| Agent Name |
PHTHALATE ESTERS |
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| Alternative Name |
CLASS |
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| Major Category |
Plastics & Rubber |
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| Category |
Phthalate Esters |
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| Sources/Uses |
Used as plasticizers in the production of plastics and rubber; Plasticizer are added to polymers to effect flexibility and/or toughness. [Sullivan, p. 484-5] Used as plasticizers to produce flexible vinyl for floors, walls, food containers, and medical applications; Low molecular weight compounds, e.g. diethyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate, are used in perfumes and cosmetics; Also used as solvents and plasticizers in cellulose acetate and to make lacquers, varnishes, and time-released pharmaceuticals; [Reference #1] |
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| Comments |
High-production chemicals that are reproductive toxins in animal experiments; [Klaasen, p. 790] The most used phthalate esters are diethylhexylphthalate and di-n-butylphthalate. They are nontoxic after acute exposure, but they are common water and soil contaminates and are weak animal carcinogens. [Sullivan, p. 484-5] In high-dose reproductive studies of rats and mice, DEHP and other phthalates cause testicular damage to males and increased fetal losses and malformations to pregnant females. [Frazier, p. 350-2] In high-dose feeding studies, laboratory animals develop liver tumors. [Zimmerman, p. 410] Adverse effects of phthalate esters include allergic contact dermatitis (Diethyl phthalate and Di-n-butyl phthalate) and liver injury (Di-n-octylphthalate). Dimethyl phthalate is an irritant. [Leikin, p. 789] In animal studies, some phthalates (e.g., DEHP and DiNP) cause liver injury, and some (MBP, MBzP, and MEHP) cause reproductive and developmental toxicity. Evidence is limited or inadequate that phthalates cause disease in humans. Biological half-lives of these chemicals is short. They are metabolized quickly and excreted in the urine. [Reference #1] |
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| Reference Link |
PHTHALATES AND HUMAN HEALTH -- Hauser and Calafat 62 (11): 806 -- Occupational and Environmental Medicine |
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| Exposure Assessment |
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| Skin Designation (ACGIH) |
Not evaluated |
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| Half Life |
Virtually all of di-n-butyl phthalate excreted within 48 hours in animal studies; TDR, p. 473] |
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| Adverse Effects |
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| Skin Sensitizer |
Yes |
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| Hepatotoxin |
Hepatotoxin, Secondary |
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| Reproductive Toxin |
Yes |
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| Links to Other NLM Databases |
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