Legislative
Chronology
This legislative
chronology is limited to enactments that had a
major influence upon the Marine Hospital Service
as it evolved into the PHS, to legislation leading
to the establishment of the National Institutes
of Health, and to specific NIH legislation with
the exception of appropriations bills, unless
such bills provided significant new authorities
for or restrictions on NIH components.
The Legislative
Chronology is produced by the NIH Almanac and
can also be found here.
1700
July
16, 1798 — "An Act for the relief of
sick and disabled Seamen" established the Marine
Hospital Service for merchant seamen. The Marine
Hospital Service — forerunner of the present-day
PHS — became a component of the Treasury Department.
A monthly hospital tax of 20 cents was deducted
from the pay of merchant seamen in the first prepaid
medical care plan in the United States. (1
Stat. L. 605.)
March
2, 1799 — An amending act to the legislation
of 1798 extended Marine Hospital Service benefits
to officers and men of the U.S. Navy. This arrangement
continued until 1818 after which the Navy built
its own hospitals. However, the deduction of 20
cents per month from the pay of Navy and Marine
Corps personnel continued until June 15, 1943.
(1
Stat. L. 729.)
1800
June
29, 1870 — A bill to reorganize the
Marine Hospital Service and establish a central
controlling office in Washington, D.C., was enacted.
This act also increased the amount of hospital
tax paid by seamen from 20 cents to 40 cents per
month, a tax which continued until 1884. (16
Stat. L. 169.) (After the seamen's hospital
tax was abolished July 1, 1884, the cost of maintaining
Marine hospitals was paid out of a tonnage tax
until 1906. Since then medical care for merchant
seamen and other beneficiaries of the service
has been supported by direct congressional appropriations.)
March
3, 1875 — An act was passed authorizing
the admission of seamen from the Navy and other
government services to Marine hospitals on a reimbursable
basis.
The Surgeon
General of the Marine Hospital Service was to
be appointed by the President, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate. (18
Stat. L. 377.)
April
29, 1878 — The first Federal Quarantine
Act "to prevent the introduction of contagious
or infectious diseases into the United States"
was passed. (20
Stat. L. 37.)
March
3, 1879 — The National Board of Health
was created by law and given quarantine powers;
first organized, comprehensive Federal medical
research effort. (20
Stat. L. 484.)
January
4, 1889 — A bill to establish a commissioned
officer corps in the Marine Hospital Service was
passed. This law established a mobile corps subject
to duty anywhere upon assignment, a policy that
had been in effect since Dr. Woodworth assumed
leadership of the Marine Hospital Service in 1871.
(25
Stat. L. 639.)
March
27, 1890 — Congress gave the Marine
Hospital Service interstate quarantine authority.
(26
Stat. L. 31.)
February
15, 1893 — A new Quarantine Act was
passed following outbreaks of cholera in Europe,
strengthening the inadequate Quarantine Act of
1878 by giving the Federal Government the right
of quarantine inspection. The act of March 3,
1879, was repealed. (27
Stat. L. 449.)
March
2, 1899 — The Marine Hospital Service
was directed by Congress to investigate leprosy
in the United States. (30
Stat. L. 976.)
1900
March
3, 1901 — An appropriation of $35,000
was made for the Hygienic Laboratory building
(first legislative mention of Hygienic Laboratory).
Thus "investigations of contagious and infectious
diseases and matters pertaining to public health"
were given definite status in law. (31
Stat. L. 1086.)
July
1, 1902 — A bill to increase the efficiency
and change the name of the Marine Hospital Service
to Public Health and Marine Hospital Service was
enacted. The law authorized the establishment
of specified administrative divisions and, for
the first time, designated a bureau of the Federal
Government as an agency in which public health
matters could be coordinated. (32
Stat. L. 712.)
Another
law, usually referred to as the Biologics Control
Act, authorized the Public Health and Marine Hospital
Service to regulate the transportation or sale
for human use of viruses, serums, vaccines, antitoxins,
and analogous products in interstate traffic or
from any foreign country into the United States.
(P.L.
57-244, 32
Stat. L. 728.)
1910
August
14, 1912 — Under an act, the name Public
Health and Marine Hospital Service was changed
to Public Health Service. The legislation broadened
the PHS research program to include "diseases
of man" and contributing factors such as pollution
of navigable streams, and information dissemination.
(37 Stat. L. 309.)
July
9, 1918 — The Chamberlain-Kahn Act provided
for the study of venereal diseases by the PHS.
(40 Stat. L. 886.)
October
27, 1918 — A PHS reserve corps was established.
The 1918 influenza pandemic emphasized the need
for a reserve corps to meet such emergency situations.
(40
Stat. L. 1017.)
1920
January
19, 1929 — The Narcotics Control Act
provided for construction of two hospitals for
the care and treatment of drug addicts, and authorized
creation of a Narcotics Division in the PHS Office
of the Surgeon General. (P.L.
70-672, 45 Stat. L. 1085.)
1930
April
9, 1930 — A law changed the name of
the Advisory Board for the Hygienic Laboratory
to the National Advisory Health Council. (P.L.
71-106, 46 Stat. L. 152.)
May
26, 1930 — The Ransdell Act reorganized,
expanded, and redesignated the Hygienic Laboratory
as the National Institute of Health. The act authorized
$750,000 for the construction of two buildings
for NIH and authorized a system of fellowships.
(P.L.
71-251, 46 Stat. L. 379.)
June
14, 1930 — A law authorized creation
of a separate Bureau of Narcotics in the Treasury
Department to control trading in narcotic drugs
and their use for therapeutic purposes. Also,
the legislation redesignated the PHS Narcotics
Division to the Division of Mental Hygiene, giving
the Surgeon General authority to investigate abuse
of narcotics and the causes, treatment, and prevention
of mental and nervous diseases. (P.L.
71-357, 46 Stat. L. 585.)
August
14, 1935 — The Social Security Act was
an event of major importance in the progress of
public health in the United States. This act authorized
health grants to the states on the principle that
the most effective way to prevent the interstate
spread of disease is to improve state and local
public health programs. With this legislation,
the PHS became adviser and practical assistant
to state and local health services. (P.L.
74-271, 49 Stat. L. 634.)
August
5, 1937 — A law established the National
Cancer Institute to conduct and support research
relating to the cause, diagnosis, and treatment
of cancer. The law authorized the Surgeon General
to make grants-in-aid for research in the field
of cancer, provide fellowships, train personnel,
and assist the states in their efforts toward
cancer prevention and control. (P.L.
75-244, 50 Stat. L. 559.)
April
3, 1939 — The Reorganization Act of
1939 transferred the PHS from the Treasury Department
to the Federal Security Agency. (P.L.
76-19, 53 Stat. L. 561.)
1940
July
1, 1944 — The PHS act consolidated and
revised laws pertaining to the PHS and divided
the service into the Office of the Surgeon General,
Bureau of Medical Services, Bureau of State Services,
and the National Institute of Health. The act
gave the Surgeon General broad powers to conduct
and support research into the diseases and disabilities
of man, authorized projects and fellowships, and
made the National Cancer Institute a division
of NIH. The act also empowered the Surgeon General
to treat at PHS medical facilities, for purposes
of study, persons not otherwise eligible for such
treatment. (P.L.
78-410, 58 Stat. L. 682.) Under this provision,
the Clinical Center was later established. (Under
this act, the Research Grants Office, January
1, 1946; the Experimental Biology and Medicine
Institute and the National Microbiological Institute,
November 1, 1948; and the Division of Research
Services, January 1, 1956, were established.)
July
3, 1946 — The National Mental Health
Act was designed to improve the mental health
of U.S. citizens through research into the causes,
diagnosis, and treatment of psychiatric disorders.
It authorized the Surgeon General to support research,
training, and assistance to state mental health
programs. (P.L.
79-487, 60 Stat. L. 421.) (The National Institute
of Mental Health was established under the authority
of this law on April 15, 1949.)
August
13, 1946 — The Hospital Survey and Construction
Act (Hill-Burton Act) authorized grants to the
states for construction of hospitals and public
health centers, for planning construction of additional
facilities, and for surveying existing hospitals
and other facilities. (P.L.
79-725, 60 Stat. L. 1040.)
July
8, 1947 — Under P.L. 80-165, research
construction provisions of the Appropriations
Act for FY 1948 provided funds "for the acquisition
of a site, and the preparation of plans, specifications,
and drawings, for additional research buildings
and a 600-bed clinical research hospital and necessary
accessory buildings related thereto to be used
in general medical research...."
June
16, 1948 — The National Heart Act authorized
the National Heart Institute to conduct, assist,
and foster research; provide training; and assist
the states in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
of heart diseases. In addition, the act changed
the name of National Institute of Health
to National Institutes of Health. (P.L.
80-655, 62 Stat. L. 464.)
June
24, 1948 — The National Dental Research
Act authorized the National Institute of Dental
Research to conduct, assist, and foster dental
research; provide training; and cooperate with
the states in the prevention and control of dental
diseases. (P.L.
80-755, 62 Stat. L. 598.)
1950
August
15, 1950 — The Omnibus Medical Research
Act authorized the Surgeon General to establish
the National Institute of Neurological Diseases
and Blindness, as well as additional institutes,
to conduct and support research and research training
relating to other diseases and groups of diseases.
(P.L.
81-692, 64 Stat. L. 443.) (The National Institute
of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases and the National
Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness
were established under the authority of this act
on November 22, 1950. Under this same act, the
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
was established on December 29, 1955, replacing
the National Microbiological Institute which was
originally established November 1, 1948, under
authority of section 202 of the PHS act.)
April
1, 1953 — Reorganization plan #1 assigned
the PHS to the new Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare.
July
28, 1955 — The Mental Health Study Act
authorized the Surgeon General to award grants
to non-governmental organizations for partial
support of a nationwide study and reevaluation
of the problems of mental illness. Under this
act, the Joint Committee on Mental Illness and
Health was awarded grant support for 3 years.
(P.L.
84-182, 69 Stat. L. 381.)
July
3, 1956 — The National Health Survey
Act authorized the Surgeon General to survey sickness
and disabilities in the United States on a sampling
basis. (P.L.
84-652, 70 Stat. L. 489.)
July
28, 1956 — The Alaska Mental Health
Enabling Act provided for territorial treatment
facilities to eliminate the need to transport
the mentally ill outside Alaska. It also authorized
PHS grants to Alaska for its mental health program.
(P.L.
84-830, 70 Stat. L. 709.)
July
30, 1956 — The Health Research Facilities
Act of 1956 (Title VII of the PHS act) authorized
a PHS program of Federal matching grants to public
and nonprofit institutions for the construction
of health research facilities. (P.L.
84-835, 70 Stat. L. 717.)
August
2, 1956 — The Health Amendments Act
of 1956 authorized the Surgeon General to assist
in increasing the number of adequately trained
nurses and professional public health personnel.
It also authorized PHS grants to support the development
of improved methods of care and treatment of the
mentally ill. (P.L.
84-911, 70 Stat. L. 923.)
August
3, 1956 — An amendment to Title III
of the PHS act, the National Library of Medicine
Act, placed the Armed Forces Medical Library under
the PHS, and renamed it the National Library of
Medicine. (P.L.
84-941.)
June
30, 1958 — The Mutual Security Act of
1958 amended P.L. 83-480, authorizing the President
to enter into agreements with friendly nations
to use foreign currencies accruing under title
I for collection, translation, and dissemination
of scientific information and to conduct research
and support scientific activities overseas. (P.L.
85-477.)
1960
July
12, 1960 — Congress passed the International
Health Research Act. The law authorized the Surgeon
General to establish and make grants for fellowships
in the United States and participating foreign
countries; make grants or loans of equipment and
other materials to participating foreign countries
for use by public or nonprofit institutions and
agencies; participate in international health
meetings, conferences, and other activities; and
facilitate the interchange of research scientists
and experts between the United States and participating
foreign countries. (P.L.
86-610, 74 Stat. L. 364.)
September
15, 1960 — A law amended the PHS act
to authorize grants-in-aid to universities, hospitals,
laboratories, and other public and nonprofit institutions
to strengthen their programs of research and research
training in the sciences related to health. The
act also authorized the use of funds appropriated
for research or research training to be set aside
by the Surgeon General in a special account for
general research support grants. (P.L.
86-798, 74 Stat. L. 1053.)
October
17, 1962 — An act authorized the Surgeon
General to establish the National Institute of
General Medical Sciences and the National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development. The latter
was authorized to conduct and support research
and training relating to maternal health; child
health; human development, in particular the special
health problems of mothers and children; and the
basic sciences relating to the processes of human
growth and development. The former was authorized
to conduct and support research in the basic medical
sciences and related behavioral sciences that
have significance for two or more institutes,
or which are outside the general area of responsibility
of any other institute. (P.L.
87-838, 76 Stat. L. 1072.) (On January 30,
1963, the NICHD and the NIGMS were established
under this act.)
September
24, 1963 — A law amended the Health
Research Facilities Act of 1956 (Title VII to
the PHS act) to allow grants for multipurpose
facilities that would provide teaching space as
well as essential research space. (P.L.
88-129, 77 Stat. L. 164.)
October
24, 1963 — The Maternal and Child Health
and Mental Retardation Planning Amendments of
1963 amended the Social Security Act of 1935 by
authorizing a five-point grant program of $265
million, over a 5-year period. Major provisions
designed to prevent mental retardation included
increased Federal grants for maternal and child
health services and crippled children's service
administered by the Children's Bureau; a new 5-year
program of grants to the states for health care
of expectant mothers who have, or are likely to
have, conditions associated with childbearing
which may lead to mental retardation; funds for
research to improve maternal and child health
and crippled children's services; and grants to
the states to assist in developing plans for comprehensive
state and community programs to combat mental
retardation. (P.L.
88-156, 77 Stat. L. 273.)
October
31, 1963 — A companion measure to P.L.
88-156 was the Mental Retardation Facilities and
Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act
of 1963. This act authorized a total of $329 million
over 5 years for grants to assist in the construction
of mental retardation research centers and community
mental health centers, and to train teachers of
mentally retarded and other handicapped children.
(P.L.
88-164, 77 Stat. L. 282.)
August
18, 1964 — The Hospital and Medical
Facilities Amendments of 1964 extended the Hospital
Survey and Construction Act of 1946 (Hill-Burton
Act) for 5 years with a total authorization of
$1.4 billion. (P.L.
88-443, 78 Stat. L. 447.)
August
27, 1964 — Graduate Public Health Training
Amendments of 1964 extended the authorization
for public health traineeships and training grants
to schools of public health, nursing, and engineering
for 5 years, through June 30, 1969. (P.L.
88-497, 78 Stat. L. 613.)
September
19, 1964 — The Appropriations Act for
1965 included $10 million for establishment of
a virus-leukemia program. (P.L.
88-605.)
August
4, 1965 — The Mental Retardation Facilities
and Community Mental Health Centers Construction
Act Amendments of 1965 provided monies through
FY 1972 to help finance initial staffing of community
mental health centers which were authorized in
the original act; extended and increased appropriations
authority for mental retardation education research
and demonstration projects; and authorized increased
annual funds through FY 1969 for training teachers
of the handicapped young. (P.L.
89-105.)
August
9, 1965 — The Health Research Facilities
Amendments of 1965 extended the program for construction
of health research facilities for 3 years with
$280 million authorized for that period in lieu
of the previous $50 million annual appropriations
authorizations. (P.L.
89-115.)
August
31, 1965 — A supplemental appropriations
act resulting from recommendations of the President's
Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke
provided an additional $20,250,000 (shared by
NCI, NHI, NIGMS and NINDB) to intensify and expand
support of research in the three major "killer"
diseases. (P.L.
89-156.)
October
6, 1965 — The Heart Disease, Cancer
and Stroke Amendments of 1965 provided for establishment
of regional cooperative programs in research,
training, continuing education and demonstration
activities in patient care among medical schools,
clinical research institutions and hospitals so
that the latest treatment methods for the three
diseases may be more widely available to patients.
Under this act, the Division of Regional Medical
Programs was created February 1, 1966. (P.L.
89-239.)
October
22, 1965 — The Medical Library Assistance
Act was passed, authorizing NLM's extramural programs.
(P.L.
89-291.)
August
3, 1968 — A law authorized the designation
of a national center for biomedical communications
as the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical
Communications. (P.L.
90-456.)
August
16, 1968 — An amendment to the PHS act
authorized the secretary to establish a National
Eye Institute and to rename NINDB the National
Institute of Neurological Diseases. The new institute
was formed from NINDB programs to conduct and
support research for new treatment and cures,
and training relating to blinding eye diseases
and visual disorders. (P.L.
90-489.)
The Health
Manpower Act of 1968 extended and expanded the
following five health laws then in effect: Health
Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1963,
as amended; Nurse Training Act of 1964, as amended;
Allied Health Professions Personnel Training Act
of 1966; Health Research Facilities Act of 1956,
as amended; and Public Health Service Act of 1944,
as amended. The measure provided a 2-year extension,
through FY 1971, of the above legislation except
for the Allied Health Professions Act, extended
only through FY 1970. (P.L.
90-490.)
October
24, 1968 — The President signed legislation
further amending the name of NIND to National
Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke.
(P.L.
90-639.)
1970
March
12, 1970 — An amendment to the PHS act
extended and made coterminous through June 30,
1973, the authority to make formula grants to
schools of public health, project grants for graduate
training in public health, and traineeships for
professional public health personnel. (P.L.
91-208, 84 Stat. 52.)
March
13, 1970 — The Medical Library Assistance
Extension Act of 1970 amended the PHS act to improve
and extend the provisions relating to assistance
to medical libraries and related instrumentalities
for 3 years through June 30, 1973. (P.L.
91-212, 84 Stat. 63.)
October
30, 1970 — The PHS act was amended to
provide: 1) extension of research contract authority
in areas of public health through June 30, 1974;
2) authorization of mission-related clinical training
(as well as research training) by the NIGMS; 3)
clarification of terms in the regulation of biological
products; 4) clarifying and technical directives
relating to appointment, compensation and functions
of advisory councils and committees, and 5) extension
of statutory authority for regional medical programs,
comprehensive medical planning, and health services
research and development. (P.L.
91-515.)
November
2, 1970 — The Health Training Improvement
Act of 1970 extended and amended allied health
professions training authority (which expired
June 30, 1970) and established eligibility of
new health professions educational assistance
schools for "start-up" grants. (P.L.
91-519.)
December
24, 1970 — The Congress enacted the
Family Planning Services and Population Research
Act of 1970 to expand, improve and better coordinate
family planning services and population research
activities of the Federal Government. (P.L.
91-572.)
May
22, 1971 — Congress passed into law
the Supplemental Appropriations Bill, which included
$100 million for cancer research. This appropriation
was made in response to the President's State
of the Union address, in which he called for "an
intensive campaign to find a cure for cancer."
The appropriation includes authority under grants
and contracts, as well as direct construction
authority for NCI. (P.L.
92-18.)
July
9, 1971 — A law amended the Public Health
Service Act to provide for extension of student
loan scholarship programs for up to four fiscal
years. (P.L.
92-52.)
November
18, 1971 — The President signed the
Comprehensive Health Manpower Training Act of
1971 to provide increased manpower in the health
professions, and the Nurse Training Act of 1971
to provide training for increased numbers of nurses.
(P.L.
92-157, P.L. 92-158.)
December
23, 1971 — The National Cancer Act of
1971 enlarged the authorities of NCI and NIH in
order to advance the national effort against cancer.
The authority of the director, NCI, was expanded,
a National Cancer Advisory Board was established,
and appropriations in excess of $400 million were
authorized for 1972, with further increases in
subsequent years. (P.L.
92-218.)
May
16, 1972 — The National Sickle Cell
Anemia Control Act of 1972 became law and established
a national program for diagnosis and treatment
of, and counseling and research in, sickle cell
disease. (P.L.
92-294.)
May
19, 1972 — The need for further support
of research and training in the field of digestive
diseases was emphasized by adding a new section
434 to the PHS act and renaming NIAMD the National
Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive
Diseases. (P.L.
92-305.)
August
29, 1972 — The National Cooley's Anemia
Control Act authorized over $9 million for 3 years
for research in the diagnosis and treatment of
Cooley's anemia, and for counseling and public
information programs. (P.L.
92-414.)
September
19, 1972 — The National Heart, Blood
Vessel, Lung, and Blood Act expanded the authorities
of the National Heart and Lung Institute to augment
the national effort against heart, lung, and blood
diseases. Appropriations of $375 million for 1973
were authorized with further increases in subsequent
years. (P.L.
92-423.)
October
25, 1972 — The National Advisory Commission
on Multiple Sclerosis Act established a commission
charged to determine the most productive avenue
of researching possible causes and cures of MS,
and make specific recommendations for the maximum
utilization of national resources directed toward
MS. (P.L.
92-563.)
June
18, 1973 — The Health Programs Extension
Act of 1973 extended the medical library assistance
programs of NLM (with the exception of the construction
program) for 1 year. Population research and family
planning activities were also extended through
FY 1974, along with other Federal health programs.
(P.L.
93-45.)
November
16, 1973 — The Emergency Medical Services
System Act of 1973 amended the PHS act to provide
assistance and encouragement for the development
of comprehensive area emergency medical services
systems, including grants and contracts for the
support of research in emergency medical techniques,
methods, devices, and delivery. (P.L.
93-154.)
April
22, 1974 — The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Act of 1974 amended the PHS act to authorize specific
and general research on the sudden infant death
syndrome through the NICHD. The collection, analysis,
and public dissemination of information and data
and the support of counseling programs were also
authorized. The act did not authorize specific
funds for research, but did authorize appropriations
of $9 million over a 3-year period for the other
programs. (P.L.
93-270.)
May
31, 1974 — The Research on Aging Act
of 1974 established a National Institute on Aging.
The act authorized the NIA to conduct and support
biomedical, social, and behavioral research and
training related to the aging process and the
diseases and other special problems and needs
of the aged. (P.L.
93-296.)
June
22, 1974 — The Energy Supply and Coordination
Act directed the secretary through NIEHS to study
the effects of chronic exposure to sulfur oxides,
and authorized $3.5 million for that purpose.
(P.L.
93-319.)
July
12, 1974 — The National Research Act
of 1974 amended the PHS act by repealing existing
research training and fellowship authorities and
consolidating such authorities in the national
research service awards authority. The NRSAs (both
individual and institutional grants) are restricted
on the basis of subject area shortages and would
involve service obligations and payback provisions.
The act established a temporary National Commission
for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical
and Behavioral Research within the department
to make a comprehensive investigation of the ethical
principles involved in biomedical and behavioral
research (including psychosurgery and living fetus
research), and to develop ethical guidelines for
conducting such research. Also, a permanent National
Advisory Council for the Protection of Subjects
of Biomedical and Behavioral Research was to be
established. (P.L.
93-348.)
July
23, 1974 — The National Cancer Act Amendments
of 1974 authorized $2.565 billion over a 3-year
period to extend and improve the National Cancer
Program as well as $210.5 million over 3 years
for cancer control programs. The act also: 1)
established the President's Biomedical Research
Panel to make a comprehensive investigation of
Federal biomedical and behavioral research; 2)
extended indefinitely the research contract authority
of section 301(h) of the PHS act; 3) provided
that the director, NIH, shall be appointed by
the President by and with the advice of the Senate;
and 4) required peer review of NIH and ADAMHA
grant applications and contract projects. (P.L.
93-352.)
The Health
Services Research, Health Statistics, and Medical
Libraries Act of 1974 extended and amended NLM
program authorities ($37.5 million over a 2-year
period). The act also extended the FIC's authority
to engage in international cooperative efforts
in health. (P.L.
93-353.)
The National
Diabetes Mellitus Research and Education Act provided
for regional research and training centers ($40
million authorized over a 3-year period), a long-range
plan prepared by a National Commission on Diabetes,
expanded research and training programs, a Diabetes
Mellitus Coordinating Committee, and an associate
director for diabetes in the National Institute
of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases.
(P.L.
93-354.)
October
29, 1974 — The Federal Fire Prevention
and Control Act authorized $5 million and $8 million
for fiscal years 1975-76 for establishment of
25 research and treatment centers, 25 burn units,
and 90 burn programs by NIH. (P.L.
93-498.)
January
4, 1975 — The National Arthritis Act
established a National Commission on Arthritis
and Related Musculoskeletal Diseases, authorized
$2 million to develop a long-range plan involving
research, training, services and data systems;
established an associate director for arthritis
in NIAMDD; and provided 3-year authorizations
for arthritis screening, detection, prevention,
and referral projects and for arthritis research
and demonstration centers. (P.L.
93-640.)
July
29, 1975 — A law extended and amended
authorities of Title X relating to family planning
and population research and made Title X sole
authority for all departmental extramural, collaborative,
and intramural research in "biomedical, contraceptive
development, behavioral, and program implementation
fields related to family planning and population;"
and created two temporary national commissions
for the control of epilepsy and Huntington's disease.
(P.L.
94-63.)
April
22, 1976 — The Health Research and Health
Services Amendments 1) extended authorization
through FY 1977 and amended provisions governing
the programs of the National Heart and Lung Institute,
placed increased emphasis on blood-related research,
and changed the institute's name to the National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2) mandated
studies by the President's Biomedical Research
Panel and the National Commission for the Protection
of Human Subjects of the implications of public
disclosure of information contained in grant applications
and contract proposals; 3) authorized broad-based
genetic diseases research under section 301 of
the PHS act, and provided for programs of counseling,
testing, and information dissemination about genetically
transmitted diseases; and 4) extended authorization
through FY 1977 for national research service
awards for NIH and ADAMHA. The act prohibited
consideration of political affiliation in making
appointments to health advisory committees. (P.L.
94-278.)
October
19, 1976 — The 1976 Arthritis, Diabetes,
and Digestive Diseases Amendments 1) provided
for an arthritis data system; 2) emphasized public
information and encouragement of proper treatment
for arthritis; 3) established a National Arthritis
Advisory Board; 4) provided for a National Diabetes
Board; and 5) established a National Commission
on Digestive Diseases to develop a long-range
plan for research. (P.L.
94-562.)
October
21, 1976 — The Emergency Medical Services
Amendments of 1976 extended the National Commission
on Arthritis; extended the Commission for the
Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and
Behavioral Research; and authorized research and
demonstration programs on burn injuries under
Title XII of the PHS act. (P.L.
94-573.)
August
1, 1977 — Health Planning and Health
Services Research and Statistics Extension, Biomedical
Research Extension, and Health Services Extension
Acts of 1977 continued the following programs
through September 30, 1978: the Medical Library
Assistance Program; cancer research and control
programs; heart, blood vessel, lung and blood
disease research, prevention and control programs;
national research service awards; population research
and voluntary family planning programs; and sudden
infant death syndrome information and counseling
programs. It also extended various health service
programs. (P.L.
95-83.)
August
7, 1977 — The Clean Air Act Amendments
established a coordinating committee to review
and comment on plans, execution, and results of
research relating to the stratosphere. NCI and
NIEHS are members. It also established a Task
Force on Environmental Cancer and Heart and Lung
Disease, with NCI, NHLBI, and NIEHS among the
members. (P.L.
95-95.)
September
29, 1977 — The Food and Agriculture
Act of 1977 designated the Department of Agriculture
as the lead agency of the Federal Government for
agricultural research (except with respect to
the biomedical aspects of human nutrition concerned
with diagnosis or treatment of disease). The act
also required establishment of procedures for
coordinating nutrition research in areas of mutual
interest between DHEW and Department of Agriculture.
(P.L.
95-113.)
November
9, 1977 — The Federal Mine Safety and
Health Amendments of 1977 gave the HEW secretary
authority to appoint an advisory committee on
coal or other mine health research. One member
of this committee is to be the director of the
NIH or delegate. (P.L.
95-164.)
November
23, 1977 — The Saccharin Study and Labeling
Act extended the Commission for the Protection
of Human Subjects until November 1, 1978. (P.L.
95-203.)
November
9, 1978 — The Family Planning, Population
Research and SIDS Amendments authorized a 3-year
extension for the aforementioned programs through
FY 1981. This was the only authority for population
research programs in NICHD, the Center for Population
Research. (P.L.
95-613.)
Amendments
to the Community Mental Health Centers Act authorized
a 3-year extension for NLM programs, and NRSA's
expiring September 30, 1981, and a 2-year extension
for each of the following: Community Mental Health
Centers, NHLBI, and NCI. This legislation also
authorized the secretary, HEW, to: 1) conduct
studies and tests of substances for carcinogenicity,
teratogenicity, mutagenicity and other harmful
biological effects; 2) establish and conduct a
comprehensive research program on the biological
effects of low-level radiation; 3) conduct and
support research and studies on human nutrition;
and 4) publish an annual report which lists all
substances known to be carcinogenic and to which
a significant number of Americans are exposed.
(P.L.
95-622.)
Other important
provisions of this act included the authority
given to the director of NIH to appoint 200 experts
and consultants for the use of NIH components
other than NCI and NHLBI and the establishment
of the President's Commission for the Study of
Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and
Behavioral Research.
The Health
Services Research, Health Statistics, and Health
Care Technology Act of 1978 (P.L.
95-623) established in the Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Health, the National Center for
Health Care Technology, and reauthorized for 3
years the National Center for Health Statistics
and the National Center for Health Services Research.
The legislation
also established the National Council on Health
Care Technology on which the director, NIH, serves
as an ex officio member. The director, NIH, is
required annually to submit to the center a listing
of all technologies under development which appear
likely to be used in the practice of medicine.
NLM is
required to disseminate, publish, and make available
all standards, norms, and criteria developed by
the council concerning the use of particular health
care technologies. (P.L.
95-623.)
October
17, 1979 — The Department of Education
Organization Act established a Department of Education
and renamed the DHEW the Department of Health
and Human Services. (P.L.
96-88.)
December
12, 1979 — The Emergency Medical Services
Systems Amendments and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Amendments of 1979 required the NICHD to assure
that "adequate amounts" of its appropriated dollars
are used for research into identification of infants
at risk of SIDS and for prevention of SIDS. In
addition, the NICHD is required to provide information
on expenditure of funds for these purposes, the
number of SIDS grant applications received and
approved, the latest research findings on SIDS,
and estimate of needs for funds in succeeding
years. (P.L.
96-142.)
December
29, 1979 — P.L. 96-167 extended the
tax exemption for NRSA's for 1 year.
P.L. 96-171
required that the NIH Director, in consultation
with the secretary of transportation, conduct
a study to determine the effect of aging on the
ability of individuals to perform the duties of
pilots. The report on the study was to be submitted
to Congress within 1 year after enactment.
1980
September
26, 1980 — P.L.
96-359 requires the HHS secretary to conduct
a study to determine the long-term effects of
hypochloremic metabolic ankylosis resulting from
chloride-deficient formulas. The responsibility
for the study was assigned to NICHD.
December
12, 1980 — P.L.
96-517 revised the patent and trademark laws
and in particular awarded title to the patent
rights for inventions made with Federal assistance
to nonprofit organizations and small businesses.
The Clinical
Center was redesignated as the Warren Grant Magnuson
Clinical Center of NIH. (P.L.
96-518.)
December
17, 1980 — P.L. 96-538 reauthorized
for 2 years programs for NHLBI and NCI; changed
the name of the NIAMDD to the National Institute
of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases, extensively revised its authorities,
and reauthorized its programs for 3 years; and
required the NINCDS to conduct a study and submit
a report on spinal cord regeneration and other
neurological research.
P.L.
96-541 extended for 1 year the tax exemption
on NRSAs.
August
13, 1981 — P.L.
97-35, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
of 1981, reauthorized NRSAs for 2 years through
FY 1983, reauthorized the Medical Libraries Assistance
program for 1 year, and repealed the prohibition
in Title X against using other PHS authority to
fund population research, thus eliminating the
need for reauthorizations for this program located
in the NICHD.
July
22, 1982 — The Small Business Innovation
Development Act of 1982 requires that each Federal
agency with an annual research and development
budget exceeding $100 million set aside a certain
portion of its extramural R&D budget for a
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program
as follows: 0.2 percent in FY 1983; 0.6 percent
in FY 1984; 1.0 percent in FY 1985; and 1.25 percent
in FY 1986 and all subsequent years. (P.L.
97-219.)
September
3, 1982 — The Tax Equity and Fiscal
Responsibility Act of 1982 included among its
provisions an extension of the partial exclusion
of NRSAs from taxable gross income. This extension
will expire at the end of calendar year 1983;
during this time, the Treasury Department will
complete a study of the taxability of NRSA's and
other government educational grants which, like
NRSA's, have payback or service requirements.
(P.L.
97-248.)
January
4, 1983 — The Orphan Drug Act made changes
in the law to encourage development and marketing
of orphan drugs (drugs for rare diseases or conditions
which are not economically feasible for private
industry to develop and market). The act included
a requirement to prepare radioepidemiological
tables relating radiation-related cancer to specific
radiation doses, and a report on the risks of
thyroid cancer associated with doses of I 131
. These responsibilities were assigned to NIH
and NCI respectively. The act further provided
that NHLBI help develop and support not less than
10 comprehensive sickle cell centers. (P.L.
97-414.)
July
30, 1983 — The supplemental appropriations
for FY 1983 provided funds for PHS AIDS activities,
$9.375 million of which was earmarked for NIH.
This marked the first time the Congress directly
appropriated money for AIDS research for NIH.
The supplemental also provided $5.9 million for
NLM and development of a Biomedical Information
Communication Center in Portland, Oreg. (P.L.
98-63.).
October
1 and November 17, 1983 — Continuing
resolutions supported unauthorized NIH programs
including NRSA and Medical Library Assistance.
(P.L. 98-107 and P.L.
98-151.)
May
24, 1984 — P.L.
98-297 designated the convent and surrounding
land as the Mary Woodard Lasker Center for Health
Research and Education.
October
12 and November 8, 1984
— Appropriations legislation reauthorized NRSAs,
provided construction funds for NIH, and medical
library funding. (P.L. 98-473, P.L.
98-619.)
October
19, 1984 — The National Organ Transplant
Act authorized the secretary to establish a Task
Force on Organ Procurement and Transplantation
to examine relevant issues and report to the Congress
within 12 months. Its membership included the
director, NIH, ex officio. OMAR will sponsor the
required conference on bone marrow transplantation.
(P.L.
98-507.)
October
24, 1984 — The Veterans' Dioxin and
Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act
required the director, NIH, to conduct a study
of devices and techniques for determining previous
radiation exposure and submit a report; to enter
into an interagency agreement with the VA administrator
to identify agencies capable of furnishing such
services; and to provide an independent expert
who could prepare radiation dose estimates for
use by VA administrator in adjudicating claims.
(P.L.
98-542.)
October
30, 1984 — The Health Promotion and
Disease Prevention Amendments of 1984 amended
the PHS act to extend provisions relating to health
promotion and disease prevention and to establish
centers for research and demonstration in those
areas. It required that the director, NIH, be
consulted as to procedures for peer review of
applications; that NCHSR cooperate with NIH in
its responsibilities pertaining to health care
technologies; and that the director, NIH, serve
on the newly established National Advisory Council
on Health Care Technology Assessment. (P.L.
98-551.)
The Human
Services Reauthorization Act, Title V, ordered
the secretary, through NCI, to establish or support
at least one facility for cancer screening and
research in St. George, Utah, to be affiliated
with a health science center and accessible to
most residents of the areas that received greatest
fallout from Nevada nuclear tests. (P.L.
98-558.)
August
15, 1985 — The Orphan Drug Act was amended,
establishing a 20-member National Commission on
Orphan Diseases, to be appointed by the secretary
(including NIH representative), to assess the
activities of NIH and other entities in connection
with research and dissemination of knowledge related
to rare diseases. NIH was required to allocate
to the commission $1 million from its FY 1986
appropriation. (P.L.
99-91.)
November
20, 1985 — The Health Research Extension
Act of 1985 reauthorized NIH programs for 3 years;
established the National Institute of Arthritis
and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, renaming
the remaining component the National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases;
created a new National Center for Nursing Research;
established positions of associate director for
prevention in OD, NCI, NHLBI, and NICHD; and required
the development of guidelines for the care and
use of laboratory animals. Additional provisions
included establishment of committees to develop
a plan for research into methods that reduce animal
use or animal pain, to study research on lupus
erythematosus, to study the NRSA program, to plan
and develop Federal initiatives in spinal cord
injury research, to study personnel for health
needs of the elderly through the year 2020, to
review research activities in learning disabilities,
and to review the research programs of NIDDK.
The act also established NIH and all of its ICD's
in law and consolidated and made uniform many
authorities and responsibilities of institute
directors and advisory councils. (P.L.
99-158.)
December
12, 1985 — Under the Balanced Budget
and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Gramm-Rudman-Hollings),
aimed at reducing the Federal deficit to zero
within 5 years, starting in FY 1986, budget authority
was reduced in accordance with the deficit targets.
For NIH this reduction amounted to $236 million.
The revised total NIH appropriation after "sequestration"
became $5.3 billion, 4.3 percent below the original
FY 1986 appropriation. The mandated across-the-board
reduction was applied again to the total amount
appropriated to each NIH institute, to each research
mechanism, and to each identified program, project,
or activity. (P.L.
99-177.)
In the
FY 1986 Labor-HHS-Education Appropriation bill,
the number of new and competing renewal research
project grants to be supported by NIH (6,100)
was specified in law for the first time. The act,
which included $5.498 billion for NIH, provided
that $4.5 million of this amount be transferred
to the departmental management account for construction
of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center in West
Virginia and that $70 million for AIDS research
be added to the account of the Office of the Director.
(P.L
. 99-178.)
December
23, 1985 — The Food Security Act, title
XVII, subtitle F, amended the Animal Welfare Act,
requiring the secretary of agriculture to promulgate
standards including exercise of dogs and consideration
of the psychological well-being of primates, minimization
of pain and distress, use of anesthetics, and
consideration of alternatives; formation of an
institutional animal committee at each research
facility; and provision of annual training for
those involved in animal care and treatment. An
information service was established at the National
Agricultural Library, in cooperation with NLM.
Title XIV, subtitle B, required an assessment
of existing scientific literature relating to
dietary cholesterol and calcium to be conducted
by the secretaries of agriculture and HHS. (P.L.
99-198.)
December
28, 1985 — P.L.
99-231 designated 1986 as the "Sesquicentennial
Year of the National Library of Medicine."
July
2, 1986 — The Urgent Supplemental Appropriations
Act provided an additional $6 million for NCI
cancer research and demonstration centers and
specified that funds for the Clinical Center should
be available for payment of nurses at rates of
pay authorized for VA nurses. (P.L.
99-349.)
October
6, 1986 — P.L.
99-443 amended the Small Business Act to extend
by 5 years the Small Business Innovation Research
Program.
October
16, 1986 — P.L.
99-489 designated the period from October
1, 1986, through September 30, 1987, as "National
Institutes of Health Centennial Year" and requested
the President to issue a proclamation calling
upon the people of the United States to observe
the year with appropriate ceremonies and activities.
October
18, 1986 — P.L.
99-500 and P.L.
99-591 (October 31, corrected version), making
continuing appropriations for FY 1987, included
$6.18 billion for NIH, a requirement to support
6,200 research project grants, funding for 10,700
research trainees and 559 centers; and $247.7
million in AIDS money for components.
October
20, 1986 — The Federal Technology Transfer
Act amended the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation
Act of 1980, authorizing directors of government-operated
Federal laboratories to enter into collaborative
R&D agreements with other government agencies,
universities, and private organizations; established
a Federal Laboratory Consortium in the National
Bureau of Standards; and mandated that royalties
received by a Federal agency be shared with the
inventor. (P.L.
99-502.)
November
14, 1986 — Title IX, the Alzheimer's
Disease and Related Dementias Services Research
Act, of P.L.
99-660 established an interagency council
and an advisory panel on Alzheimer's disease (AD).
It authorized the director, NIA, to make awards
for distinguished research on AD, to plan for
and conduct research, to establish an AD clearinghouse,
to make a grant to or enter into a contract with
a national organization representing Alzheimer's
patients, to establish an information system and
national toll-free telephone line, and to provide
information to caregivers of Alzheimer's patients
and to safety and transportation personnel. Title
III — Vaccine Compensation — named the director,
NIH, as an ex officio member of the newly established
Advisory Commission on Childhood Vaccines.
July
11, 1987 — The FY 1987 Supplemental
Appropriations bill, P.L.
100-71, allocated funds to NIA for clinical
trials, to NCNR and HRSA for studies related to
the nurse shortage and nurse retention, and to
OD/NIH for costs associated with pay raises and
the new Federal Employees Retirement System.
September
29, 1987 — The Balanced Budget and Emergency
Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987 ("Gramm-Rudman-Hollings
II") adjusted the original deficit target reduction
in FY 1988 appropriations, including Labor-HHS-Education.
(P.L.
100-119.)
October
8, 1987 — P.L.
100-126 designated October 1, 1987, as "National
Medical Research Day," acknowledging 100 years
of contributions by NIH and other federally supported
research institutions to improving the health
and well-being of Americans and all humankind.
November
29, 1987 — The Older Americans Act Amendments,
Title III — Alzheimer's Disease Research, authorized
the director, NIA, to provide for conduct of clinical
trials on therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease
recommended for further analysis by NIA and FDA.
It also authorized the President to call a White
House Conference on Aging in 1991. (P.L.
100-175.)
December
22, 1987 — P.L.
100-202, making further continuing appropriations
for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988,
provided $6.667 billion to NIH, including $448
million to be allocated among the institutes for
AIDS. It also restricted forward or multiyear
funding, required expeditious testing of experimental
drugs for AIDS, and included $3.8 million for
a National Center on Biotechnology Information
within NLM.
September
20, 1988 — The Labor-HHS-Education Appropriations
Act, 1989, provided $7,152,207,000 for NIH (which
included a 1.2 percent across-the-board reduction
and a $6.8 million reduction for procurement reform).
Of the amount appropriated for NINCDS, up to $96,100,000
was to go to the new National Institute on Deafness
and Other Communication Disorders, following enactment
of authorizing legislation. The pay rate for NIH
nurses and allied health specialists having direct
patient care responsibilities was equated to that
of nurses at the Veterans Administration. Fifteen
million dollars was appropriated to develop specifications
and design for a consolidated office building
at NIH, $14 million for the new Building 49, and
$5 million for renovation of AIDS facilities.
In addition, a biotechnology training program
was established, as well as human genome and biotechnology
panels.
Funds were
authorized to support no less than 13,252 FTEs,
including an additional 200 for AIDS and 150 for
non-AIDS. Funding was also authorized for new
magnetic resonance imaging equipment at the cardiac
energetic laboratory and for a National Bone Marrow
Registry at NHLBI; $8.7 million was earmarked
for AIDS clinical trials.
Building
31 was renamed the Claude Denson Pepper Building.
(P.L.
100-436.)
September
22, 1988 — The Treasury, Postal Service
and General Government Appropriations Act, 1989,
provided that no Federal agency could receive
funds appropriated for FY 1989 unless it had in
place a written policy ensuring that its workplaces
were free from illegal use, possession, or distribution
of controlled substances. This restriction also
applied to grant recipients, contractors, and
parties to other agreements. (Subsequent legislation
required implementation of this law in January
1989.) (P.L
. 100-440.)
September
29, 1988 — The National Defense Authorization
Act, FY 1989, provided a special pay retention
bonus for medical officers below grade O-7 who
met certain criteria. Although officers of the
commissioned corps were not specifically mentioned,
42 U.S.C. 210(a) states that they shall receive
special pay received by commissioned medical and
dental officers of the Armed Forces. (P.L.
100-456.)
October
4, 1988 — P.L. 100-471 amended the PHS
act to authorize the secretary, HHS, to make grants
to the states to provide drugs determined to prolong
the life of individuals suffering from AIDS; $15
million was authorized to be appropriated through
March 31, 1989. (Funds appropriated for FY 1989
were transferred from NIH and other PHS agencies
to pay for this program, according to transfer
authority contained in P.L.
100-436.)
October
28, 1988 — The National Deafness and
Other Communication Disorders Act of 1988 established
that institute at NIH and renamed NINCDS the National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
The legislation included a program, a data system
and information clearinghouse, centers, and an
advisory board, as well as a Deafness and Other
Communication Disorders Interagency Coordinating
Committee, to be chaired by the director of NIH
or designee. (P.L.
100-553.)
November
4, 1988 — Title I of the Health Omnibus
Programs Extension of 1988 (HOPE), the National
Institute on Deafness and Other Communication
Disorders and Health Research Extension Act of
1988, established the NIDCD and reauthorized expiring
programs of NIH for 2 years. Since the new institute
had already been established by P.L.
100-553, the provision in this bill is not
valid. (P.L.
100-607)
A National
Center for Biotechnology Information was established
in the National Library of Medicine; the provision
for VA pay for nurses and allied health professionals
was reiterated; NCI, NHLBI, and NRSA programs
were reauthorized; responsibility for the primary
care training program was shifted to HRSA; the
Interagency Technical Committee was abolished;
the Alzheimer's disease provisions of P.L. 99-660
were shifted to the NIA section of the PHS act;
the moratorium on fetal research was extended
through November 4, 1990; funds were appropriated
for the Biomedical Ethics Advisory Board and a
report specified; the secretary was directed to
consult with the director, NIH, on establishment
of a National Commission on Sleep Disorders, which
would include among the ex officio members the
directors of NINCDS, NHLBI, NIMH, NIA, and NICHD,
with a report and a plan required. Finally, the
bill extended confidentiality provisions to subjects
of all biomedical, behavioral, clinical, or other
research, including research on mental health.
Title II,
"Programs with Respect to Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome," laid the foundation for a Federal policy
on AIDS. In addition to provisions for AIDS research,
the bill included provisions for information dissemination,
education, prevention, anonymous testing, and
establishment of a National Commission on AIDS.
The review process for AIDS-related grants was
expedited, provision was made for priority requests
for personnel and administrative support, a clinical
research review committee was established within
NIAID, the AIDS outpatient capacity at the Clinical
Center was doubled, community-based clinical trials
were mandated, awards for international clinical
research were authorized, research centers were
supported, and information services were expanded.
An Office of AIDS Research was established within
OD. Title VI, the Health Professions Reauthorization
Act of 1988, established a loan repayment program
for scientists who agree to conduct AIDS research
while employed at NIH. (P.L.
100-607.)
November
21, 1989 — Departments of Labor, Health
and Human Services, and Education, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 1990, provided for
the purchase of an advanced design supercomputer
and named four NIH buildings for members of Congress.
(P.
L. 101-166)
November
29, 1989 — An act to provide for the
construction of biomedical facilities in order
to ensure a continued supply of specialized strains
of mice essential to biomedical research in the
United States, and for other purposes, provided
authority to make construction grants for this
purpose. (P.L.
101-190)
1990
August
18, 1990 — Ryan White Comprehensive
AIDS Resources Emergency Act of 1990, authorized
NIH to make demonstration grants to community
health centers and other entities providing primary
health care and servicing a significant number
of pediatric patients and pregnant women with
HIV disease. Awardees were to provide clinical
data to NIH for evaluation. (P.L.
101-381)
November
5, 1990 — Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act of Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
of 1980 (under which NIEHS operates some programs)
and called on the secretary, with NCI, to review
periodically the appropriate frequency for performing
screening mammography.
Treasury,
Postal Service and General Government Appropriations
Act, 1991, established the PHS senior biomedical
research service. (P.L.
101-509)
Departments
of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education,
and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1991,
provided for the first time, a 1 percent NIH director's
transfer authority for high-priority activities
and capped the NIH contribution for salaries for
individuals receiving extramural funding. (P.L.
101-517)
November
15, 1990 — Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990, required NIEHS to conduct a study of
mercury exposure; to be available, with NCI, for
membership on a panel for the Mickey Leland Urban
Air Toxics Research Center and an inter-agency
task force on air pollution; and authorized an
NIEHS program of basic research on human health
risks from air pollutants. (P.L.
101-549)
Home Health
Care and Alzheimer's Disease Amendments of 1990,
broadened the authority for Alzheimer's disease
research centers and authorized Claude D. Pepper
Older Americans Independence Centers grants. (P.L.
101-557)
November
16, 1990 — The NIH Amendments of 1990,
had two purposes: it authorized a nonprofit organization
the National Foundation for Biomedical Research
(membership amended by P.L.
102-170) and created NICHD's National Center
for Medical Rehabilitation Research. (P.L.
101-613)
Hazardous
Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of
1990, authorized NIEHS to provide grants for the
training and education of workers who are or may
be engaged in activities related to hazardous
waste removal, containment or emergency response.
(P.L.
101-615)
Transplant
Amendments of 1990, reauthorized and amended the
PHS act as it concerns the National Bone Marrow
Donor Registry in the NHLBI and called for the
establishment of national standards and procedures.
(P.L. 101-616)
August
14, 1991 — Terry Beirn Community Based
AIDS Research Initiative Act of 1991, authorized
this initiative in the PHS act and NIAID. (P.L.
102-96)
November
26, 1991 — Departments of Labor, Health
and Human Services, and Education, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 1992, established
NCI's Matsunaga-Conte Prostate Cancer Research
Center, a women's health study, and provided authority
to transfer funds to emergency activities. (P.L.
102-170)
December
9, 1991 — The High Performance Computing
Act of 1991, authorized Federal agencies such
as NIH to allow recipients of research grant funds
to pay for computer networking expenses. (P.L.
102-194)
February
4, 1992 — The American Technology Preeminence
Act of 1991 gave authority to the directors of
Federal laboratories (NIH) to give research equipment
that is excess to the needs of the laboratory
to an educational institution or nonprofit organization
for the conduct of technical and scientific education
and research activities (P.L.
102-245)
July
10, 1992 — The Alcohol, Drug Abuse,
and Mental Health (ADAMHA) Reorganization Act,
amended by the PHS act to provide for the incorporation
of the three ADAMHA research institutes — NIMH,
NIAAA, and NIDA — into the NIH as of October 1,
1992. A new PHS act section 409 was added and
defined "health services research" as research
endeavors that study the impact of organization,
financing, and management of health services of
the quality, cost, access to and outcomes of care.
This is an entirely new programmatic undertaking
for NIH and these three new institutes. Of particular
interest are provisions that authorize a bypass
budget for these three institutes for FY 1994
and 1995. (P.L.
102-321)
October
13, 1992 — The DES Education and Research
Amendments of 1992, require the director, NIH,
to establish a program for the conduct and support
of research and training, dissemination of health
information, and other programs with respect to
the diagnosis and treatment of conditions associated
with exposure to DES. (P.L.
102-409)
The Agency
for Health Care Policy and Research Reauthorization
Act of 1992, requires that the NLM establish an
information center on health service research,
and on selected technology assessments and clinical
practice guidelines produced by AHCPR and other
public and private sources. The AHCPR administrator,
in consultation with the NLM director, is required
to develop and publish criteria for the inclusion
of practice guidelines and technology assessments
in the information center database. (P.L.
102-410)
October
24, 1992 — The Cancer Registries Act
requires the establishment of a national program
of cancer registries, with the overall goal being
the assurance of minimal standards for quality
and completeness of (cancer) case information.
Provisions also require the DHHS secretary, acting
through the NCI director, to conduct a study for
the purpose of determining the factors contributing
to the fact that breast cancer mortality rates
in 9 states and the District of Columbia are elevated
compared to rates in the other 43 states. (P.L.
102-515)
The Energy
Policy Act of 1992 authorizes electric and magnetic
fields research and public information activities
by the NIEHS director. (P.L.
102-486)
October
26, 1992 — The Preventive Health Amendments
of 1992 provide authorities regarding the coordination
of Federal programs related to preventable cases
of infertility arising as a result of sexually
transmitted diseases; also delineates coordination
between the director, CDC, and director, NIH.
(P.L.
102-531)
October
28, 1992 — The Small Business Innovation
Research and Development and Enhancement Act of
1992 reauthorizes the SBIR program through September
30, 2000, and increases set aside percentages
for each Federal agency with an extramural budget
for research and development in excess of $100
million in FY 1992 (1.25 percent) upward to 2.5
percent by 1997 and onward. Legislation also requires
enhancement of agency outreach efforts to increase
participation of women-owned and socially and
economically disadvantaged small business concerns,
and tracking of awards to document their participation
in the program. (P.L.
102-564)
The Housing
and Community Development Act of 1992 requires
the secretary, HHS, acting through the director,
CDC, and director, NIEHS, to jointly conduct a
study of the sources of lead exposure in children
who have elevated blood lead levels (or other
indicators of elevated lead body burden) as defined
by the director, CDC. (P.L.
102-550)
November
4, 1992 — The National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) Authorization Act
includes provisions offered as an amendment requiring
NIH and NASA to jointly establish a working group,
with equal representation from NASA and NIH, to
coordinate biomedical research activities in areas
where microgravity environment may contribute
to significant progress in the understanding and
treatment of diseases and other medical conditions;
establishment of a joint program of biomedical
research grants in the above described areas,
where such research requires access to a microgravity
environment, and annual issuance of joint research
opportunity announcements; creation of a joint
program of graduate research fellowships in biomedical
research; and establishment and submission of
a plan for the "conduct of joint biomedical research
activities by the republics of the former Soviet
Union and the United States." (P.L.
102-588)
June
10, 1993 — The NIH Revitalization Act
of 1993 reauthorized certain expiring authorities
of the NIH; mandated establishment of the Office
of Research Integrity in DHHS; lifted the moratorium
on human fetal tissue transplantation research;
mandated inclusion of women and minorities in
clinical research protocols; created in statute
the Office of Alternative Medicine, the Office
of Research on Women's Health, the Office of Research
on Minority Health, the Office of Biobehavioral
and Social Sciences Research, and the National
Center for Human Genome Research; mandated establishment
of an intramural laboratory and clinical research
program on obstetrics and gynecology within NICHD
and the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research
in NHLBI; codified in statute the establishment
of the Office of AIDS Research, and strengthened
and expanded its authorities, including authorizing
OAR receipt of all appropriated AIDS funds for
distribution to the ICs; authorized the establishment
of an NIH director's discretionary fund; provided
the director, NIH, with extramural construction
authority; required from extramural construction
funds a $5 million set aside for Centers of Excellence;
mandated establishment of the IDeA program; required
the NCI to conduct the Long Island breast cancer
study; authorized establishment of scholarship
and loan repayment programs for individuals from
disadvantaged backgrounds; changed the designation
from center to institute for NINR and from division
to center for the Division of Blood Resources,
NHLBI; and provided other new NIH authorities
and directives. (P.L.
103-43)
August
3, 1993 — The Government Performance
and Results Act of 1993 seeks to curb fraud waste
and mismanagement in the operation of the Federal
Government by establishing performance standards.
(P.L.
103-62)
December
14, 1993 — The Preventive Health Amendments
of 1993 required the director, NIAID, to conduct
or support research and research training regarding
the cause, early detection, prevention and treatment
of tuberculosis, and authorized to be appropriated
$50 million for FY 1994 and such sums as necessary
for FYs 1995-98. (P.L.
103-183)
September
30, 1994 — The Department of Labor,
HHS, and Education Appropriations Act, 1995, provided
for the first time a consolidated appropriation
for NIH AIDS research to the Office of AIDS Research.
(P.L.
103-333)
October
25, 1994 — The Dietary Supplement Health
and Education Act of 1993 mandated establishment
of an Office of Dietary Supplements within NIH
to conduct and coordinate NIH research relating
to dietary supplements and the extent to which
their use reduces the risk of certain diseases.
(P.L.
103-417)
May
22, 1995 — The Paperwork Reduction Act
of 1995 amends the U.S. Code to reduce by 5 percent
the Federal paperwork burdens imposed on individuals,
small businesses, state and local governments,
education and nonprofit institutions and Federal
contractors; also had the effect of establishing
in statute the NIH Office of Information Resources
Management. (P.L.
104-13)
December
21, 1995 — The Federal Reports Elimination
and Sunset Act of 1995 provides for improvement
of the efficiency of agency operations by reducing
staff time and resources spent on producing "unnecessary"
reports to Congress. (P.L.
104-66)
November
1, 1995 — The Biotechnology Process
Patents Protection Act of 1995 strengthens patent
protection and clarifies the circumstances under
which a patent using biotechnological processes
can be issued; allows U.S. researchers to enforce
their patents claiming a certain starting material
against the unfair importation of products made
overseas using such material; and stops international
theft of intellectual property; and makes U.S.
patent law consistent with that of the Europeans
and the Japanese. (P.L.
104-41)
January
26, 1996 — The Balanced Budget Downpayment
Act I, a continuing resolution, contained an amendment
prohibiting the use of NIH funds for human embryo
research; and cited NIH's FY 1996 funding in P.L.
104-91, such that the prohibition would continue
for the duration of the FY 1996 funding year.
(P.L.
104-99)
March
7, 1996 — The National Technology Transfer
and Advancement act of 1995 amended the Stevenson-Wydler
Technology Innovation Act of 1980 with respect
to reinvention made under Cooperative Research
and Development Agreements; addressed the assignment
of intellectual property rights and the use and
deregulation of royalty income. (P.L.
104-113)
April
24, 1996 — The Antiterrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act of 1996 required that the Secretary,
HHS, establish safety procedures for use of biological
agents, training in handling and proper laboratory
containment, safeguards to prevent their use for
criminal purposes, and procedures to protect the
public safety. The act provided, however, that
the Secretary must ensure availability of biological
agents for research purposes. (P.L.
104-132)
May
20, 1996 — The Ryan White CARE Reauthorization
Act revised and extended authorization of the
1990 act, which provided for care and services
for persons living with HIV/AIDS. Title IV provisions
require the administrator, HRSA, to consult with
the director, NIH, in carrying out a grants program
to provide health care and opportunities for women,
infants, children, and youth to participate as
voluntary subjects of clinical research on HIV
disease that is of potential benefit to them.
(P.L.
104-146)
July
29, 1996 — The Traumatic Brain Injury
Act amended the PHS Act to provide for the conduct
of expanded studies and establishment of innovative
programs with respect to traumatic brain injury.
The act authorizes the Secretary, acting through
the director, NIH, to award grants or contracts
for the conduct of basic and applied research
regarding traumatic brain injury. (P.L.
104-166)
August
6, 1996 — The Safe Drinking Water Act
amendments reauthorized the Safe Drinking Water
Act, toughened standards and required the Environmental
Protection Agency to consult with NIH and the
CDC in announcing an interim national primary
drinking water regulation for a contaminant in
the case of an urgent threat to public health.
(P.L.
104-182)
October
2, 1996 — The Electronic Freedom of
Information Act established the right of the public
to obtain access to Agency records, including
electronically stored documents, and requires
Federal agencies to make available certain Agency
information to the public for inspection and copying.
(P.L.
104-231)
October
18, 1996 — The General Accounting Office
Management Reform Act amended the PHS Act to limit
the amount NIH may obligate for administrative
expenses each fiscal year and repealed a requirement
that the U.S. Comptroller General conduct, audit,
and report to the Congress regarding the National
Foundation for Biomedical Research. (P.L.
104-316)
September
30, 1996 — The FY 1997 Labor, HHS, and
Education Appropriations Act continued the prohibition
on use of NIH funds for human embryo research.
The act provided for construction of the new Mark
O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center. (P.L.
104-208)
J uly
3, 1997 — Section 2118 of the Energy
Policy Act of 1992 was amended to extend the Electric
and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information
Dissemination Program, a joint U.S. Department
of Energy and NIEHS venture, for 1 year. (P.L.
105-23)
August
5, 1997 — The Balanced Budget Act authorized
a $150 million increase for research on the prevention
and care of type-1 diabetes. (P.L.105-33)
November
21, 1997 — The Food and Drug Administration
Regulatory Modernization Act of 1997 directed
NIH, in coordination with the CDC, to develop
and maintain a database and information service
that provides centralized information on research,
treatment, detection, and prevention activities
related to serious or life-threatening diseases.
The act also directed NIH, the FDA, and medical
and scientific societies to identify published
and unpublished studies by clinicians and researchers
that may support a supplemental application for
a licensed product and to encourage manufacturers
to submit a supplemental application or to conduct
further research to support a supplemental application.
(P.L.
105-115)
December
2, 1997 — The Small Business Reauthorization
Act, reauthorized the Small Business Technology
Transfer (STTR) program for 4 years and required
that the STTR program information be submitted
as a part of Federal agency performance plans
and be made available to the Congress. (P.L.
105-135)
December
17, 1997 — The Federal Advisory Committee
Act Amendment included provisions that permit
the public to attend taxpayer-funded advisory
committee meetings and receive minutes and other
documents prepared for or by such committees.
(P.L.
105-153)
June
23, 1998 — The Agricultural Research,
Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998 required
the Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
to establish a Food Safety Research Information
Office whose activities are carried out in cooperation
with the NIH, the FDA, CDC, and public and private
institutions. (P.L.
105-185)
July
16, 1998 — The National Marrow Donor
Program was reauthorized. (P.L. 105-196)
August
7, 1998 — The Workforce Investment Partnership
Act of 1997 is omnibus legislation that created
in statute an Interagency Committee on Disability
Research whose membership includes the directors
of NIH and NIMH. (P.L.
105-220)
October
9, 1998 — The Mammography Quality Standards
Reauthorization Act reauthorized through FY 2002
such sums as may be necessary for the award of
grants for breast cancer screening surveillance
research. (P.L.
105-248)
October
19, 1998 — The Federal Employees Health
Care Protection Act of 1998 contained a provision
to raise the cap from $20,000 to $30,000 for the
Physician's Comparability Allowance (PCA). The
PCA is subject to "applicable limitations," including
aggregate compensation limitation. (P.L.
105-266)
October
21, 1998 — The Appropriations for the
Department of Veterans Affairs and Housing and
Urban Development for FY 1999 provided appropriations
for the NIEHS Superfund Worker Training Program
and for the NIEHS Superfund Research Program.
(P.L.
105-276)
October
21, 1998 — FY 1999 Treasury and General
Government Appropriations prohibited interagency
financing of commissions, councils, committees,
or similar groups. Section 622 prohibited Federal
agencies from purchasing information technology
that is not Year 2000 compliant unless the agency's
chief information officer determines that noncompliance
would be necessary to the function and operation
of the agency.
October
21, 1998 — The Omnibus Consolidated
and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act,
1999, created in statute at NIH the National Center
for Complementary and Alternative Medicine; renamed
the NIDR as the National Institute of Dental and
Craniofacial Research; and named two new NIH buildings
after retiring members of Congress: 1) the Louis
Stokes Laboratories and 2) the Dale and Betty
Bumpers Vaccine Research Facility.
The act
continued human embryo research prohibition, the
NIH director's transfer authorities, and third-party
payment authority for the NIH Clinical Center.
In addition, permanent authority was provided
to NIH for transit subsidies for non-full-time
equivalent bearing positions, including visiting
fellows, trainees, and volunteers. General provisions
were provided for prohibition on the use of funds
for programs for sterile needle distribution;
and a prohibition on the use of funds for promoting
legalization of controlled substances, except
where there is evidence of therapeutic advantage
or that federally sponsored clinical trials are
being conducted to determine advantage.
This act
authorized NICHD to be represented on a peer review
panel established by the Secretary of Education
to review applications from the states for scientifically
based reading research activities.
Provisions
included amendment of OMB Circular A-110, requiring
Federal funding agencies to ensure that all data
produced under an award will be made available
to the public through the procedures established
under the Freedom of Information Act.
The director
of the Office of National Drug Control Policy
was directed to consult with the directors of
appropriate NIH institutes to establish criteria
for evaluation of substance abuse treatment and
prevention programs.
The conference
report included the following:
|
Directive language for the NCI on prostate
cancer research. |
|
The NIDDK and other ICs were urged to expand
funding for juvenile diabetes. |
|
The NIEHS and ORMH would enhance support
for environmental health effects/minority
health centers; NIEHS is to work with NIOSH
on the national occupational research agenda
(NORA). |
|
NIA is to launch a full-scale prevention
initiative for Alzheimer's disease and is
to work with NIOSH on NORA. |
|
The NIAMS is to expand research on Osteogenesis
Imperfecta. |
|
The Office of Rare Diseases is to develop
an information program on biological samples
and human cell and tissue banks available
for research purposes. |
|
The Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences
Research is urged to establish two to five
mind/body centers. |
|
NIH is to focus resources on the cause and
treatment for Parkinson's disease. |
|
NIH is to enhance research on Multiple Sclerosis
and other autoimmune disorders. (P.L.
105-78) |
October
28, 1998 — The Next Generation Internet
Research Act of 1998 amended the High-Performance
Computing Act of 1991 to authorize Government-funded
research into high-capacity, high-speed computer
networks. (P.L.
105-305)
October
31, 1998 — The Women's Health Research
and Prevention Amendments of 1998 extended and/or
amended various NIH authorities related to women's
health research, including: the drug DES (diethylstilbestrol);
osteoporosis, Paget's disease and related disorders;
breast, ovarian and related cancers; heart attack,
stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases; aging
processes; and the Office of Research on Women's
Health. (P.L.
105-340)
November
10, 1998 — The Federal Reports Elimination
Act of 1998 provided for the elimination of the
following reports of particular interest to NIH:
Report of the Council on Alzheimer's Disease;
Report on the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Medical Science
Program; Report of the Interagency Coordinating
Committee on Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and
Skin Diseases; Report on Family Planning and Population
Research; Report of the NICHD Associate Director
for Prevention; Report on Health Services Research;
Annual Reports of the National Diabetes Advisory
Board, National Digestive Diseases Advisory Board,
and National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Advisory
Board; Public Health Service Report; Annual Report
on Disease Prevention; and Annual Report on Administrative
Expenses. (P.L.
105-362)
November
13, 1998 — The Health Professions Education
Partnership Act reauthorized and consolidated
health professions, nursing, and minority and
disadvantaged health education programs within
the Department of Health and Human Services. The
act provided additional research training and
Title 38 appointment authorities for the NIH director;
reauthorized the NIH AIDS loan repayment program
(LRP); and increased the maximum annual loan repayment
from $20,000 to $35,000 for this and other NIH
LRPs; authorized tax relief benefits for participants
in the NIH Clinical Researchers from Disadvantaged
Backgrounds LRP; and made discretionary the National
Center for Research Resources director's authority
for construction awards to the regional primate
research centers and reduced the amount that may
be reserved from $5.0 million to $2.5 million.
(P.L.
105-392)
November
20, 1999 — Federal Financial Assistance
Management Improvement Act of 1999 required agencies
to develop plans to streamline grant administration
activities. OMB was directed to 1) develop a common
application, or set of common applications, for
applying for Federal assistance; 2) develop a
common system, including electronic processes,
for grant administration activities; and 3) develop
uniform administrative rules for Federal financial
assistance programs across different agencies.
(P.L.
106-107)
November
29, 1999 — Omnibus Appropriations for
NIH, Fiscal Year 2000, provided NIH with an increase
of $2.3 billion over FY 1999. This legislation
also included the Newborn and Infant Screening
and Intervention Act which directed the National
Institute on Deafness and Other Communication
Disorders (NIDCD) to carry out a program of research
on the efficacy of new screening techniques and
technology, including clinical trials of screening
methods, studies on the efficacy of intervention,
and related basic and applied research on hearing
loss in newborns. (P.L.
106-113)
December
6, 1999 — Healthcare Research and Quality
Act reauthorized and renamed the Agency for Health
Care Policy and Research as the Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality (AHRQ). Provisions required
the AHRQ Director, to promote innovation in evidence-based
clinical practice and healthcare technologies
to consult with the NIH Director and work with
the National Library of Medicine to develop an
electronic clearinghouse of currently available
assessments and those in progress. The NIH Director
will serve on the AHRQ Advisory Council as an
ex oficio member. (P.L.
106-129)
2000
June
30, 2000 — The Electronic Signatures
in Global and National Commerce Act mandated that
electronic contracts with electronic signatures
have the same legal force as paper contracts.
(P.L.
106-229).
July
10, 2000 — The Radiation Exposure Compensation
Act (RECA) Amendments of 2000 amended the Public
Health Service Act to establish a grant program
to States for education, prevention, and early
detection of radiogenic cancers and diseases.
Entities eligible to receive such grants include
National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers.
The competitive grants would be made by the Secretary
of Health and Human Services, acting through the
Administrator of the Health Resources and Services
Administration, in consultation with the Directors
of the National Institutes of Health and Indian
Health Service. (P.L.
106-245)
July
13, 2000 — The Emergency Supplemental
Act, Fiscal Year 2000, repealed Section 216 of
P.L. 106-113, the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations
Act, which funded the NIH for fiscal year (FY)
2000. Section 216 of that Act specified that $3
billion of the funds appropriated for NIH were
not available for obligation until September 29,
2000, and would not be available for obligation
until October 15, 2000. This provision was repealed,
thus releasing the funds for use prior to September
29, 2000. (P.L.
106-246)
July
28, 2000 — The Semipostal Authorization
Act amended the Postal Service Reorganization
Act to extend the authority to issue semipostal
stamps for breast cancer research until July 29,
2002. Seventy percent of the profits of this stamp
go to the NIH to fund breast cancer research and
thirty percent go to the U.S. Department of Defense
for its breast cancer research program. Appropriations
to NIH was not affected by any proceeds received
from the sale of semipostal stamps. (P.L.
106-253)
October
17, 2000 — The Children's Health Act
of 2000 authorized Federal programs for research
and other activities related to autism, Fragile
X, juvenile arthritis, juvenile diabetes, asthma,
hearing loss, epilepsy, traumatic brain injuries,
childhood skeletal malignancies, muscular dystrophy,
autoimmune diseases, birth defects and genetic
mental impairment, among other conditions. The
bill also required an NIH pediatric research initiative
within the Office of the Director, NIH, with provisions
addressing loan repayment for pediatric researchers
and pediatric research human subject protections.
(P.L.
106-310)
October
17, 2000 — The American Competitiveness
in the 21st Century Act of 2000 increased the
cap on the number of H1-B visas from 115,000 to
195,000 each year for the next 3 years. The legislation
eliminated the cap on H1-B visas for government,
academic, non-profit and affiliated workers. (P.L.
106-313)
October
20, 2000 — The Ryan White CARE Act Amendments
of 2000 provisions required an NIH review of the
distribution and availability of ongoing and appropriate
HIV/AIDS research projects to existing Ryan White
sites for the purpose of enhancing and expanding
voluntary access to HIV-related research, particularly
in communities underserved by such projects. In
addition, the NIH is required to conduct research
on development of rapid diagnostic test kits.
(P.L.
106-345)
November
1, 2000 — The Technology Transfer Commercialization
Act of 1999 is intended to "improve the ability
of Federal agencies to license Federally-owned
inventions." (P.L.
106-404)
November
6, 2000 — The Needlestick Safety and
Prevention Act required changes in the blood-borne
pathogens standards in effect under the Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970 to protect workers
whose occupations expose them to pathogens such
as HIV. Employers are required to use needles
and other medical devices that have built-in safety
mechanisms to reduce accidental punctures and
to keep a log of needlestick injuries that would
protect confidentiality of injured employees.
(P.L.
106-430)
November
13, 2000 — The Older Americans Act of
2000 required a White House Conference on Aging
to be convened no later than December 31, 2005,
to make fundamental policy recommendations regarding
programs that are important to older individuals,
and to the families and communities of such individuals.
The Conference is to be planned and conducted
under the direction of the Secretary, in cooperation
with other federal agencies, including the Director
of the National Institute on Aging. H.R. 782 will
now proceed to the Senate for consideration. The
legislation reauthorizes and amends the Older
American's Act of 1965 and the Older Americans
Act Amendments of 1987. (P.L.
106-501)
November
13, 2000 — The Public Health Improvement
Act of 2000 is a compilation of bills which amended
the Public Health Service Act and provided new
authorities to NIH and other Public Health Service
agencies, or placed in statute ongoing activities
or programs. This law provided the following:
1) established in statute the National Center
for Research Resources (NCRR's) general clinical
research centers, the NIH Career Awards in Patient-Oriented
Research, which include the Mentored Patient-Oriented
Research Career Development Award (K23), the Mid-Career
Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented Research
(K24), and the Clinical Research Curriculum Award
(K30); 2) required the National Institute of Arthritis
and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
to expand and intensify research and related activities
regarding lupus; 3) substantially increased the
authorization for NIH extramural facilities construction
and authorized $100 million to allow the continued
operation of NCRR's Shared Instrumentation Grant
Program; 4) established in statute an extramural
clinical loan repayment program for qualified
health professionals who agree to conduct clinical
research; 5) created in statute the Alzheimer's
Disease Clinical Research and Training program
within the National Institute on Aging (NIA);
6) extended the current authority to conduct basic
and clinical research in combating prostate cancer
research at the National Cancer Institute; 7)
directed NIH to evaluate the effectiveness of
screening strategies; and 8) included a technical
amendment to the Children's Health Act of 2000
(Public Law 106-310) which corrects an inaccurate
citation to a provision in the Code of Federal
Regulations. (P.L.
106-505)
November
22, 2000 — The Minority Health and Health
Disparities Research and Education Act of 2000
created in statute a National Center on Minority
Health and Health Disparities at the NIH to coordinate:
1) health disparities research performed or supported
by NIH, 2) a grant program through the new Center
to further biomedical and behavioral research
education and training, 3) an endowment program
to facilitate minority and other health disparities
research at centers of excellence, and 4) a loan
repayment program to train members of minority
or other health disparities populations as biomedical
research professionals. (P.L.
106-525)
December
19, 2000 — The Interagency Coordinating
Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods
(ICCVAM) Authorization Act of 2000 codifies the
existing ICCVAM as a permanent standing committee
to be administered by the National Institute on
Environmental Health Sciences. The statute requires
the ICCVAM to establish, wherever feasible, guidelines,
recommendations, and regulations that promote
the regulatory acceptance of new or revised scientifically
valid toxicological tests that protect human and
animal health and the environment while reducing
animal tests and ensuring human safety and product
effectiveness. (P.L.
106-545)
December
20, 2000 — The Chimpanzee Health Improvement,
Maintenance, and Protection Act requires NIH to
enter into a contract with a nonprofit private
entity for the purpose of operating a sanctuary
system for the long-term care of chimpanzees that
are no longer needed in research conducted or
supported by the NIH, the Food and Drug Administration,
and other Federal agencies. The law provides for
standards for permanent retirement of chimpanzees
into the system, including prohibiting using sanctuary
chimpanzees for research except in specified circumstances.
(P.L.
106-551)
December
21, 2000 — The Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2001, provides funding for the U.S. Departments
of Labor, Health and Human Services (HHS) and
Education; the legislative branch; and the Treasury
and Postal Service, and H.R. 5667, the Small Business
Reauthorization Act. For the NIH this law provides
an appropriation of a $2.523 billion, or 14 percent
increase over fiscal year 2000. Specific provisions
of the law: 1) provides $47.3 million within Buildings
and Facilities for the National Neuroscience Research
Center, to be named the John Edward Porter Neurosciences
Research Center; 2) permits the Director of NIH
to enter into and administer a longterm lease
for facilities for the purpose of providing laboratory,
office and other space for biomedical and behavioral
research at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland;
3) expands the intramural loan repayment program
for clinical researchers from disadvantaged backgrounds
to the extramural community; and 4) raises the
salary cap for extramural investigators to Executive
Level I from Level II. (P.L.
106-554)
December
28, 2000 — The Federal Physicians Comparability
Allowance Amendments of 2000 makes physician comparability
allowances a permanent authority and requires
the allowances to be treated as part of basic
pay for retirement purposes. (P.L.
106-571)
December
29, 2000 — The National Institute of
Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Establishment
Act amends the Public Health Service Act to create
at NIH the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging
and Bioengineering. The statute authorizes an
amount equal to (plus inflation) the amount currently
spent by NIH Institutes for imaging and engineering
programs. In establishing the Institute, the Director
of NIH is authorized to transfer personnel, use
appropriate facilities to house the new Institute,
and obtain administrative support from other agencies
of NIH. The Institute is required to have a 12-member
advisory council, and prepare a plan to address
the consolidation and coordination of NIH biomedical
imaging and engineering programs, as well as related
activities of other Federal agencies. (P.L.
106-580)
May
24, 2001 — The Animal Disease Risk Assessment,
Prevention and Control Act of 2001 mandates that
the Secretary of Agriculture submit a final report
to Congress on plans by Federal agencies (including
the National Institutes of Health and the Agriculture
Research Service and Cooperative State Research,
Education, and Extension Service of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture) to carry out in partnership with
the private sector 1) research programs into the
causes and mechanisms of transmission of foot
and mouth disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE), variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, and
related disease, and 2) diagnostic tools and preventive
and therapeutic agents needed for foot and mouth
disease, BSE, variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease,
and related diseases. In addition, this legislation
mandates that the final report to Congress contain
plans by Federal agencies (including the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention) 1) to monitor
the incidence and prevalence of the transmission
of foot and mouth disease, BSE, variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob
disease, and related diseases in the United States;
and 2) to assess the effectiveness of efforts
to prevent and control the spread of foot and
mouth disease, BSE, variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob
disease, and related diseases in the United States.
(P.L.
107-9)
July
24, 2001 — The 2001 Supplemental Appropriations
Act included 1) provisions to permit the transfer
of funds from the National Library of Medicine
(NLM) to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Buildings and Facilities account to complete the
design phase of a new NLM facility, 2) report
language to permit the new National Institute
of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)
to use funds appropriated to the NIH Office of
the Director (OD) for start up of the new Institute,
and 3) language directing that information requested
from the Committee on Appropriations was to be
transmitted "uncensored and without delay." (P.L.
107-20)
October
26, 2001 — The Uniting and Strengthening
America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required
to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (PATRIOT)
Act of 2001 amends a number of titles of the United
States Code in an effort to expand the Nation's
ability to intercept and thwart terrorist threats.
Of particular interest are amendments to Title
18 regarding possession, use, and transport of
biological agents. These amendments seek to ensure
that only those persons who have a lawful purpose
for possessing, using, and/or transporting such
agents are permitted to work with these agents,
and that penalties are established for certain
"restricted" individuals who are in possession
of such agents. The Act also enhances the powers
of the Attorney General, law enforcement officials,
and the courts regarding wire, oral, and electronic
communications. (P.L.
107-56)
December
18, 2001 — The Muscular Dystrophy Community
Assistance Research and Education Amendments of
2001 (MD-CARE Act) amends the Public Health Service
Act. Of particular interest to NIH this legislation
mandates that the Director of the National Institutes
of Health, in coordination with the Directors
of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders
and Stroke, National Institute of Arthritis and
Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development, and other
national research institutes, as appropriate,
expand and intensify programs with respect to
research and related activities concerning Duchenne,
myotonic, facioscapulohumeral, and other forms
of muscular dystrophy (MD). In addition, the legislation
1) requires the establishment of Muscular Dystrophy
Centers of Excellence, 2) requires the Secretary
of Health and Human Services (HHS) to contract
with the Institute of Medicine to study centers
at NIH and make recommendations when their establishment
is appropriate, 3) creates a Muscular Dystrophy
Interagency Coordinating Committee that is required
to develop a plan for conducting and supporting
research and education on MD through the national
research institutes and submits a biennial report
to Congress describing research activities; 4)
establishes a program in which samples of tissues
and genetic materials that are of use in research
on MD are donated, collected, preserved, and made
available for such research; 5) requires the Secretary
of HHS to provide a means of public input on existing
and planned MD research activities; 6) requires
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
to carry out activities with respect to Duchenne
MD epidemiology. (P.L.
107-84)
January
4, 2002 — The Best Pharmaceuticals for
Children Act reauthorizes the pediatric studies
provision of the Food and Drug Administration
Modernization and Accountability Act of 1997 to
improve the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals
for children. It continues to encourage pharmaceutical
companies to conduct pediatric studies of on-patent
drugs that are used in pediatric populations,
but are not labeled for such use, by extending
their market exclusivity. In addition, this legislation
authorizes studies for "off-patent" drugs by the
Federal Government or other entities with the
expertise to conduct pediatric clinical trials.
(P.L.
107-109)
January
10, 2002 — The Department of Defense
Appropriations Act, 2002 provides funding for
NIH for bioterrorism under the Emergency Supplemental
Act, 2002 (which is part of this legislation).
The "conferees encourage the National Institute
of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to
conduct research on safer alternatives to the
existing smallpox vaccine, such as an inactivated
smallpox virus." In addition, funds are provided
for the construction of a level-4 biosafety laboratory
and related infrastructure costs at NIAID and
for improving laboratory security at CDC and NIH.
The bill also includes funds for the National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
"for carrying out under current authorities, worker
training, research, and education activities"
in response to the September 11 terrorist attacks.
(P.L.
107-117)
May
14, 2002 — The Hematological Cancer
Research Investment and Education Act, amends
the Public Health Service Act to require 1) the
Director of the National Institutes of Health,
through the National Cancer Institute, to expand
and coordinate blood cancer research programs,
particularly with respect to leukemia, lymphoma,
and multiple myeloma (the Joe Moakley Research
Excellence Program); and 2) the Secretary of Health
and Human Services to establish a related education
program for patients and the general public (the
Geraldine Ferraro Cancer Education Program). (P.L.
107-172)
June
12, 2002 — The Public Health Security
and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act
of 2002 amends Section 319 of the Public Health
Service Act to strengthen protections related
to public health. The Act requires the Secretary
of Health and Human Services (HHS), in coordination
with appropriate Federal department and agency
officials, to establish a joint interdepartmental
working group on preparedness for acts of bioterrorism.
Among its activities, this group is charged with
providing consultations on, assistance in, and
recommendations regarding provision of appropriate
safety and health training; coordination and prioritization
of countermeasures to treat, prevent, or identify
exposures to biological agents; and research on
pathogens likely to be used in a biological threat
or attack on the civilian population. (P.L.
107-188)
August
2, 2002 — The Supplemental Appropriations
for FY 2002 bill names in statute the National
Research Service Awards (NRSA) the Ruth L. Kirschstein
National Research Service Awards. (P.L.
107-206)
October
26, 2002 — The Medical Device User Fee
and Modernization Act of 2002 amends Section 215
of the Public Health Service Act to authorize
the Director of NIH to conduct or support research
to examine the long-term health implications of
gel and saline-filled breast implants. This authorization
includes studies to 1) develop and examine techniques
to measure concentrations of silicone in body
fluids and tissues, and 2) track silicone breast
implant recipients. Within 6 months of enactment,
the Director of NIH is required to submit a report
to Congress describing the status of research
on breast implants being conducted or supported
by the Agency. (P.L.
107-250)
October
26, 2002 — The Health Care Safety Net
Amendments, repeals the requirement for the Health
Resources and Services Administration loan repayment
program (LRP) reporting requirements, which also
repeals the National Institutes of Health LRP
reporting requirements, which were mandated under
the National Health Service (NHS) authorities.
Specifically, this repeals Section 338B(i) of
the Public Health Service Act, which required
an annual report to Congress on the NHS Corps
Loan Repayment Program. (P.L.
107-251)
November
2, 2002 — The 21st Century Department
of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act contains
a provision that amends Section 464N of the Public
Health Service Act addressing drug abuse and addiction
research. The law provides that the Director of
NIDA may make grants or enter into cooperative
agreements to expand the current and ongoing interdisciplinary
research and clinical trials with treatment centers
of the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical
Trials Network that relate to drug abuse and addiction,
including related biomedical, behavioral, and
social issues. The law mandates that the Director
of NIDA shall promptly disseminate research results
to Federal, State, and local entities involved
in combating drug abuse and addiction. The law
also requires NIDA to conduct a study of methamphetamine
treatment. (P.L.
107-273)
November
6, 2002 — The Rare Diseases Act provides
statutory authorization for the existing NIH Office
of Rare Diseases (ORD). The measure requires the
Director of the Office of Rare Diseases to recommend
an agenda for research on rare diseases, promote
coordination and cooperation among NIH Institutes
and Centers, promote sufficient allocation of
NIH resources related to rare diseases, promote
the establishment of a centralized rare diseases
information clearinghouse, prepare a biennial
report of rare disease research activities and
opportunities, prepare the annual report of the
Director of NIH to Congress on rare disease research,
and serve as the principal advisor on orphan diseases
to the Director of NIH. In addition, the legislation
establishes regional Centers of Excellence on
Rare Diseases. (P.L.
107-280)
November
25, 2002 — The Homeland Security Act
of 2002 establishes a new Executive Branch agency
known as the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
(DHS). Among its research provisions, the Act:
1) establishes within DHS a Directorate of Science
and Technology, to conduct basic and applied research,
development, demonstration, testing, and evaluation
activities that are relevant to any or all elements
of DHS with the exception of human health-related
research and development activities; 2) requires
the Secretary of HHS to set priorities, goals,
objectives, and policies and to develop a coordinated
strategy for these activities in collaboration
with the Secretary of Homeland Security; and 3)
authorizes the Secretary of Homeland Security
to draw upon the expertise of any Federally-supported
laboratory, and to establish a headquarters laboratory
and additional laboratory units for the Department
at any laboratory or site. The Act also includes
provisions regarding Federal agency information
security protections; acquisitions and procurement
improvements; permanent extension, revision, and
expansion of authorities for use of voluntary
separation incentive pay and voluntary early retirement;
and other authorities relevant to human resources
management. (P.L.
107-296)
December
18, 2002 — The Public Health Service
Amendment on Diabetes amends Section 319 of the
Public Health Service Act to renew funding for
the special diabetes programs for Type 1 diabetes
research, and also the parallel services program
for diabetes in Native Americans, at $150 million
for each of the FYs 2004 through 2008. This measure
provides additional funding separate from the
regular appropriations process for the special
diabetes programs for Type 1 diabetes research
at NIH. (P.L.
107-360)
May
27, 2003 — The United States Leadership
Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act
of 2003 has the following provisions: 1) requires
the President to establish a comprehensive, integrated
5-year strategy to combat global HIV/AIDS, including
specific objectives, approaches and strategies;
2) assigns priorities for relevant executive branch
agencies; 3) improves coordination among such
agencies; and 4) projects general levels of resources
needed to achieve the stated goals. This legislation
also requires the President to establish a position
of HIV/AIDS Response Coordinator at the U.S. Department
of State, who would have primary responsibility
for oversight and coordination of all U.S. international
activities to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic. (P.L.
108-25)
August
15, 2003 — The Mosquito Abatement for
Safety and Health Act authorizes grants through
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
for mosquito control programs to prevent mosquito-borne
diseases. This legislation requires the Director
of the National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences to conduct or support research on methods
of controlling the population of insects and vermin
that transmit dangerous, diseases to humans. (P.L.
108-75)
December
8, 2003 — The Medicare Prescription
Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003
requires NIDDK to conduct a clinical investigation
of pancreatic islet cell transplantation. (P.L.
108-173)
January
23, 2004 – The Omnibus Appropriations
for FY 2004, contains the following two provisions:
1) provides flexible research authority for the
NIH Director to enter into transactions (other
than contracts, cooperative agreements, or grants)
to carry out research in support of the NIH Roadmap
Initiative of the Director on a pilot basis; and
2) designates the NIH Muscular Dystrophy Centers
as the Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy
Cooperative Research Centers. (P.L.
108-199)
July
21, 2004 — The Project Bioshield Act
of 2004 authorizes NIAID to award grants or contracts
to public and nonprofit private entities to expand,
remodel, renovate, or alter existing research
facilities or construct new research facilities.
(P.L.
108-276)
August
2, 2004 — The Minor Use and Minor Species
Animal Health Act of 2004 requires NIH to convene
an ad hoc panel of nationally known experts in
the fields of allergy and immunology to review
current basic and clinical research activities
related to food allergies. The panel is
to make recommendations to the Secretary regarding
the enhancement and coordination of food allergies
research not later than 1 year after the date
of enactment of the Act. (P.L.
108-282)
October
25, 2004 — The Pancreatic Islet Cell
Transplantation Act of 2004 requires the Diabetes
Mellitus Interagency Coordinating Committee to
include in its annual report an assessment of
the Federal activities and programs related to
pancreatic islet cell transplantation, which shall
address: 1) the adequacy of funding; 2) policies
and regulations affecting the supply of pancreata;
3) the effect of xenotransplantation; 4) the effect
of the United Network for Organ Sharing policies;
5) the existing mechanisms to collect and coordinate
outcome data from trials; 6) implementation of
multi-agency clinical investigations; and 7) recommendations
for legislation and administrative actions to
increase the supply of pancreata. (P.L.
108-362)
November
30, 2004 — The Research Review Act of
2004 requires the NIH to submit an NIH Roadmap
for Medical Research progress report to Congress
no later than February 1, 2005. The bill also
incorporated a component of an earlier bill, the
Christopher Reeve Paralysis Act, requiring NIH
to prepare a report describing NIH Roadmap efforts
with respect to spinal cord injury and paralysis
research. (P.L.
108-427)
December
8, 2004 — The Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2005, provided that “The Center for Biodefense
and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Building 33)
at the National Institutes of Health is hereby
named the C.W. Bill Young Center for Biodefense
and Emerging Infectious Diseases.” (P.L.
108-447)
November
11, 2005 — The Breast Cancer Research
Stamp Reauthorization Act reauthorized the issuance
of semipostal stamps for breast cancer research,
from which NIH receives seventy percent of the
profits and the Department of Defense receives
30 percent for their respective breast cancer
research activities. These funds are in addition
to annual appropriations received. (P.L.
109-100)
December
5, 2005 — The Departments of Labor, Health
and Human Services, and Education, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006, provided new
language permitting the Office of AIDS Research
to use its funding in this Act to make grants
for the construction or renovation of facilities
in order to expand a breeding colony that will
serve as a new national resource to breed nonhuman
primates for AIDS research; and a general provision
stating that “None of the funds made available
in this Act may be used to request that a candidate
for appointment to a Federal scientific advisory
committee disclose the political affiliation or
voting history of the candidate or the position
that the candidate holds with respect to political
issues not directly related to and necessary for
the work of the committee involved.” These provisions
carry a time limitation relevant to FY 2006 activities
only. (P.L.
109-149)
For
more information on legislation affecting NIH,
go to http://olpa.od.nih.gov/legislation/
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