Human Growth Hormone and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
On this page:
Health Alert: Adrenal Crisis
Causes Deaths in People Treated
with Human Growth Hormone
MAGIC (Major Aspects of Growth in Children) Foundation is a national, nonprofit organization that provides support and education about growth disorders in children and growth hormone deficiency in adults. Staff will help connect you with others who have similar interests or concerns.
The Human Growth Foundation (HGF) is a nonprofit organization concerned with children's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency. HGF can send you a brochure on adult growth hormone deficiency. The foundation also sponsors an Internet mailing list to support the exchange of information about adult growth hormone deficiency and adult growth hormone replacement therapy. To subscribe, follow the instructions on the HGF web page.
The Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Foundation Inc. was created in 1993 by two families who lost relatives to CJD and the neurologist who treated the patients. This nonprofit corporation seeks to promote research, education, and awareness of CJD and to reach out to people who have lost loved ones to this illness.
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General Information
National Hormone and Pituitary Program: Information for People Treated with Human Growth Hormone (Summary)
National Hormone and Pituitary Program: Information for People Treated with Human Growth Hormone (Comprehensive Report)
Health Alert: Adrenal Crisis Causes Deaths in People Treated with Human Growth Hormone
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Fact Sheet of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH)
Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Information And
Resources (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
What is a prion? (Scientific American: Ask the Experts)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States, 1979–1994: Using National Mortality Data To Assess the Possible Occurrence of Variant Cases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Long-time NIH Grantee Stanley B. Prusiner Wins Nobel Prize. NIH Press Release. Oct. 6, 1997.
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Articles from Medical Journals
To conduct your own web search of the medical literature, see PubMed, a search engine of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) MEDLINE database. In PubMed, you can often read abstracts or summaries of articles. Another useful Web resource is the NLM's MEDLINEplus, a directory of information resources that help you research your health questions.
The articles listed below are found in medical libraries. If you do not have access to a medical library, consult your local public librarian. Many public libraries will help you obtain copies of journal articles.
Prion Diseases: Review Articles
Hansen M. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;340:1687–1688; discussion 340:1689.
Haywood AM. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997;337:1821–1828.
Johnson R, Gibbs C Jr. Medical progress: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;339:1994–2004.
Prusiner SB. The prion diseases. Scientific American. 1995;272:48–57.
Prusiner SB. Prion diseases and the BSE crisis. Science. 1997;278:245–251.
Prusiner SB. Prions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998;95:13363–13383.
CJD and hGH
Billette de Villemeur T et al. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from contaminated growth hormone extracts in France. Neurology. 1996;47:690–695.
Brown P, et al. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease at the millennium. Neurology. 2000; 55:1075–81.
Brown PB. The decline and fall of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with human growth hormone therapy [editorial]. Neurology. 1988;38:1135–1137.
Brown P et al. Potential epidemic of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from human growth hormone therapy. New England Journal of Medicine. 1985;313:728–731.
Brown P, et al. 'Friendly fire' in medicine: hormones, homografts, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lancet. 1992;340:24–27.
Brown P, et al. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: an example of the interplay between ancient genes and modern medicine. Neurology. 1994;44:291–293.
Buchanan CR, et al. Mortality, neoplasia, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in patients treated with human pituitary growth hormone in the United Kingdom. British Medical Journal. 1991;302:824–828.
Fradkin JE. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in pituitary growth hormone recipients. The Endocrinologist. 1993;3(2):108–114.
Fradkin JE, et al. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in pituitary growth hormone recipients in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1991;265:880–884.
Frasier SD, et al. Clinical review 58: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in recipients of pituitary hormones. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994;78:1277–1279.
Gibbs CJ Jr., et al. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease infectivity of growth hormone derived from human pituitary glands. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;328:358–359.
Goujard J, et al. Human pituitary growth hormone and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: results of an epidemiological survey in France, 1986. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1988;17(2):423–427.
Healy DL. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after pituitary gonadotropins. British Medical Journal. 1993;307:517–518.
Huillard d'Aignaux J, et al. A statistical model to identify the contaminated lots implicated in iatrogenic transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease among French human growth hormone recipients. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998;147:597–604.
Johnson R, Gibbs C Jr., Medical progress: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998; 339:1994–2004
Mills JL, et al. Status report on the U.S. Human Growth Hormone Recipient Follow-up Study. Hormone Research. 1990;33(2-4):116–120.
Tyler K, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003; 348:681–682.
CJD Surveillance
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease—United States. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996;276:938–939.
Morris K. WHO reconsiders risks from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lancet. 1997;349:1001.
Schonberger LB. New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform
encephalopathy: the strengthening etiologic link between two emerging diseases. In: Scheld WM, et al., eds. Emerging Infections. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1998:1–15.
CJD and Blood/Organ Donation
Brown P. B lymphocytes and neuroinvasion. Nature. 1997;390:662–663.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with cadaveric dura mater grafts—Japan, Jan. 1979-May 1996. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1997;46:1066–1069.
Esmonde TF, et al. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and blood transfusion. Lancet. 1993;341:205–207.
Matthews WB. Transmission of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. Lancet. 1994;343:1575–1576.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Aguzzi A, Weissmann C. Spongiform encephalopathies: a suspicious signature. Nature (News and Views). 1996;383:666–667.
Brown P. The risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ('mad cow disease') to human health. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997;278:1008–1011.
Collinge J, et al. Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of 'new variant' CJD. Nature. 1996;383:685–690.
O'Brien C. Mad cow disease: scant data cause widespread concern. Science. 1996;271:1798.
Will RG, et al. A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the U.K. Lancet. 1996;117:921–925.
CJD Test
Blater M. Diagnostic test scores high marks in study. Science. 1999;283:469, 471.
Collinge J. New diagnostic tests for prion diseases. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;335:963–965.
Hsich G, et al. The 14-3-3 brain protein in cerebrospinal fluid as a marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;335:924–930.
Mestel R. Putting prions to the test. Science. 1996;273:184–189.
Will RG, et al. Cerebrospinal-fluid test for new-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lancet. 1996;348:955.
Zeidler M, et al. The pulvinar sign on magnetic resonance imaging in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lancet. 2000;355:1412–1418.
CJD Treatment
Thompson C. In search of a cure for CJD. Nature. 2001;409:660–661.
Other Medical Problems in People Treated with hGH
Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with growth hormone
deficiency: summary statement of the Growth Hormone Research Society Workshop on
Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998;83(2):379–381.
Cooper, M, Stewart P, Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003; 348:727–734.
Fisher DA, et al. Leukemia in patients treated with growth hormone. Lancet. 1998;1:1159–1160.
Fradkin JE, et al. Risk of leukemia after treatment with pituitary growth hormone. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993;270:2829–2832.
Gibney J, et al. The effects of 10 years of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in adult GH-deficient patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84(8):2596–2602.
Nishi Y, et al. Recent status in the occurrence of leukemia in growth hormone-treated patients in Japan. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84:1961–1965.
Taback SP, Dean HJ, Canadian GH Advisory Committee. Mortality in Canadian children with GH deficiency receiving GH therapy 1967–1992. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996;81(5):1693–1696.
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Updated: May 2003
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