NIDA wishes to thank the following individuals for their guidance and comments during the development and review of this publication:

Karen L. Bierman, Ph.D. Pennsylvania State University	Hyman Hops, Ph.D. Oregon Research Institute
C. Hendricks Brown, Ph.D. University of South Florida	Eugene R. Oetting, Ph.D. Colorado State University
Richard R. Clayton, Ph.D. University of Kentucky	Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. University of Akron
Thomas J. Dishion, Ph.D. University of Oregon	Richard Spoth, Ph.D. Iowa State University
E. Michael Foster, Ph.D. Pennsylvania State	John B. Reid, Ph.D. University Oregon Social Learning Center
Meyer D. Glantz, Ph.D. National Institute on Drug Abuse	Thomas A. Wills, Ph.D. Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D. Pennsylvania State University

NIDA also would like to thank the Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America (CADCA) for helping organize a focus group of community leaders in reviewing this publication.

This publication was written by Elizabeth B. Robertson, Ph.D., Susan L. David, M.P.H. (retired), and Suman A. Rao, Ph.D., National Institute on Drug Abuse.

All materials in this volume are in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from NIDA or the authors. Citation of the source is appreciated.

The U.S. government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in the publication are used only because they are considered essential in the context of the studies described here.

NIH Publication No. 04-4212(B)
Printed 1997
Reprinted 1997, 1999, 2001
Second Edition October 2003