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Smoking and Tobacco Control Monographs
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Monograph 13: Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Tar Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine
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Table of Contents:
- Preface (67 kb)
- Authors and Acknowledgements (75
kb)
- Contents (68 kb)
- Chapter 1
Public Health Implications of Changes in Cigarette
Design and Marketing (204 kb)
- How Did It Happen
- Compensation
- Elasticity of Demand in the Cigarette
- Marketing of Low-Yield Cigarettes
- Disease Risks
- Chapter 2
Cigarette Design (204 kb)
- Cigarette-Yield Testing by Smoking Machine Using the FTC Protocol
- Changes in FTC Machine-Smoked Yields Over Time
- Design Changes That Reduce Standard Yields
- Compensation and Cigarette Design: Difference in Yield with Different
Smoking Patterns
- More Evidence from Industry Documents Related to Compensation,
Cigarette Design, and the FTC Testing Method
- Chapter 3
Compensatory Smoking of Low-Yield Cigarettes
(223 kb)
- Role of Nicotine in Maintaining Tobacco Addiction
- Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure
- Nicotine Absorption from Cigarette Smoking
- Estimating the Extent of Compensation
- Studies of Smoking Cigarettes with Different Machine-Determined
Yields: Methodological Considerations
- Short-Term Experimental Switching Studies
- Long-Term Experimental Switching Studies
- Studies of Smokers Smoking Self-Selected Brands
- Spontaneous Brand Switching
- Chapter 4
Smoking Lower Yield Cigarettes and Disease Risks
(605 kb)
- Historical Development of the Lower Yield Cigarette Issue
- Limitations of Epidemiological Studies in Examining the Risks
of Low-Yield Cigarette Use
- Published Epidemiological Studies of Health Endpoints
- Biologic Implications of Compensation for Changes in Cigarette
Design
- Correlation of Cigarette Brand Choice with Number of Cigarettes
Smoked per Day and Duration of Smoking
- Temporal Trends in Lung Cancer and Other Diseases in Major Cohort
Studies
- Temporal Trends in National Lung Cancer Death Rates and Smoking
Behaviors
- Chapter 5
The Changing Cigarette: Chemical Studies and Bioassays
(269 kb)
- Identification of Carcinogens, Tumor Promoters, and Carcinogens
in Tobacco Smoke
- Smoking Conditions
- Changes in Cigarette Smoke Composition with Various Design Changes
- Observations on Cigarette Smokers
- Chapter 6
Public Understanding of Risk and Reasons for Smoking
Low-Yield Products (81 kb)
- Perceptions of Light Cigarettes
- Reasons for Smoking or Switching to Light Cigarettes
- The Relationship of Switching to Quitting
- Chapter 7
Marketing Cigarettes with Low Machine- Measured
Yields (1,519 kb)
- The 1950s
- The 1960s
- The 1970s
- The 1980s
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