• INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR NORMAL VOLUNTEERS:

The normal volunteers will be without cardiac, pulmonary, neurological, otolaryngological, psychiatric or speech, swallowing and hearing problems as determined by medical history and examination by a physician.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA: SUBJECTS:

For volunteers undergoing either intra-muscular stimulation or submental surface stiimulation:

History of Rheumatic fever, mitral valve prolapse, or cardiac arrhythmias as determined by medical history, physical and EKG. A physician will auscultate for cardiac murmurs prior to any study to exclude patients who might be at risk for endocarditis. Subjects will have an EKG as part of the screening for participation in the study.

Pregnancy will exclude women from participation because the study involves radiation exposure.

Subjects will also be excluded if they are taking psychiatric or neuroleptic medications which would interfere with the interpretation of the neurophysiological studies or are taking herbal medications that can affect coagulation.

Subjects with a history of a psychiatric disorder, under the care of a psychiatrist, or on medications for treatment of a psychiatric disorder will be excluded from study. Examples of psychiatric disorders to be excluded are: somatoform disorders, conversion disorders, current major depression, or a history of schizophrenia or a bipolar disorder. However, a history of a previous episode of a minor reactive depression would not exclude a person from participation.

Normal volunteers who are pregnant, or have any active medical or psychiatric conditions will not be included for submental surface stimulation, as these may be contraindications.

For volunteers undergoing intra-muscular stimulation:

Subjects will be excluded if they have a history of allergies to lidocaine.

Subjects must be HIV negative. HIV testing for out of town participants may be done prior to traveling to the NIH. This is required because there is no potential benefit for normal volunteers from participation in the study. Because multiple needle insertions are required and the hooked wire electrodes remain in place for 1-2 hours increasing a risk of contamination, persons who are immuno-compromised would be put at undue risk with no opportunity for benefit.

None of the normal volunteers will have a reduction in the range of vocal fold movement during the nasoendoscopy that might suggest laryngeal paralysis or paresis, joint abnormality or neoplasm.

Caution will be exercised in patients with suspected or diagnosed heart problems or suspected or diagnosed with epilepsy at the discretion of the physician.

INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PHARYNGEAL DYSPHAGIA:

No peripheral laryngeal nerve injury that results in a lack of glottic closure for swallowing.

No peripheral nerve injury to the muscles that will be stimulated for hyo-laryngeal elevation.

No laryngeal trauma that results in a lack of glottic closure for swallowing.

Intact cognition and hearing (30 dB HL in speech range); IQ no less than 85.

Current dependence on alternate means of nutrition and hydration (PEG, PEJ, PPN/TPN); however, minimal PO is not cause for exclusion.

Have stable vital signs before coming to the NIH for study. To determine if a patient has stable vital signs prior to admission and a physician has provided approval for participation, the following information will be required depending upon the location of the patient prior to admission. For patients in a nursing home setting, vital signs will be needed 3 days prior to admission and a written form signed by the physician releasing the patient. For patients not in a nursing home a physician's letter of referral written in the past year documenting that the patient is medically stable will be required and a telephone contact with the family or others involved in the patient's care that the patient is stable before coming to the NIH.

At least 6 months post onset.

A Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score greater than or equal to 21.

Evidence of pharyngeal dysphagia placing the patient at risk for aspiration.

Participants may have other health problems such as diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerotic coronary vascular disease and a history of smoking. These will not be cause for automatic exclusion, but will be examined on an individual basis by the otolaryngologist in determining the potential risk and benefit to the individual participant.

Patients will have restricted per oral intake. Prior history of tracheostomy or current tracheostomy is not a cause for exclusion.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

History of progressive neurodigestive disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc.

History of swallowing difficulties prior to most recent or previous CVA's.

Dementia, obtundation, somnolence, and agitation.

More than 90 years of age.

A tracheostomy that fixes the laryngeal position interfering with the possibility of elevation.

Moderate to severe oral phase swallowing dysfunction.

Pharyngeal structural abnormalities on videofluoroscopy including mass and diverticulum.

Esophageal motility not within normal range of function appropriate for the patient's age.

Patient on a regular diet without difficulties.

A MMSE score less than or equal to 20.

Patients who are pregnant, have a cardiac demand pacemaker, dementia, exhibit non-stop vocalization, significant reflux due to use of a feeding tube, or drug toxicity will not be included for VitalStim, as these are contraindications for use of the device. Caution will be exercised in selection of patients with suspected or diagnosed heart problems or suspected or diagnosed with epilepsy at the discretion of the physician.