• HbA1c
  

• Insulin requirement
  
• Stimulated C peptide and insulin
  
• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
  
• Serum cytokine levels, CRP
  
• Insulin secretion and Insulin-sensitivity index derived from an OGTT with insulin and glucose measurements.
  
• In a subgroup of patients, insulin-sensitivity assessed by clamp techniques
  
• Insulin signaling- and cytokine- gene expression profiles derived from muscle and fat biopsy samples.
  

Methodology: This will be a two-centre (University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland and Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark) study. 72 patients will be randomised according to a double-blind, placebo-controlled protocol in which half of the patients are treated with IL-1Ra, the other half with saline. The treatment period will last 13 weeks. This time-period should be sufficient for reversal of functional glucotoxicity and feasible in terms of patient compliance. Whether 13 weeks of treatment will be sufficient to make significant changes in b-cell mass in unpredictable. However, blocking b-cell apoptosis, while new islet formation and b-cell replication are normal, may initiate enlargement of b-cell mass, which may progress beyond the treatment period. Patient evaluation will be performed at start and after 4, 13, 26, 39 and 52 weeks. Following 13 weeks, patients with a fasting plasma glucose levels > 8 mM or with a glycosylated hemoglobin level (HbA1c) > 8% will be treated with insulin. Insulin treatment will not be initiated earlier to avoid interference with possible effects of insulin on primary outcome in the period where the largest effect of IL-1Ra are expected. To assess effects of IL-1Ra on insulin sensitivity, a subset of 40 patients (20 IL-1Ra- and 20 placebo-treated) will undergo an euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp as well as a muscle and fat biopsy at start and after the end of treatment (13 weeks). The Ethics Committee of both centres have already approved the procedure.