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Your search term(s) "diabetes mellitus and diagnosis" returned 236 results.

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Genetic Basis of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 35(2): 371-384. June 2006.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disease occurring with concomitant or interdependent defects of insulin secretion and action. This article investigates the genetic basis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), defined as a genetic defect in beta-cell function with subclassification according to the gene involved. The authors note that type 2 diabetes seems to be composed of subtypes wherein genetic susceptibility is strongly associated with environmental factors at one end of the spectrum (common, polygenic forms of type 2 diabetes) and highly genetic forms at the other end. MODY is considered a monogenetic form of diabetes. The authors focus on the molecular genetics of MODY, discussing glucokinase mutations, mutations in the transcription factor genes, other candidate genes for familial diabetes, and the contribution of MODY genes to multifactorial forms of type 2 diabetes. The authors conclude that less than 15 percent of the genetic determinants of type 2 diabetes have been identified; however, it is likely that other genes contributing to the genetic risk for type 2 diabetes will soon be discovered. This identification can improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that maintain glucose homeostasis and of the precise defects leading to chronic hyperglycemia. The identification of these genes can also lead to the timely identification of high-risk individuals who might benefit from early behavioral or medical intervention for preventing the development of diabetes. 2 tables. 69 references.

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Glycaemic Control. IN: Katsilambros, N., et al. Diabetes in Clinical Practice: Questions and Answers From Case Studies. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2006. pp 59-69.

This chapter on glycemic control is from a book that deals with various aspects of diabetes in clinical practice, presented in the form of questions concerning diabetes diagnosis, management, and therapy, all based on real-life case studies. Topics covered include the role of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) with a glucose meter in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and in people with type 2 DM, the use of urine glucose determination to monitor glycemic control, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement and its use as a monitoring tool, problems with HbA1c measurement, and factors that can affect the HbA1c value. The chapter presents one case study, through which relevant questions are posed and answered. Readers are walked through the diagnostic and patient care management processes for the case study presented. 4 tables. 11 references.

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Hypertension And Diabetes. IN: Katsilambros, N., et al. Diabetes in Clinical Practice: Questions and Answers From Case Studies. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2006. pp 277-292.

This chapter on hypertension and diabetes is from a book that deals with various aspects of diabetes in clinical practice, presented in the form of questions concerning diabetes diagnosis, management, and therapy, all based on real-life case studies. Topics covered include the definition of hypertension in diabetes mellitus (DM) and recommended treatment targets, the frequency of hypertension in patients with DM, the pathogenetic mechanism for the development of hypertension in DM, complications associated with hypertension in this patient population, recommendations for the monitoring of blood pressure levels, diagnostic and other tests recommended for determining cardiovascular risk, treatment options for hypertension in people with diabetes, and recommended first-line antihypertensive agents. The chapter presents two detailed case studies, with relevant questions posed and answered. Readers are walked through the diagnostic and patient care management process for the case studies presented. 1 table. 7 references.

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Hypoglycaemia. IN: Katsilambros, N., et al. Diabetes in Clinical Practice: Questions and Answers From Case Studies. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2006. pp 71-80.

This chapter on hypoglycemia is from a book that deals with various aspects of diabetes in clinical practice, presented in the form of questions concerning diabetes diagnosis, management, and therapy, all based on real-life case studies. The author notes that episodes of hypoglycemia are usually perceived and treated by the patients themselves. However, if not detected early enough, hypoglycemia can lead to serious problems, including coma. Topics covered include the effects of hypoglycemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the causes of hypoglycemia in a person with diabetes, the symptoms of hypoglycemia, the indications for hospitalization for episodes of hypoglycemia, and posthospitalization patient care and follow-up. The chapter presents five case studies, which are individually discussed, and relevant questions are posed and answered. Readers are walked through the diagnostic and patient care management processes for the case studies presented. 3 references.

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Infections in Diabetes. IN: Katsilambros, N., et al. Diabetes in Clinical Practice: Questions and Answers From Case Studies. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2006. pp 267-276.

This chapter on infections in diabetes is from a book that deals with various aspects of diabetes in clinical practice, presented in the form of questions concerning diabetes diagnosis, management, and therapy, all based on real-life case studies. Topics covered include susceptibility to infections; the specific characteristics of common infections in people with diabetes, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and soft tissue infections; infections that are observed with increased frequency in people with diabetes, including some fungal infections, malignant otitis externa, necrotizing fasciitis and myonecrosis, rhinocerebral mucormycosis, and emphysematous cholecystitis; and the indications for treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in diabetes patients. The chapter presents two detailed case studies, with relevant questions posed and answered. Readers are walked through the diagnostic and patient care management process for the case studies presented. 10 references.

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ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006-2007: Definition, Epidemiology and Classification. Pediatric Diabetes. 7(6): 343-351. December 2006.

This article offers clinical practice guidelines for the definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes, a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The article includes the diagnostic criteria for diabetes in childhood and adolescence, impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycemia, the pathogenesis and epidemiology of type 1 diabetes, classifying the different types of diabetes, maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), neonatal diabetes, mitochondrial diabetes, cystic fibrosis and diabetes, drug-induced diabetes, and stress hyperglycemia. The article concludes with a list of recommendations, covering diagnostic tests used for diabetes and how to choose which patients should be tested or monitored with which tests. This article is a chapter in the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006-2007. 1 figure. 3 tables. 80 references.

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Lipids And Diabetes. IN: Katsilambros, N., et al. Diabetes in Clinical Practice: Questions and Answers From Case Studies. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2006. pp 293-310.

This chapter on lipids and diabetes is from a book that deals with various aspects of diabetes in clinical practice, presented in the form of questions concerning diabetes diagnosis, management, and therapy, all based on real-life case studies. Topics covered include a definition of lipids and their physiologic function in the body, lipoproteins, the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, diabetic dyslipidemia and its causes, the treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), recommended targets for blood lipid levels in this patient population, and medicines that are used in the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia. The author notes that blood lipid physiology in people with type 1 diabetes depends, for the most part, on glycemic control. Poor glycemic control is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and, in some cases, with increased levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and reduced levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Typical dyslipidemia in type 2 DM includes a slight increase of triglycerides, low levels of HDL, and normal to slightly elevated levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. The chapter presents two detailed case studies, with relevant questions posed and answered. Readers are walked through the diagnostic and patient care management process for the case studies presented. 1 figures. 3 tables. 10 references.

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Macroangiopathy in Diabetes. IN: Katsilambros, N., et al. Diabetes in Clinical Practice: Questions and Answers From Case Studies. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2006. pp 199-216.

This chapter on microangiopathy in diabetes is from a book that deals with various aspects of diabetes in clinical practice, presented in the form of questions concerning diabetes diagnosis, management, and therapy, all based on real-life case studies. The author notes that the term diabetic macroangiopathy is used interchangeably with the more common term atherosclerosis. Unlike other complications of diabetes, macroangiopathy is not seen only in people with diabetes. However, various atherosclerotic problems tend to be more frequent, appear earlier, and progress faster in people with diabetes compared with those without the disease. Topics covered include the morbidity and mortality from macroangiopathy, epidemiology, symptoms, how to diagnose macroangiopathy in patients with diabetes, factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of macroangiopathy, diagnostic tests used to confirm the condition, patient care protocols, the metabolic syndrome and macroangiopathy, and treatment options. The chapter presents four detailed case studies, with relevant questions posed and answered. Readers are walked through the diagnostic and patient care management process for the case studies presented. 2 figures. 3 tables. 14 references.

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Medical Nutrition Therapy for GDM. Today's Dietitian. 8(12): 22-25. December 2006.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. This article discusses the role of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) as a treatment option for women with GDM. The author presents a broad overview of the MNT evidence-based guides for practice, which cover a recommended schedule of MNT visits, the nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, specific nutrition interventions, and nutrition monitoring, evaluation, and documentation. At the initial visit, the registered dietitian performs a nutritional assessment that includes food intake, anthropometrics, clinical status, medications, patient self-care skills, behavior modification status, and individual considerations. The next step, nutrition diagnosis, is the identification and labeling that describes an actual occurrence, risk of, or potential for developing a nutritional problem. The nutrition intervention includes determining goals (such as weight gain, blood glucose, monitoring, urine ketone, and exercise), determining when insulin may need to be used, creating meal plans, and patient education. The registered dietitian must routinely monitor the effectiveness of the MNT by evaluating key indicators at every visit. Most of the information is provided in lists and table format. The guidelines were developed by registered dietitians within two groups of the American Dietetic Association. 5 tables.

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Metabolic Syndrome. IN: Obesity and Diabetes. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. 2006. pp. 155-168.

This chapter on the metabolic syndrome is from a comprehensive textbook on obesity and diabetes. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity, in particular visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, and some degree of abnormal glucose metabolism coupled with dyslipidemia and abnormal blood pressure (BP) are the hallmarks of the syndrome. The authors review the pathogenetic factors associated with metabolic syndrome and its association with disease. Topics include a definition of metabolic syndrome, pathophysiology of the components associated with metabolic syndrome, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome in children and early life determinants, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, potential treatments, and the role of weight loss and exercise. The authors conclude that a large body of epidemiological data correlates the presence of metabolic syndrome with an increased risk of CVD and overall mortality. They note that although it is difficult to identify the precise mechanisms whereby lifestyle alterations (exercise and weight loss) improve outcomes, the effects are likely to include decreases in adiposity, insulin resistance, and nutrient fluxes; altered intramyocellular and intrahepatic metabolism; and increased adiponectin levels and skeletal muscle blood flow. The authors stress that because obesity is an increasing global burden, it is expected that the number of individuals with metabolic syndrome will increase, as will the rates of morbidity and mortality from CVD. 3 figures. 3 tables. 84 references.

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