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Your search term(s) "diabetes mellitus and diagnosis" returned 236 results.

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Management of Diabetic Foot Complications. IN: Veves, A.; Malik, R.A., eds. Diabetic Neuropathy: Clinical Management. 2nd ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. 2007. pp 473-506.

This chapter on the management of diabetic foot complications is from a comprehensive textbook that provides general practitioners details on the latest techniques for the clinical management of diabetic neuropathy. The author explains that diabetic foot complications are the result of an interplay between impaired wound healing, peripheral vascular disease, and neuropathy. The peripheral neuropathy seen with diabetes affects sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons and results in increased susceptibility to pathology. The most common problem is the presence of wounds that are difficult to heal. Therefore, the prevention of the formation of these wounds is of the highest importance in managing patients who are at risk for forming these wounds. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach and requires adequate perfusion, proper wound care, and appropriate protection of the wound from pressure of offloading. The author considers neuro-osteoarthropathy, or Charcot's disease of the foot, a common problem caused by neuropathy, which can result in the musculoskeletal disruption of the architecture of the foot and lead to severe deformity. 9 figures. 2 tables. 125 references.

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Managing Type 2 Diabetes In Adults. IN: Unger, J. Diabetes Management in Primary Care. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2007. p. 118-191.

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormalities at multiple organ sites, including the pancreatic beta cells, skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and liver. The successful management of type 2 diabetes requires an understanding of the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, a strategy to promote lifestyle modifications, surveillance for identifying and preventing long-term lifestyle modifications, knowledge of intensive pharmacologic interventions, and professional skills for providing patient education. This lengthy chapter about diagnosing and managing type 2 diabetes in adults is from a textbook that offers primary care physicians evidence-based guidelines for evaluating and treating all patients with diabetes. In this chapter, the author stresses that pursuing an aggressive approach to diabetes management can lead to positive treatment outcomes and improvement in the quality of life for these patients. The author also notes that because most patients with type 2 diabetes will eventually require insulin therapy, physicians should not hesitate to discuss this possibility during the early stages of the disease. Doing so will likely make the transition from oral agents to injectable therapy more acceptable to the patient. The author guides readers from diagnosis through patient care strategies, patient education, and monitoring for disease progression and complications. Readers are reminded that type 2 diabetes is not a “mild” form of diabetes. Physicians should screen high-risk patients for this disease, initiate aggressive treatment immediately after the diagnosis is confirmed, and advance the therapeutic interventions as needed to maintain as near normal A1C levels as possible to prevent long-term diabetes-related complications. The chapter includes a list of “take-home points” that summarize the concepts discussed, as well as case reports that illustrate the topics covered. 13 figures. 18 tables. 183 references.

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Mom? Dad? Meet Diabetes: Expert Advice on Life after Diagnosis. Diabetes Forecast. 60(10): 42-44. September 2007.

This patient education article, from a magazine for people with diabetes, offers advice for parents whose child has been recently diagnosed with diabetes. The author describes the growing incidence of diabetes, including type 2 diabetes, in children. The author reminds readers that diabetes education is an ongoing process and they will have time to learn as they go along. Parents who have been through the process share their tips and experiences in the article; they emphasize the importance of support groups, grieving, and working closely in tandem with health care providers. The author encourages parents to maintain their regular routines and to learn different approaches to achieving the appropriate care for their child. A sidebar lists three online information resources for parents. 2 figures.

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Other Complications and Associated Conditions. Pediatric Diabetes. 8: 171-176. 2007.

This article presents information from the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines (2006–2007) on other complications and associated conditions in children with diabetes. Topics covered include impaired growth and development; associated autoimmune conditions, such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, celiac disease, vitiligo, and primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease); lipodystrophy; necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum; limited joint mobility; and edema. The authors briefly review the literature on which their discussion is based and then summarize with a set of recommendations. They stress that monitoring of growth and physical development and the use of growth charts are essential elements in the continuous care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Screening of thyroid function and screening for celiac disease is recommended at the diagnosis of diabetes and thereafter, every second year. Routine clinical examination should be undertaken for skin and joint changes. There is no established therapeutic intervention for lipodystrophy, necrobiosis lipoidica, or limited joint mobility. 81 references.

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Pancreatic Hormones And Diabetes Mellitus. IN: Gardner, D.; Shoback, D., eds. Greenspan's Basic and Clinical Endocrinology. 8th ed. Columbus, OH: McGraw Hill. 2007. pp 661-747.

This chapter on pancreatic hormones and diabetes mellitus is from a textbook on endocrinology that describes the scientific principles and clinical management of patients with endocrine-related diseases and disorders. Topics discussed include the endocrine pancreas, introduction, anatomy and histology, hormones of the endocrine pancreas, classification, clinical features of diabetes mellitus, laboratory findings in diabetes mellitus, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, treatment of diabetes mellitus, acute complications of diabetes mellitus, chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, surgery in the diabetic patient, diabetes mellitus and pregnancy, and prognosis for patients with diabetes mellitus. The authors conclude by stressing the importance of excellent patient education and patient participation in their own health care as vital to the success of coping with diabetes and preventing its complications. A list of abbreviations is provided. 10 figures. 30 tables. 147 references.

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Pathogenesis. IN: Scobie, I.N. Atlas of Diabetes Mellitus. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA. 2007. pp 9-32.

This chapter about pathogenesis is from an atlas of diabetes mellitus that offers text and pictures to familiarize clinicians with the most current information about diabetes, its diagnosis, and its treatment. The volume portrays the wide and varied expressions of diabetes and its complications as an aid to their more ready recognition in clinical practice. This chapter discusses type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes; other types of diabetes, including maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY); the obesity epidemic; and prevention of the different types of diabetes. The chapter offers full-color photographs of specific presentations of diabetes in conjunction with other diseases and genetic disorders, including Cushing’s syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, obesity, acromegaly, Addison’s disease, hemochromatosis, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome. Additional illustrations present the biochemical consequences of insulin deficiency, mechanisms of glucose production and stimulation, histology of the pancreas and beta cells, and pathology of the pancreas. 44 figures. 20 references.

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Perspectives in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Clinical Diabetes. 25(2): 57-62. Spring 2007.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects approximately 7 percent of all pregnancies and is defined as carbohydrate intolerance during gestation. This review article addresses screening recommendations, diagnosis, and treatment of GDM. The authors stress that it is important to detect women with GDM because the condition can be associated with several maternal and fetal complications, including macrosomia, birth trauma, cesarean section, and problems in the newborn, such as hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. The authors discuss several treatment options as well as the need for long-term risk modification and postpartum follow-up care. Several agents that are both effective and safe can be used to treat women with GDM if diet and exercise alone are not enough; these include human insulin, insulin analogs, and glyburide. Patients who have experienced GDM during their pregnancy have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future, so it is important to continue screening these patients and to educate them about their risk factors. 3 tables. 58 references.

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Phases of Diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes. 8: 44-47. 2007.

This article presents information from the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines (2006–2007) on the phases of type 1 diabetes: preclinical diabetes, presentation of diabetes, partial remission or the honeymoon phase, and the chronic phase characterized by lifelong dependency on administered insulin. In each phase, the article outlines the symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies recommended; emergency and non-emergency presentations are reviewed. A final section addresses how to differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes at the time of diagnosis in children and adolescents. 28 references.

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. IN: Unger, J. Diabetes Management in Primary Care. 2007. p. 88-117.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common causes of menstrual irregularity and infertility in the United States. In addition, women with PCOS constitute the largest group of women at risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. This chapter on PCOS is from a textbook that offers primary care physicians evidence-based guidelines for evaluating and treating all patients with diabetes. In this chapter, the author begins with a discussion of the prevalence and pathogenesis of PCOS and then covers diagnosis, clinical evaluation, the links between PCOS and metabolic syndrome, cancer risks associated with PCOS, and treatment strategies. The author notes that early recognition of this disorder may reverse the physical signs associated with the disease while correcting the metabolic abnormalities that can pose a significant health risk for untreated individuals. The use of insulin sensitizers can improve ovulatory function, lower insulin resistance, lower androgen levels, and increase the likelihood of becoming pregnant. The chapter includes a list of “take-home points” that summarize the concepts discussed, as well as case reports that illustrate the topics covered. 9 figures. 7 tables. 76 references.

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Pre-Diabetes: What You Need to Know. [Prediabetes: Lo Que Debe Saber]. Bethesda, MD: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. 2007. 4 p.

This fact sheet, printed in both English and Spanish, reviews the condition of pre-diabetes, defined as blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. Glucose is a form of sugar the body uses for energy and too much glucose in the blood can damage the body over time. Pre-diabetes is also called impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The fact sheet answers questions about pre-diabetes, including how to know if pre-diabetes is present, who should be tested for the condition, risk factors, and treatment options, notably weight loss. Readers are referred to the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) and the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC) for more information about pre-diabetes and preventing diabetes. The same information is printed in Spanish on the second two pages of the document.

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