| Characteristic | 1993 | 1995 | 1996 | 1999 | 2001 | 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 52.8 | 58.0 | 56.5 | 53.5 | 57.5 | 60.3 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 51.3 | 57.0 | 55.6 | 52.3 | 54.5 | 58.7 |
| Female | 54.4 | 59.0 | 57.4 | 54.8 | 60.5 | 62.1 |
| Race and Hispanic originb | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 59.1 | 65.4 | 64.3 | 61.3 | 64.2 | 67.7 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 38.7 | 42.5 | 43.7 | 41.2 | 47.3 | 49.7 |
| Asian | 45.7 | 37.3 | 62.2 | 53.8 | 51.4 | 65.6 |
| Hispanic | 37.3 | 38.3 | 39.1 | 33.0 | 41.8 | 44.7 |
| Poverty status | ||||||
| Below 100% poverty | 43.6 | 46.6 | 46.8 | 38.7 | 48.3 | 50.0 |
| 100–199% poverty | 49.1 | 55.7 | 52.0 | 51.4 | 51.8 | 59.5 |
| 200% poverty and above | 60.9 | 65.2 | 65.5 | 61.8 | 64.1 | 65.0 |
| Family type | ||||||
| Two parentsc | 55.3 | 61.2 | 60.7 | 57.8 | 60.7 | 62.2 |
| Two parents, married | — | — | — | — | 61.1 | 63.3 |
| Two parents, unmarried | — | — | — | — | 56.8 | 49.8 |
| One parent | 46.0 | 49.2 | 45.6 | 42.4 | 47.2 | 53.0 |
| No parents | 45.9 | 51.6 | 47.9 | 50.6 | 52.8 | 64.2 |
| Mother’s highest level of educationd | ||||||
| Less than high school | 36.9 | 39.9 | 37.4 | 38.7 | 41.2 | 41.3 |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 47.7 | 48.0 | 49.0 | 45.2 | 49.2 | 55.2 |
| Some college, including vocational/technical/associate’s degree | 56.5 | 63.6 | 61.8 | 53.0 | 59.8 | 59.8 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 70.7 | 75.7 | 76.5 | 70.8 | 72.8 | 72.4 |
| Mother’s employment statusd | ||||||
| Worked 35 hours or more per week | 51.5 | 55.3 | 54.3 | 48.9 | 55.1 | 56.6 |
| Worked less than 35 hours per week | 55.9 | 63.1 | 58.7 | 55.6 | 62.6 | 60.6 |
| Looking for work | 43.7 | 46.3 | 53.0 | 46.5 | 53.8 | 62.7 |
| Not in labor force | 54.8 | 59.8 | 59.4 | 59.7 | 58.2 | 64.5 |
| Regione | ||||||
| Northeast | 58.9 | 64.2 | 61.2 | 59.0 | 62.4 | 66.4 |
| South | 48.3 | 53.7 | 54.7 | 51.1 | 53.3 | 55.7 |
| Midwest | 54.1 | 61.0 | 56.6 | 57.3 | 58.0 | 62.3 |
| West | 52.8 | 54.8 | 54.0 | 47.5 | 58.6 | 61.4 |
| — Not available. | ||||||
| a Estimates are based on children who have yet to enter kindergarten. | ||||||
| b From 1993 to 2001, the 1977 OMB Standards for Data on Race and Ethnicity were used to classify persons into one of the following four racial groups: White, Black, American Indian or Alaskan Native, or Asian or Pacific Islander. For data from 2005, the revised 1997 OMB standards were used. Persons could select one or more of five racial groups: White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. Included in the total, but not shown separately are American Indian/Alaskan Native and respondents with Two or more races. For continuity purposes, in 2005, respondents who reported the child being Asian or Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander were combined. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected separately. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. | ||||||
| c Refers to adults’ relationship to child and does not indicate marital status. | ||||||
| d Children without mothers in the home are not included in estimates dealing with mother’s education or mother’s employment status. | ||||||
| e Regions: Northeast includes CT, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT. South includes AL, AR, DC, DE, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, and WV. Midwest includes IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, and WI. West includes AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, and WY. | ||||||
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES). | ||||||
