WPCy[ 2DB5Rc Z#|yNew Century SchoolbookNew Century Schoolbook Italic"m^8;Noo)CCdy8C88oooooooooo88yyyYQo~čzCyCyd)ooYsdCkz?;w?zdsoY]Nzkkk`CyCyC8CC!CCCCCCCCCCs?oooooȟYddddQ?Q?Q?Q?zddddzzzzkosddkdsoooYYYYsddddkkkkkkzzQ?Q?Q?Q?ow?????zzzzddȧYYY~]~]~]~]NNNzzzzzzĜkz`z`z`s?zY~]NkksdzNy8yd;YUUoooCgwZZskkkkB{sssZZcJRRRkkkl_dRZ>\J\B\JlZoN21mRgR\lNaJlRsRSRYZB\BhVrNlRwgsg_BZ11RVVg_]Zk___________________BBBBBBBZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ111111111111RRRRRRRVVVVVVVVVVVVggggggggggggggggggggl\l2lhs2hRBibliogrphyBibliography:X (# OutlineTo set up outline text^ I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a) 1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a) 1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a) 1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a)Ҳ2 {  MemoemStyle for memo among Justices 2/9/91^ #x6X@8;ZX@# 3'3'Standard3'3'StandardJet 500 /.H) @-  -@  =  Block QuoteSingle spaced indented quote XOutlineBOutline with Bullets* I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)-*+x-*+x-*+xҲPoolPool memo formatQ_,   =      ?0 Preliminary MemorandumăD(#2s ; 2OutlineNOutline with Numbersܸ-} I. 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LOUISIANA &Syllabuso0SYLCT-A#o P['Cn&P#  f SULLIVAN v. LOUISIANA *i/SYLCT-B #o P['Cn&P#   fdf < certiorari to the supreme court of louisiana  uB) *cSYLCT-C #[ P['CdP# df  ) No. 92!5129. Argued March 29, 1993"Decided June 1, 1993 *bSYLCT-D#[ P['CdP#d  uB *,  d , , The jury instructions in petitioner Sullivan's statecourt trial for firstdegree murder included a definition of ``reasonable doubt'' that was  uBH essentially identical to the one held unconstitutional in Cage v.  uB Louisiana, 498 U.S. 39 (per curiam). The jury entered a verdict of guilty, and Sullivan was sentenced to death. In upholding the conviction on direct appeal, the Supreme Court of Louisiana held that the erroneous instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Ƭ  uB \SYLCT-E , , ( (  *  ( ( Held:ĠA constitutionally deficient reasonabledoubt instruction cannot be harmless error. Pp.2!7. ư  uBs 7SYLCT-F ( ( ,  T T (a)Sullivan's Sixth Amendment right to jury trial was denied by the giving of a constitutionally deficient beyondareasonabledoubt instruction. The Fifth Amendment requirement of proof beyond a  uB reasonable doubt, see, e.g., In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, and the Sixth Amendment requirement that the jury, rather than the judge, reach the requisite finding of ``guilty,'' are interrelated: The required jury verdict is a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The  uBt Court's opinion in Cage, which held that an instruction of the sort given here does not produce such a verdict, is controlling. Pp.2!3. T T (b)The giving of a constitutionally deficient reasonabledoubt instruction is among those constitutional errors that require reversal of a conviction, rather than those that are amenable to harmless uB error analysis. See Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24.  uB Consistent with the jurytrial guarantee, Chapman instructs a reviewing court to consider the actual effect of the error on the guilty verdict in the case at hand. Since in petitioner's case there has been no jury verdict within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment, the premise for harmlesserror analysis is absent. Unlike an erroneous  uBQ presumption regarding an element of the offense, see Sandstrom v.  uB Montana, 442 U.S. 510, a deficient reasonabledoubt instruction "1!"(( vitiates all the jury's factual findings. A reviewing court in such a case can only engage in pure speculation"its view of what a reasonable jury would have done. When it does that, the wrong entity judges the defendant guilty. Moreover, denial of the right to a jury verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, the consequences of which are necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate, is certainly a ``structural defec[t] in the constitution of the trial mechanism,  uB which def[ies] analysis by `harmlesserror' standards'' under Arizona  uB v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. ___, ___ (opinion of Rehnquist, C.J., for the Court). Pp.3!7. m*SYLCT-G , , ,  &*  , , 596 So.2d 177, reversed and remanded.Ƭ  uB cSYLCT-H , , ( (    Scalia, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court. Rehnquist,  uBT C.J., filed a concurring opinion.