[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 14, Volume 2]
[Revised as of January 1, 2008]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 14CFR60 App F]
[Page 303-308]
TITLE 14--AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
CHAPTER I--FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
(CONTINUED)
PART 60_FLIGHT SIMULATION TRAINING DEVICE INITIAL AND CONTINUING QUALIFICATION AND USE--Table of Contents
Sec. Appendix F to Part 60--Definitions and Abbreviations for Flight
Simulation Training Devices
________________________________________________________________________
Begin Information
1. The definitions presented below in Italic type face are repeated
from the regulatory definitions found in part 1 or part 60, as
indicated. In the event that a discrepancy exists between a definition
found here, and one found in part 1 or part 60, the part 1 or part 60
definition prevails.
End Information
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Begin QPS Requirements
2. Definitions.
1st Segment--is that portion of the takeoff profile from liftoff to
gear retraction.
2nd Segment--is that portion of the takeoff profile from after gear
retraction to initial flap/slat retraction.
3rd Segment--is that portion of the takeoff profile after flap/slat
retraction is complete.
Aircraft data package--is a combination of the various types of data
used to design, program, manufacture, modify, and test the FSTD.
Airspeed--is calibrated airspeed unless otherwise specified and is
expressed in terms of nautical miles per hour (knots).
Altitude--is pressure altitude (meters or feet) unless specified
otherwise.
Angle of attack--is the angle between the airplane longitudinal axis
and the relative wind vector projected onto the airplane plane of
symmetry.
Automatic Testing--is FSTD testing wherein all stimuli are under
computer control.
Bank--is the airplane attitude with respect to or around the
longitudinal axis, or roll angle (degrees).
Breakout--is the force required at the pilot's primary controls to
achieve initial movement of the control position.
Certificate holder--A person issued a certificate under parts 119,
141, or 142 of this chapter or a person holding an approved course of
training for flight engineers in accordance with part 63 of this
chapter. (Part 60)
Closed Loop Testing--is a test method for which the input stimuli
are generated by controllers, which drive the FSTD to follow a pre-
defined target response.
Computer Controlled Airplane--is an airplane where all pilot inputs
to the control surfaces are transferred and augmented by computers.
Control Sweep--is movement of the appropriate pilot controller from
neutral to an extreme limit in one direction (Forward, Aft, Right, or
Left), a continuous movement back through neutral to the opposite
extreme position, and then a return to the neutral position.
Convertible FSTD--is an FSTD in which hardware and software can be
changed so that the FSTD becomes a replica of a different model, usually
of the same type aircraft. The same FSTD platform, cockpit shell, motion
system, visual system, computers, and necessary peripheral equipment can
thus be used in more than one simulation.
Critical Engine Parameter--is the parameter, which is the most
accurate measure of propulsive force.
Deadband--is the amount of movement of the input for a system for
which there is no reaction in the output or state of the system
observed.
Distance--is the length of space between two points and is expressed
in terms of nautical miles unless specified otherwise.
Discrepancy--as used in this part, means an aspect of the FSTD that
is not correct with respect to the aircraft being simulated. This
includes missing, malfunctioning, and/or inoperative components that are
required to be present and operate correctly for training, evaluation,
and experience functions to be creditable. It also includes errors in
the documentation used to support the FSTD (e.g., errors in, or
information missing from, the MQTG, required statements from
appropriately qualified personnel).
Downgrade--is a permanent change in the qualification level of an
FSTD to a lower level.
Driven--is a test method where the input stimulus or variable is
positioned by automatic means, generally a computer input.
Electronic Copy of the MQTG--an electronic copy of the MQTG provided
by an electronic scan presented in a Portable Document File (PDF), or
similar format, acceptable to the NSPM.
Electronic Master Qualification Test Guide--is an electronic version
of the MQTG (eMQTG), where all objective data obtained from airplane
testing, or another approved source, together with correlating objective
test results obtained from the performance of the FSTD and a description
of the equipment necessary to perform the evaluation for the initial and
the continuing qualification evaluations is stored, archived, or
presented in either reformatted or digitized electronic format.
Engine--as used in this part, means the appliance or structure that
supplies propulsive force for movement of the aircraft: i.e., the
turbine engine for turbine powered aircraft; the turbine engine and
propeller assembly for turbo-propeller powered aircraft; and the
reciprocating engine and propeller assembly for reciprocating engine
powered aircraft. For purposes of this part, engine failure is
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the failure of either the engine, or propeller assembly, to provide
thrust higher than idle power thrust due to a failure of either the
engine or the propeller assembly.
Evaluation--With respect to an individual, the checking, testing, or
review associated with flight crewmember qualification, training, and
certification under parts 61, 63, 121, or 135 of this chapter. With
respect to an FSTD, the qualification activities (e.g., the objective
and subjective tests, the inspections, or the continuing qualification
evaluations) associated with the requirements of this part. (Part 60)
Fictional Airport--is a visual model of an airport that is a
collection of non-``real world'' terrain, instrument approach
procedures, navigation aids, maps, and visual modeling detail sufficient
to enable completion of an Airline Transport Pilot Certificate or Type
Rating.
Flight experience--Flight experience means recency of flight
experience for landing credit purposes. (Part 60)
Flight simulation training device (FSTD) means a full flight
simulator (FFS) or a flight training device (FTD). (Part 1)
Flight test data--(a subset of Objective data) Aircraft data
collected by the aircraft manufacturer (or other supplier of data that
are acceptable to the NSPM) during an aircraft flight test program.
(Part 60)
Flight training device (FTD) means a replica of aircraft
instruments, equipment, panels, and controls in an open flight deck area
or an enclosed aircraft cockpit replica. It includes the equipment and
computer programs necessary to represent aircraft (or set of aircraft)
operations in ground and flight conditions having the full range of
capabilities of the systems installed in the device as described in part
60 of this chapter and the qualification performance standard (QPS) for
a specific FTD qualification level. (Part 1)
Free Response--is the response of the FSTD after completion of a
control input or disturbance.
Frozen--is a test condition where one or more variables are held
constant with time.
FSTD Approval--is the extent to which an FSTD may be used by a
certificate holder as authorized by the FAA. It takes into account
aircraft to FSTD differences and the training ability of the
organization.
FSTD Directive--A document issued by the FAA to an FSTD sponsor,
requiring a modification to the FSTD due to a recognized safety-of-
flight issue and amending the qualification basis for the FSTD. (Part
60)
FSTD Latency--is the additional time beyond that of the response
time of the aircraft due to the response of the FSTD.
FSTD Performance--The overall performance of the FSTD includes
aircraft performance (e.g., thrust/drag relationships, climb, range) as
well as flight and ground handling. (Part 60)
Full flight simulator (FFS) means a replica of a specific type; or
make, model, and series aircraft cockpit. It includes the assemblage of
equipment and computer programs necessary to represent aircraft
operations in ground and flight conditions, a visual system providing an
out-of-the-cockpit view, a system that provides cues at least equivalent
to those of a three-degree-of-freedom motion system, and has the full
range of capabilities of the systems installed in the device as
described in part 60 of this chapter and the qualification performance
standards (QPS) for a specific FFS qualification level. (Part 1)
Generic Airport--is a Class III visual model that combines correct
navigation aids for a real world airport with a visual model which does
not correctly depict that same airport.
Grandfathering--as used in this part, means the practice of
assigning a qualification basis for an FSTD, based on the period of time
during which a published set of standards governed the requirements for
the initial and continuing qualification of FSTDs. Each FSTD
manufactured during this specified period of time is ``grandfathered,''
or is ``held to the standards'' that are, or were, in effect during that
time period. The grandfathered standards remain applicable to each FSTD
manufactured during the stated time period, regardless of any subsequent
modification to those standards and regardless of the sponsor, as long
as the FSTD remains continuously qualified or is maintained in a non-
qualified status in accordance with the specific requirements and time
periods set out in this part. Each FSTD manufactured prior to the
beginning date (or manufactured after the ending date) of a designated
grandfather time period would have as its qualification basis, the
standards in effect during the time period prior to, or subsequent to,
the designated period.
Gross Weight--For objective test purposes:
Basic Operating Weight--(BOW) is the empty weight of the aircraft
plus the weight of the following: normal oil quantity; lavatory
servicing fluid; potable water; required crewmembers and their baggage;
and emergency equipment.
Near Maximum Gross Weight--is a weight chosen by the sponsor or data
provider that is not less than the basic operating weight (BOW) of the
airplane being simulated plus 80% of the difference between the maximum
certificated gross weight (either takeoff weight or landing weight, as
appropriate for the test) and the BOW.
Light Gross Weight--is a weight chosen by the sponsor or data
provider that is not more than 120% of the BOW of the airplane being
simulated or as limited by the minimum practical operating weight of the
test airplane.
[[Page 305]]
Medium Gross Weight--is a weight chosen by the sponsor or data
provider that is approximately 10% of the average
of the numerical values of the BOW and the maximum certificated gross
weight.
Ground Effect--is the change in aerodynamic characteristics due to
modification of the airflow past the aircraft caused by the proximity of
the Earth's surface to the airplane.
Hands Off--is a test maneuver conducted without pilot control
inputs.
Hands On--is a test maneuver conducted with pilot control inputs as
required.
Heave--is FSTD movement with respect to or along the vertical axis.
Height--is the height above ground level (or AGL) expressed in
meters or feet.
``In Use'' Runway--as used in this part, means the runway that is
``active,'' (is currently ``selected'' and able to be used for takeoffs
and landings) and has the surface lighting and markings required by this
part.
Integrated Testing--is testing of the FSTD such that all aircraft
system models are active and contribute appropriately to the results
where none of the models used are substituted with models or other
algorithms intended for testing only.
Irreversible Control System--is a control system in which movement
of the control surface will not backdrive the pilot's control in the
cockpit.
Locked--is a test condition where one or more variables are held
constant with time.
Manual Testing--is FSTD testing conducted without computer inputs
except for initial setup and all modules of the simulation are active.
Master Qualification Test Guide (MQTG)--The FAA-approved
Qualification Test Guide with the addition of the FAA-witnessed test
results, applicable to each individual FSTD. (Part 60)
Medium--is the normal operational weight for a given flight segment.
National Simulator Program Manager (NSPM)--The FAA manager
responsible for the overall administration and direction of the National
Simulator Program (NSP), or a person approved by that FAA manager. (Part
60)
Nominal--is the normal operating configuration, atmospheric
conditions, and flight parameters for the flight segment specified.
Non-Normal Control--is a term used in reference to Computer
Controlled Airplanes and is the state where one or more of the intended
control, augmentation, or protection functions are not fully working.
NOTE: Specific terms such as ALTERNATE, DIRECT, SECONDARY, or BACKUP may
be used to define an actual level of degradation.
Normal Control--is a term used in reference to Computer Controlled
Airplanes and is the state where the intended control, augmentation, and
protection functions are fully working.
Objective data--Quantitative data, acceptable to the NSPM, used to
evaluate the FSTD.
Objective test--A quantitative measurement and evaluation of FSTD
performance. (Part 60)
Pitch--is the airplane attitude with respect to, or around, the
lateral axis expressed in degrees.
Power Lever Angle (PLA)--is the angle of the pilot's primary engine
control lever(s) in the cockpit. This may also be referred to as
THROTTLE or POWER LEVER.
Predicted data--Estimations or extrapolations of either existing
flight test data or data from other simulation models using engineering
analyses, engineering simulations, design data, and/or wind tunnel data.
(Part 60)
Protection Functions--are systems functions designed to protect an
airplane from exceeding its flight maneuver limitations.
Pulse Input--is a step input to a control followed by an immediate
return to the initial position.
Qualification level--The categorization of an FSTD established by
the NSPM, based on the FSTDs demonstrated technical and operational
capabilities as set out in this part. (Part 60)
Qualification Performance Standard (QPS)--The collection of
procedures and criteria published by the FAA to be used when conducting
objective tests and subjective tests, including general FSTD
requirements, for establishing FSTD qualification levels. The QPS are
published in the appendices to this part, as follows: Appendix A, for
Airplane Simulators; Appendix B, for Airplane Flight Training Devices;
Appendix C, for Helicopter Simulators; Appendix D, for Helicopter Flight
Training Devices; Appendix E, for Quality Management Systems for Flight
Simulation Training Devices; and Appendix F, for Definitions and
Abbreviations for Flight Simulation Training Devices. (Part 60)
Qualification Test Guide (QTG)--The primary reference document used
for evaluating an aircraft FSTD. It contains test results, statements of
compliance and capability, the configuration of the aircraft simulated,
and other information for the evaluator to assess the FSTD against the
applicable regulatory criteria. (Part 60)
Quality Management System (QMS)--the aviation standard for flight
simulation quality-systems that can be used for external quality-
assurance purposes. It is a collection of generic and independent
requirements unrelated to any specific industry or economic sector. It
is not designed to enforce uniformity of quality systems, but to
identify the processes needed, determine the sequence and interaction of
these processes,
[[Page 306]]
determine criteria and methods required to ensure the effective
operation and control of these processes, ensure the availability of
information necessary to support the operation and monitoring of these
processes, measure, monitor and analyze these processes, and implement
the actions necessary to achieve planned results. The design and
implementation of a specific quality management system is influenced by
the varying needs of the individual sponsor, their particular
objectives, the flight simulation products and services supplied, and
the processes and specific practices employed.
Real-World Airport--as used in this part in reference to airport
visual models, means a computer generated visual depiction of an airport
that exists in reality.
Representative--When used as an adjective in this part, means
typical, demonstrative, or characteristic of, or with respect to, the
feature being described. For example:
1. ``Representative sampling of tests'' means a sub-set of the
complete set of all tests such that the sample includes one or more of
the tests in each of the major categories, the results of which would
provide the evaluator a typical, or overall, understanding of the
performance and/or handling characteristics of the FSTD.
2. ``Representative airport model'' (or ``ground/airborne traffic,''
``lights,'' ``runway/taxiway markings,'' ``terrain,'' ``weather
phenomena'') means a computer generated visual depiction of a real-world
or fictional airport (or traffic, lights, markings, terrain, weather
phenomena.) that is typical or characteristic of an airport (or traffic,
lights, markings, terrain, weather phenomena) regularly used or seen by
the sponsor, or the sponsor's client using the FSTD, in normal
operations.
Reversible Control System--is a control system in which movement of
the control surface will backdrive the pilot's control in the cockpit.
Roll--is the airplane attitude with respect to, or around, the
longitudinal axis expressed in degrees.
Set of aircraft--Aircraft that share similar handling and operating
characteristics and similar operating envelopes and have the same number
and type of engines or power plants. (Part 60)
Sideslip Angle--is the angle between the relative wind vector and
the airplane plane of symmetry. (note: this definition replaces the
current definition of ``sideslip.'')
Simulation Quality Management System (SQMS)--consists of the
required and voluntary elements of a quality management system for FSTD
continuing qualification.
Snapshot--is a presentation of one or more variables at a given
instant of time.
Special Evaluation--is an evaluation of the FSTD for purposes other
than initial, upgrade, or continuing qualification. Circumstances that
might indicate the need for a special evaluation would include, but not
necessarily be limited to, the following: after the FSTD is moved and
reinstalled at another location; after an update to FSTD software or
hardware that might affect performance or flying qualities; after a
substantial update to FSTD avionics packages (e.g., autopilot, flight
management systems); after substantial modifications to FSTD
configuration; after a complaint is received from a credible source
indicating that the FSTD does not perform or handle like the aircraft it
simulates.
Sponsor--A certificate holder who seeks or maintains FSTD
qualification and is responsible for the prescribed actions as set out
in this part and the QPS for the appropriate FSTD and qualification
level. (Part 60)
Statement of Compliance and Capability (SOC)--is a declaration that
specific requirements have been met. It must declare that compliance
with the requirement is achieved and explain how the requirement is met
(e.g., gear modeling approach, coefficient of friction sources). It must
also describe the capability of the FSTD to meet the requirement (e.g.,
computer speed, visual system refresh rate). In doing this, the
statement must provide references to needed sources of information for
showing compliance, rationale to explain how the referenced material is
used, mathematical equations and parameter values used, and conclusions
reached.
Step Input--is an abrupt control input held at a constant value.
Subjective test--A qualitative assessment of the performance and
operation of the FSTD. (Part 60)
Surge--is FSTD movement with respect to or along the longitudinal
axis.
Sway--is FSTD movement with respect to or along the lateral axis.
Time History--is a presentation of the change of a variable with
respect to time.
Training Program Approval Authority (TPAA)--A person authorized by
the Administrator to approve the aircraft flight training program in
which the FSTD will be used. (Part 60)
Training Restriction--is a temporary condition where, due to a
Missing, Malfunctioning, or Inoperative (MMI) Component condition, the
FSTD may continue to be used at the qualification level indicated on its
SOQ but restricted from accomplishing the task for which the correct
function of the MMI component is required.
Transport Delay or ``Throughput''--is the total FSTD system
processing time required for an input signal from a pilot primary flight
control until motion system, visual system, or instrument response. It
is the overall time delay incurred from signal input until output
response. It does not include the characteristic delay of the airplane
simulated.
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Upgrade--The improvement or enhancement of an FSTD for the purpose
of achieving a higher qualification level. (Part 60)
Validation Data--Objective data used to determine if the FSTD
performance is within the tolerances prescribed in the QPS.
Validation Test--An objective test whereby FSTD parameters are
compared to the relevant validation data to ensure that the FSTD
performance is within the tolerances prescribed in the QPS.
Visual Data Base--is a display that may include one or more visual
models.
Visual Model--is a collection of one or more visual scenes of an
airport or portion(s) of an airport.
Visual System Response Time--is the interval from a control input to
the completion of the visual display scan of the first video field
containing the resulting different information.
Yaw--is airplane attitude with respect to, or around, the vertical
axis expressed in degrees.
3. Abbreviations.
AFM Approved Flight Manual.
AlL Above Ground Level (meters or feet).
AOA Angle of Attack (degrees).
APD Aircrew Program Designee.
CCA Computer Controlled Airplane.
cd/m\2\ candela/meter\2\, 3.4263 candela/m\2\ = 1 ft-Lambert.
CFR Code of Federal Regulations.
cm(s) centimeter, centimeters.
daN decaNewtons, one (1) decaNewton = 2.27 pounds.
deg(s) degree, degrees.
DOF Degrees-of-freedom.
eMQTG Electronic Master Qualification Test Guide.
EPR Engine Pressure Ratio.
FAA Federal Aviation Administration (U.S.).
fpm feet per minute.
ft foot/feet, 1 foot = 0.304801 meters.
ft-Lambert foot-Lambert, 1 ft-Lambert = 3.4263 candela/m\2\.
g Acceleration due to Gravity (meters or feet/sec\2\); 1 g = 9.81 m/
sec\2\ or 32.2 feet/sec\2\.
G/S Glideslope.
IATA International Airline Transport Association.
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization.
IGE In ground effect.
ILS Instrument Landing System.
IQTG International Qualification Test Guide.
km Kilometers 1 km = 0.62137 Statute Miles.
kPa KiloPascal (Kilo Newton/Meters2). 1 psi = 6.89476 kPa.
kts Knots calibrated airspeed unless otherwise specified, 1 knot =
0.5148 m/sec or 1.689 ft/sec.
lb(s) pound(s), one (1) pound = 0.44 decaNewton.
LDP Landing decision point.
M,m Meters, 1 Meter = 3.28083 feet.
Min(s) Minute, minutes.
MLG Main Landing Gear.
Mpa MegaPascals (1 psi = 6894.76 pascals).
ms millisecond(s).
N NORMAL CONTROL Used in reference to Computer Controlled Airplanes.
nm Nautical Mile(s) 1 Nautical Mile = 6,080 feet.
NN NON-NORMAL CONTROL Used in reference to Computer Controlled
Airplanes.
N1 Low Pressure Rotor revolutions per minute, expressed in percent of
maximum.
N2 High Pressure Rotor revolutions per minute, expressed in percent of
maximum.
N3 High Pressure Rotor revolutions per minute, expressed in percent of
maximum.
NWA Nosewheel Angle (degrees).
OGE Out of ground effect.
PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator System.
Pf Impact or Feel Pressure, often expressed as ``q.''
PLA Power Lever Angle.
PLF Power for Level Flight.
psi pounds per square inch.
QPS Qualification Performance Standard.
RAE Royal Aerospace Establishment.
R/C Rate of Climb (meters/sec or feet/min).
R/D Rate of Descent (meters/sec or feet/min).
REIL Runway End Identifier Lights.
RVR Runway Visual Range (meters or feet).
s second(s).
sec(s) second, seconds.
sm Statute Mile(s) 1 Statute Mile = 5,280 feet.
SOC Statement of Compliance and Capability.
Tf Total time of the flare maneuver duration.
Ti Total time from initial throttle movement until a 10% response of a
critical engine parameter.
TIR Type Inspection Report.
T/O Takeoff.
Tt Total time from Ti to a 90% increase or decrease in the power level
specified.
VASI Visual Approach Slope Indicator System.
VGS Visual Ground Segment.
V1 Decision speed.
V2 Takeoff safety speed.
Vmc Minimum Control Speed.
Vmca Minimum Control Speed in the air.
Vmcg Minimum Control Speed on the ground.
Vmcl Minimum Control Speed--Landing.
Vmu The speed at which the last main landing gear leaves the ground.
VR Rotate Speed.
Vs Stall Speed or minimum speed in the stall.
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WAT Weight, Altitude, Temperature.
End QPS Requirements