The First Lithuanian Book - the 450 Anniversary
Remarks by Vytautas Landsbergis,
Chairman of the Lithuanian Seimas
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
June 19, 1997
Ladies and Gentlemen,
When 450 years ago Lithuanians took into their hands the first Lithuanian
book, our nation had already a long history and rich cultural heritage. Let
me say some words about it.
On the eastern seaboard of the Baltic Sea, there is a country called Lithuania.
The very name of that Sea is Balto-Lithuanian - because balta etymologically
means the white sea, in further connotation signifying clear, bright and
honest. Apparently, for many thousands of years, she looked that way, foamy
white, caressing beaches of light sand, and reflecting caravans of white
clouds in her silvery green-grey waters.
The tribes and nations, which had so named their Sea, were later given
the common scientific name Balts, as though in turn derived from the Sea.
Actually though two thousand years ago those Baltic tribes had inhabited
a large territory between what are now Berlin and Moscow, and in such an
extensive land area they were linked not by the Sea, but by language, religion
and custom. The language, the most ancient Indo-European and the most similar
to Sanskrit, now links only a very small Baltic language family, only Lithuanians
and Latvians. Two other Baltic languages that were known in the past, Prussian
and Sudavian, have perished.
Present-day Lithuania and Latvia are all that remain after two thousand
years of Slavic and Germanic expansion, conquest and assimilation.
After the Teutonic Knights occupied the lands of Old Prussia and Western
Lithuania, but did not manage to break the resistance of the state of Lithuania
dating back to the thirteenth century, the Eastern coast of the Baltic sea
saw the formation of the state by the Teutonic Order which, with the expansion
of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, became a secular duchy. The
majority of its countryside population were Lithuanians and Prussians. The
last were already standing on the brink of extinction and assimilation. The
state capital Koenigsberg, or Karaliaucius in Lithuanian, became a university
city, the pivot of culture. This was the place where Immanuel Kant, whose
genealogical roots, as researchers claim, reach both Scotland and Lithuania,
lived and worked. The territory between Koenigsberg and the Lithuanian state
border was still called 'Lithuania Minor', and later, up to the twentieth
century - 'Prussia's Lithuania'. This was the cradle of the written Lithuanian
literature: it faced the appearance of the first Lithuanian book, the anniversary
of which we are celebrating today, the translation of the Bible into Lithuanian,
the preparation of the first grammar of the Lithuanian language and the most
famous work of Lithuanian poetry - the poem "The Seasons" by a Lithuanian
Lutheran pastor, K. Donelaitis. It was published here as well as the first
collection of Lithuanian folk songs in the nineteenth century already.
You see, Ladies and Gentlemen, it was not an accident that "The Simple
Words of the Catechism" by Martynas Mazvydas - in Latin Mosvidius - appeared
there.
The first Lithuanian book is now four hundred and fifty years old - this
is an occasion for us to share our joy that significant publications have
appeared and remarkable events - as this commemoration in Washington - have
been organized. At the same time it is an opportunity to collect our thoughts
and think a little. What does a book mean to a nation, a state, to the multinational
human civilization? What did the first book mean to a then divided European
nation, to the common people, including the fact that it was almost entirely
in Lithuanian; and what did it mean with its wonderful manifold contents?
Any book is a created innovation, and, simultaneously, an accumulation
and reflection of different things that existed before it. Books store and
convey the knowledge and the wisdom of the people's community and the whole
humanity. A book becomes a written message of a nation and a continuation
of its spirit, and this gives another stimulus for a new creative work.
Martynas Mazvydas understood the special significance of his deal, even
its national-cultural meaning: a Lithuanian book is coming out! Having completed
the Catechism, he adds as if a postscript "To the Reader":
Brolau mielasis, skaitydams tatai zinosi,
Jog tasai liezuvis dabar reiskiasi.
'My dear brother, you will realize while reading
that now this very language manifests itself'.
And the preface - "The speech of the book itself"- written in verse announces
joyfully:
Ko tevai niekada neregejo,
Nun sitai viss jusump atejo!
'What our fathers have never seen before
now all that came to you'.
He understood especially well a twofold value of the book, that is, the
content conveyed by it and the form given to that content. Here are the teachings
of Christ and my work, Martynas Mazvydas states explicitly at the end of
the Catechism, the main part of the book. It is his reminder to the readers,
and even a forewarning in the name of Jesus Christ:
Prasau as jus, Lietuvinikus ir Zemaicius, milosius bralius ir seseris,
... idant ta, trumpa maksla ismaktumet, ... a sita mana darba, ir prakaita,
uz ger preimtumbet, prasau.
'I beg you, the Lithuanians and the Samogitians, my dear brothers
and sisters...., to learn this short teaching, ... and to accept my labor
and my sweat in good faith, I beg you'.
Mazvydas could indeed take pride in his well thought and consistent work
as an author and a compiler. Let us take a look at it and we shall understand
it better. His book is systematic and contains as if four parts. The introductory
part - about the purpose of work - is a dedication to the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania, an encouragement and an explanation in Latin to Lithuanian priests,
and then there is the famous rhymed introduction in Lithuanian - a speech
of "the little book itself" "to the Lithuanians and the Samogitians".
The next is a very short or, as Mazvydas puts it, "cheap and short teaching
in reading and writing": four pages altogether and just is "the end of this
teaching". It is a primary book which contains an alphabet, an explanation
of "vowels, diphthongs and consonants", formation of syllables and a final
didactic warning: "A wise teacher will no longer encumber a child with syllabisation.
Instead, he has to teach him immediately to read.'
Teach from what? - here this practical question can be put.
From reading-books, of course. They are those "simple words of the catechism" that
we find on the next page, for simple people and "especially for the farmers'
sons and household members."
As simple as this. If you do not learn to read you will not be able to
read the catechism. And, on the other hand, while learning to read you are
already reading the catechism. You add vowels to consonants and learn both
teachings: the earthly and the divine one.
This is the most important, the main part of the book. It contains the
Ten Commandments, the Credo, the Lord's Prayer - Our Father, the Sacraments
and also the fifth stanza of the catechism "about the law of stewards, life
of every man, how one should live in his standing by the will of God." These
are the principles or rules to the rich, the farmers and the servants, men,
women and children, their mutual obligations.
Then a book of hymns and music follows, with beautiful explanations by
Mazvydas, like the one where at long last he identifies the language of the
book by its name: Lithuanian. He notes: "Patrem" in Lithuanian should be
sung on the same note as "Wyr gleuben all an einen Got" in German. But for
the sake of the students I spared no time to write down the music." Therefore,
there are eleven hymns more, and almost all of them with music.
The work of Mazvydas is composed of several parts, although it is referred
to as a "little book" which so introduces itself in the preface written in
verse. However, on the title page he emphasizes the word "catechism", and
we can see that in the book's metrics he uses singular masculine: "isbruktas" in
Karaliaucius through Hans Weinreich. Not a book or a little book, which in
Lithuanian is feminine, but a catechism that was "isbruktas", that is, printed
450 years ago in Karaliaucius.
You see, in this metrics - in the first printed Lithuanian text - an old
Lithuanian name of the Koenigsberg city is testified. The Prussian language
was still in use (the Prussian catechism appeared published at the same time).
However the most ancient Prussian city name, Tvanksta, was already a memory.
The rhymed preface is full of contents very important to Lithuanian literature. "Take
and read me, and learn me while reading" - this is an expectation and an
entreaty of every book, the high purpose of each of them, and especially
of that which declared: "This is how the word of the Kingdom of Heaven will
reach you."
Mazvydas says there that "parents" had always wanted education, but they
could never attain it in any way. Now there is a way to achieve this - through
your own language, our native tongue, just take and read it!
Read! All of you who had been left in darkness, uneducated, worshiping
all kinds of gods and devils, like the countryman quoted by Mazvydas as answering
his priest: he'd rather eat a rooster with a "holy witch" than go to church
to listen to the invocation of those preachers...
For the harvest, the countrymen still used to address pagan gods zempaciai and lauksargiai,
and for health - goblins, just like nowadays. It seems that they took great
care of their health because the book says in a commanding tone:
Sveikata,, visus daiktus nuog to Dievo turit,
Kurio prisakymus cia manip regit.
... Sveikata, ir palaimi tasai gal priduoti.
... Aitvars ir deives to negal padaryti.
'Health and all other things come from that God,
whose commandments I have laid down.
... He can give you health and blessings.
... Brownies and goddesses cannot do this'.
Amid the various joys and sorrows, reprimands and advice, we also find "the
book itself " giving the following instruction:
Jei kas sventa, giesme, nor giedot,
mane po akimis savo tur turet
'If anyone intends to sing a holy hymn,
they must have me in front of their eyes'
This is a short preliminary introduction into the hymnal to be found at
the end of the book. You see, everything in this book is functional.
This first book marked the start of the Lithuanian written language which
in itself meant many other starts.
The Lithuanian language, which 'now manifests itself', was perceived as
common for all, used by both the Lithuanians and Samogitians. What did Mazvydas
have in mind, when he stated that the language 'now manifests itself'? Did
he mean that this manifestation is taking place only now. or that
it will continue from now on? Both senses are adequate and significant.
The first Lithuanian guide to religious beliefs came into being, which,
among other things, contained the rules of a Christian way of life, indeed,
the 'instructions' for all ranks and classes, as if representing some moral
code.
The first primer - a text-book for reading in Lithuanian - also contained
a hymnal, the source for studying the musical language in notes, again meant
for 'the young ones'.
The first poem contained an invention contrived in it, an acrostic with
the name of the author, as well as an ethnographic insight into the bad habits
of Lithuanians and Samogitians.
There were the first dictums in the shape of epigrams, disapproving of
laziness:
Suneliai, mokykites veikiaus, nepateikit (=netingekit),
Pateikaudami tev lobio netrekit (=tinginiaudami nesvaistykit)
'Dearest sons, learn, do not idle,
Do not waste your parents' wealth idling'.
The first neologisms were in this text, which illustrated an attempt to
avoid loan-words, and to enrich the language from its own resources.
There also was the first urge to educate oneself responsibly - even women
and servants should educate themselves, that is all without exception
democratic Lithuanians and Samogitians - and the first didactic instructions
to the educators.
The first and almost unique permission of a Lithuanian author to correct
and improve his work (if only not the last).
The first Lithuanian writer's friendly address to his critics, asking for
help:
Todrin, jei rasi koki paklydima,
Pataisyk be visokio uzvydejimo.
'Thus, if you find a mistake,
Correct it without any jealousy'.
The first book is not so very much removed from our times as it may seem
from a 450th anniversary's perspective. Even as a text-book of Lithuanian
it had been used comparatively recently, as when someone in Odessa decided
to learn Lithuanian, a unique copy of Mazvydas was discovered on the bookshelves...
This exceptionally rare book became well known, and returned to Lithuania.
Thus, today we reflect on the book, but not just the book. In the first
place it deals with people. The book, in every way, is the monument to their
activities - sometimes to the life's work even of a single person.
Martynas Mazvydas' pastoral, cultural and educational work linked Vilnius
with Koenigsberg, Lithuania Proper with Lithuania Minor. It formed a valuable
part of Baltic region heritage, with an affinity to be known more widely
in order to enrich people of different nations. To that end we will have
to keep returning to this the book again and again.
Two decades ago the West was being told that the Gutenberg's Galaxy, that
is to say, European and all other civilization based on the publishing of
books, was expiring, and only TV was to remain.
However, this prediction did not come true. Today we recognize the old
shape and the new shape of the book as well as its role. "The young ones" and
the students of our times read and write using computers; they list the Internet
pages throughout the entire globe. We take part in the problems and changes
of our civilization. Lithuania also exists in this world, as does the Lithuanian
book and its forefather Mazvydas.
Lithuania survived for the reason that there was the Lithuanian language,
because there was the book, and because there was Mazvydas.
Truly it is marvelous that there was a man whose name was Mazvydas.
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