.

Hunt CM, Westerkam WR, Stave GM. Effect of age and gender on the activity of human hepatic CYP3A. Biochem Pharmacol 1992;44(2):275-83.

Bock KW, Schrenk D, Forster A, Griese EU, Morike K, Brockmeier D, Eichelbaum M. The influence of environmental and genetic factors on CYP2D6, CYP1A2 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in man using sparteine, caffeine, and pracetamol as probes. Pharmacogenetics 1994;4(4):209-18.

Carrillo JA, Benitez J. CYP1A2 activity, gender and smoking, as variabls influencing the toxicity of caffeine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;41(6):605-8.

Hadidi H, Irshaid YM, Woosley RL, Idle J and Flockhart DA. The S-mephenytoin polymorphism in a Jordanian Population. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58: 542-547

Marinac J, Balian JD, Foxworth JW, Willsie SK, Daus JC, Owen R, Flockhart DA. Determination of CYP2C19 phenotype in black Americans with omeprazole: Correlation with genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 60: 138-144.

Ko J-W, Soukhova N, Flockhart DA. Evaluation of Omeprazole and Lansoprazole as inhibitors of Cytochrome P450 isoforms. Drug Metab Dispos 1997 Jul;25(7):853-862.

Desta Z, Kerbusch T, Sukhova N, Richard E, Flockhart DA. Identification and characterization of cytochrome P450 isoforms interacting with pimozide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 284:428-437.

Wandel C, Lang CC, Cowart DC, Girard AF, Bramer S, Flockhart DA, Wood AJJ. Effect of CYP3A inhibition on vesnarinone metabolism in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 63: 506-511.

Ko J-W, Desta Z, Flockhart DA. Metabolism of S-mephenytoin to Nirvanol by Cytochrome P450 2B6 and Cytochrome P450 2C9. Drug Metab Disp 1998;26: 775-778.

Ko-J-W, Shin S-G, Flockhart DA. Effect of lansoprazole on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in poor metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2C19. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;65: In Press.

Desta Z, Kerbusch T, Flockhart DA. Effect of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pimozide in subjects characterized for CYP2D6 phenotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 65: In Press, January 1999..

IV. HORMONAL INFLUENCES

Hormone and Drug Interactions

Bertz RJ, Kroboth PD, Reynolds IJ. Effect of neuroactive steroids on [3H]flumazenil binding to the GABAA receptor complex in vitro. Neuropharmacology 1995;34:1169-1175.

Bertz RJ, Kroboth PD, Kroboth FJ, Reynolds IJ, Salek FS, Wright CE, Smith RB. Alprazolam in Elderly and Young Men. Sensitivity and tolerance to psychomotor, sedative and memory effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;281:1317-1329.

Gibbs RB, Burke AM, Johnson DA. Estrogen replacement attenuates effects of scopolamine and lorazepam on memory acquisition and retention. Hormones and Behavior 1998;34:112-125.

Majewska MD. Neurosteroids: Endogenous bimodal modulators of the GABAA receptor. Mechanism of action and physiological significance. Prog Neurobiol 1992;38:379-395.

McAuley JW, Kroboth PD, Stiff DD, Reynolds IJ. Modulation of [3H]flunitrazepam binding by natural and synthetic progestational agents. Pharmacol Biochem Behavior 1993;45:77-83.

McAuley JW, Reynolds IJ, Kroboth FJ, Smith RB, Kroboth PD. Orally administered progesterone enhances sensitivity to triazolam in post-menopausal women. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15:3-11.

Kroboth PD, Salek FS, Stone R, Bertz RJ, Kroboth FJ. Alprazolam-induced increase in DHEA concentrations in young and elderly men. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; In Press.

Kroboth PD, Salek FS, Pittenger AL, Fabian TJ, Frye, RJ. DHEA and DHEA-S: A Review. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:1-22.

Schneider LS, Farlow MR, Henderson VW, Pogoda JM. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on response to tacrine in patients with Alzheimer. Neurology 1996;46:1580-1584.

Menstrual Cycle, Disease and Pharmacotherapy

Hrushesky et.al. Temporal Control of Drug Delivery. NY Acad Sci 1991;618.

Touitou & Haus. Biologic Rhythms in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Spinger-Veraig, 1992.

Redfern & Lemmer. Physiology & Pharmacology of Biological Rhythms, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

Dalton. The Premenstrual Syndrome and Progersterone Therapy, Yearbook Medical 1977.

Case & Reid. Arch Intern Med 1998;145:1405.

Reinberg et. al. Chronob Internat 1996;13:199-211.

Ferin et. al. Biorhythms and Human Reproduction, Wiley 1972.

Reinberg and Smolensky. Biological Rhythms and Medicine, Springer-Verlag 1983.

Lane JD, Steege JF, Rupp SL, et al. Menstrual cycle effects on caffeine elimination in the human female. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;43:543-546.

Zeiner AR, Kegg PS. Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive effects on alcohol pharmacokinetics in Caucasian females. Currents in Alcoholism 1981;8:47-56.

Brick J, Nathan PE, Westrick E, et al. The effects of menstrual cycle on blood alcohol levels and behavior. J Stud Alcohol1986;47:472-477.

Wilson K, Reynolds CN, Burnett D. Inter- and intra-individual variation in the metabolism of methaqualone in men after single oral dose. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1978;13:291-297.

Shavit G, Lerman P, Korcsyn A. Phenytoin pharmacokinetics in catamenial epilepsy. Neurology 1984;34:959-961.

Kirkwood C, Moore A, Hayes P, et al. Influence of menstrual cycle and gender on alprazolam pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50:404-409.

Greenblatt DJ, Wright CE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of alprazolam: Therapeutic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993;24:453-471.

Backstrom P, Jorpes P. Serum phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, albumin and plasma estradiol-progesterone concentrations during the menstrual cycle in women with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 1979;58:63-71.
Gerdin E, Rane A. N-Demethylation of ethylmorphine in pregnant and non-pregnant women and in men: An evaluation of the effects of sex steroids. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;34:250-255.

Jochemsen R, Vander Graaf M, Boerjinga JK, Breimer DD. Influence of sex, menstrual cycle and oral contraception on the disposition of nitrazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982;13:319-324.

Abdu-Aguye I, Dunlop D, Patel P, et al. Propranolol pharmacokinetics during the menstrual cycle. Postgrad Med J 1986;62:1093-1095.

Cordaro JA, Morse GD, Bartos L, et al. Zidovudine pharmacokinetics in HIV-positive women during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Pharmacotherapy 1993;13:369-377.

4. PREDICTABILITY

The Pittsburgh Cocktail: An Experimental Paradigm to Investigate the Selective Regulation of Individual Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Enzymes in Humans

Carcillo, JA, Parise, RA, Adedoyin, A, Frye, R, Branch, RA, and Romkes, M. CYP2D6 mRNA expression in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlates with in vivo debrisoquine hydroxylase activity in extensive metabolizers. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology 1996;91(2):149-159.

Fye, RF, Adedoyin, A, Matzke, Porter, JA and Branch, RA. Validation of the Five-Drug APittsburgh Cocktail@ Approach for Assessment of Selective Regulation of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1997;62(4):365-76.

Adedoyin A, Stiff DD, Smith DC, Romke M, Bahnson RC, Day R, Hofacker J, Branch RA, Trump DL. All trans-retinoic Acid Modulation of Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Activities: Investigation with Selective Metabolic Drug Probes. Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacology, 1998;41:133-139.

Adedoyin A, Frye RF, Mauro K, and Branch, RA. Chloroquine Modulation of Specific Metabolizing Enzymes Activities: Investigation with Selective Five Drug Cocktail. British Journal Clin Pharm 1998;26(3):215-219.