TEXT Table 1. Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation under current and replaced private Table 2. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry Table 3. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry Table 4. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under private industry collective bargaining Table 5. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under Table 6. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under construction collective bargaining Table 7. Rate changes: Selected characteristics of settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by duration of Table 8. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering Table 9. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry Table 10. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry Table 11. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components Table 12. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components Table 13. Cost changes: Percent distribution of workers in Table 14. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 Table 15. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements covering Technical Information: USDL: 95-276 Janice Devine (202) 606-6276 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 A.M. EDT William Davis (202) 606-6277 Tuesday, July 25, 1995 Media Contact: (202) 606-5902 MAJOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING SETTLEMENTS IN PRIVATE INDUSTRY, SECOND QUARTER 1995 Major collective bargaining settlements reached in private industry during the second quarter of 1995 called for annual changes in wage rates and compensation over the contract term that were lower, on average, than were specified in the agreements they replaced, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This relationship has existed for 11 consecutive quarters, with the exception of the fourth quarter of 1993 when changes in compensation rates were the same for current and replaced contracts. The Bureau's series on major collective bargaining statistics covers bargaining units of 1,000 or more workers, while the data on compensation changes relate to bargaining units of 5,000 or more workers. Wage rate changes under settlements Settlements in the second quarter of 1995 specified wage rate changes averaging an increase of 2.1 percent in their first year and 2.2 percent annually over their contract term. (See tables 1 and 2.) Corresponding changes in agreements they replaced (which were primarily negotiated in 1992 and 1993) were increases of 3.1 percent and 3.0 percent. Lump-sum payments and cost-of-living adjustments are not included in specified wage rate changes. During the second quarter, 136 settlements, covering 456,000 workers, were concluded. Settlements in construction, food stores, and apparel manufacturing accounted for nearly three-fourths of the workers. During the second quarter of 1995, cash lump-sum payment provisions were newly negotiated in 11 agreements for 33,000 workers, maintained in another 11 agreements for 33,000 workers, and discontinued in 4 agreements for 8,000 workers. As of June 30, 1995, such provisions covered 42 percent of the 5.4 million workers under all major collective bargaining contracts in private industry. Lump-sum coverage had been as high as 44 percent in 1989 and dropped to a low of 36 percent at the end of 1992. Nine agreements covering 26,000 workers reached in the second quarter of 1995 retained their cost-of-living adjustment clauses (COLAs), while six agreements for 16,000 workers discontinued COLA coverage. No settlement added a COLA clause. As of June 30, 1995, COLA provisions covered 23 percent of the 5.4 million workers under major collective bargaining contracts compared with 24 percent at the end of 1994. Coverage has been steadily declining from the 40 percent level that existed in the late 1980s. Workers under second-quarter settlements accounted for 35 percent of the 1.3 million workers under the 383 settlements reached in the 12 months ended June 30, 1995. (See table 3.) Settlements during this 4-quarter period, on average, specified a lower wage rate change over their term than the contracts being replaced--an annual increase of 2.2 percent - 2 - compared with 2.9 percent. (See the chart.) This has been the pattern for the last 11 4-quarter periods. Over their term, agreements reached during the year ended June 30, 1995, specified wage rate increases for 85 percent of the workers, no wage change for 13 percent, and a net decrease for 3 percent. (See table 4.) These contracts had an average duration of 38.4 months, about the same as for the 4-quarter period ended March 31, 1995, which was the longest recorded since the Bureau of Labor Statistics began publishing this measure in 1972. (See table 7.) Twenty-eight percent of the workers under settlements reached during the 4-quarter period ended June 30, 1995, had either a cash lump-sum payment provision, a COLA clause, or both. Their wage changes over the contract term averaged an increase of 1.8 percent annually compared with 2.3 percent for workers in settlements with neither provision. Lump-sum payments are not part of the ongoing rate structure and, therefore, are excluded from the rate data. Such payments, however, are included in measures of compensation cost changes discussed in the next section. Potential wage changes from COLA clauses depend on future price changes and, therefore, are excluded from both rate and cost data. (See the Explanatory Note.) Typically, lump-sum payment and COLA provisions are negotiated more frequently for manufacturing than for nonmanufacturing workers. During the year ended June 30, 1995, cash lump-sum payment and/or COLA provisions covered 56 percent of the workers in manufacturing settlements compared with 16 percent in nonmanufacturing. For all manufacturing settlements, the wage rate change averaged an annual increase of 2.0 percent over the contract term. Settlements with cash lump-sum and/or COLA provisions called for wage rate changes averaging an increase of 1.7 percent annually over the life of the agreement compared with 2.3 percent in settlements with neither provision. Nonmanufacturing settlements reached in the year ended June 30, 1995, called for wage rate changes averaging an increase of 2.2 percent annually over their life. Settlements with lump-sum and/or COLA provisions had annual wage changes averaging an increase of 1.9 percent over the contract term compared with 2.3 percent in settlements with neither provision. Compensation cost changes under settlements The BLS data on negotiated changes in employers' costs for employee compensation relate to settlements covering 5,000 or more workers. Compensation cost changes include specified (guaranteed) cash and benefit lump-sum payments and reflect both the size and timing of compensation rate changes. Lump-sum payments and the timing are not taken into account in the rate measure. See the Explanatory Note for a more detailed description of the cost series. Settlements for 5,000 workers or more accounted for 55 percent (252,000) of the 456,000 workers covered by all major settlements negotiated in the second quarter of 1995. They provided total compensation cost changes averaging an increase of 1.1 percent annually over the life of the contract compared with 2.1 percent in the contracts being replaced. (See table 11.) Under second quarter settlements, annual cost changes over - 3 - the contract term averaged 1.1 percent each for wages alone, for cash payments (wages and cash lump-sum payments), and for benefits. For the 12 months ended June 30, 1995, settlements for 5,000 or more workers accounted for 51 percent (669,000) of the 1.3 million workers under all major settlements. These settlements provided total compensation cost changes averaging an increase of 1.1 percent annually over the contract term. The corresponding change in the agreements they replaced was an increase of 2.1 percent. Over the contract term, settlements reached in the 12 months ended June 30, 1995, specified annual changes averaging increases of 1.1 percent for wages alone, 1.2 percent for cash payments (including wages and cash lump-sum payments), and 0.8 percent for benefit costs. Twenty percent of the workers under settlements for 5,000 or more workers reached in the year ended June 30, 1995, could receive compensation increases beyond those specified in the settlement from contingent pay provisions. Examples of such provisions include COLA clauses and lump-sum provisions that call for a payment only if company profits exceed a specified amount. Potential payments under these provisions are excluded from the series. Annual compensation cost changes over the contract term averaged an increase of 1.4 percent in settlements with contingent pay provisions and 1.0 percent in those without such provisions. (See table 12.) Wage rate changes under all major contracts In addition to data on changes in rates and costs under settlements, BLS compiled information on wage rate changes during the second quarter of 1995 under all major contracts. (See table 14.) Wage rate changes averaged an increase of 0.8 percent--0.2 percent from settlements reached during the quarter, 0.5 percent from agreements reached earlier, and 0.1 percent from COLAs. Approximately 5.4 million workers were covered by these contracts. About 2 million workers had their wages increased, another 3.5 million workers were under major contracts in which wage rates remained the same during the second quarter, and 10,000 workers had wage decreases. Wage rate increases during the second quarter of 1995 stemmed from one or more of the following: 1) Settlements reached in 1995 which provided increases in the quarter averaging 3.0 percent for 288,000 workers; 2) contracts negotiated before 1995 that specified increases in the quarter averaging 2.8 percent for 1,028,000 workers; and 3) COLA provisions, which yielded increases averaging 0.7 percent for 688,000 workers. About 128,000 additional workers had COLA reviews which did not produce a wage change, largely because movement in the BLS Consumer Price Index was insufficient to trigger one. COLA reviews during the second quarter of 1995 generated average wage rate changes that amounted to 64 percent of the CPI movement during the review period. - 4 - Third-quarter 1995 activity During July-September 1995, 492,000 workers are under 78 major agreements scheduled to expire or reopen for wage negotiations. Just over 70 percent of these workers are in the telephone communications, food store, and construction industries. In addition, there are 605,000 workers under 79 agreements that expired or were reopened, but had not been renegotiated or ratified prior to July 1, 1995. Seventy percent of these workers are employed in the railroad, telephone communications, airline, construction, and health services industries. In the third quarter, 852,000 workers are scheduled for wage increases averaging 3.1 percent under provisions of agreements negotiated prior to 1995, and about 40,000 are slated for increases averaging 2.0 percent under agreements reached during 1995. COLA reviews are scheduled for 722,000 workers during the quarter. EXPLANATORY NOTE ABOUT THE DATA This release covers major collective bargaining units--those with 1,000 or more workers--in private nonfarm industries. It is limited to production and related workers in manufacturing and nonsupervisory workers in nonmanufacturing. About 6.8 percent of the employed production and nonsupervisory workers in private industry (excluding households) are covered by a major bargaining agreement. Wage and compensation changes under settlements The series on major collective bargaining settlements estimates how much wage and compensation rates and compensation costs will change from existing levels as a result of new collective bargaining agreements reached during specified reference periods. Compensation rates include: Straight-time pay for time worked; premium pay for overtime, weekend, holiday, and shift work; paid leave; life, health, and sickness and accident insurance; pension and other retirement plans; severance pay; and legally required benefits. Compensation rates exclude lump-sum payments because they are not part of the ongoing rate structure. Compensation costs include: All items covered by compensation rates plus specified cash and benefit lump-sum payments, which are excluded from rate data. Wage and compensation rate changes: The rate change for a settlement is the percent difference between the average rate just prior to the start of a new agreement and the average rate that would exist at the end of the first 365 days of the new agreement (first year measure) or at its expiration date (over-the-life measure). (The over-the-life measure is expressed as an annual average change.) The average rate change for all settlements is calculated by first multiplying the rate change for each settlement by the number of workers under the settlement. Next, the resulting products are summed, and the sum is divided by the total number of workers under all settlements. The result is the average change for all settlements. - 5 - Compensation cost changes: The compensation cost change for a settlement is the percent difference between the average cost of compensation per work hour (including the hourly cost of lump-sum payments made during the term of the expiring agreement) just prior to the start of a new agreement and the average cost of compensation per work hour under the settlement. The average cost of compensation under the settlement is calculated in two steps, as follows: 1) Each hourly compensation rate (excluding lump-sum payments) is multiplied by the number of hours it is to be paid during the agreement; the products are summed; and the total is divided by the number of work hours over the agreement term. The result is the cost per work hour of compensation excluding specified lump-sum payments. 2) The cost per work hour of specified lump-sum payments is computed by dividing the total amount of any cash and benefit lump sums by the total number of work hours over the agreement term. The sum of the results of steps 1 and 2 is the estimated average cost of compensation per work hour over the term of the new agreement. The percent difference between this amount and the average cost at the end of the expiring agreement is the average cost change under the settlement. The average cost change under all settlements is calculated by multiplying the percent change in cost under each settlement by the number of workers under the settlement. The results are summed, and the sum is divided by the total number of workers under all settlements. The following example illustrates one of the major differences between the compensation rate series and the compensation cost series. Two agreements (A and B) expire. At expiration, compensation under each agreement is $10 an hour. The agreements are replaced by new settlements that run for 1 year. The settlement replacing agreement A immediately increases compensation from $10 an hour to $10.50 an hour. The settlement replacing agreement B leaves compensation unchanged for the first 6 months and then increases compensation from $10 an hour to $10.50 an hour. The rate series measures the size of each settlement by calculating the difference between compensation at the expiration of the old agreement and compensation at the expiration of the new agreement and computing the percent change. Thus, it measures each settlement as providing a 5-percent ($.50/$10) compensation rate increase over the 1 year term. The cost series measures the size of each settlement by comparing employer costs for compensation under the settlement with what they were under the expiring agreement just before it was renegotiated as follows: When each agreement expired, an employee who worked 2,000 hours over the year would cost the employer $20,000 (2,000 hours at $10). Under the settlement replacing agreement A (with the immediate increase), the employer would pay for 2,000 hours at $10.50 an hour, or $21,000 for the year, a 5-percent increase over the $20,000. Under the settlement replacing agreement B (with the delayed increase), the employer would pay for 1,000 hours at $10 an hour and for 1,000 hours at $10.50 an hour, or $20,500 for the year, a 2.5-percent increase over the $20,000. Thus, the cost series reflects the influence of timing of changes during the agreement term which the rate series does not reflect. - 6 - For a more detailed description of the compensation cost series and how it compares with the compensation rate series, see Alvin Bauman, "A New Measure of Compensation Cost Adjustments," Monthly Labor Review, August 1990, pp. 11-18. Data on changes under settlements exclude potential increases or decreases that may result from COLA clauses that are based on future changes in the CPI unknown at the time of settlement. The data do, however, include "guaranteed" COLA payments (those specified when the agreement was reached and specified to be implemented later) because they are not tied to subsequent price movements. Similarly, data on cost changes exclude contingent lump-sum payments (such as those tied to future profit levels or productivity increases) but include lump-sum payments guaranteed by the settlement. Estimates of changes are based on the assumption that conditions existing at the time of settlement (e.g., composition of the labor force or methods of funding pensions) will remain constant over the life of the agreement. Wage rate changes under all contracts The series on all major collective bargaining contracts estimates average wage rate changes during the reference period under settlements reached during the calendar year as well as under major agreements reached earlier and remaining in force during the period. The average change under all contracts in force during a period is computed by multiplying the percent change under each contract by the number of workers covered, adding the products, and dividing the sum by the total number of workers under all contracts. The average rate change reflects net rate increases, decreases, and zero changes during the reference period. Rate increases and decreases stem from settlements in the calendar year that call for increases or decreases during the period, from agreements reached earlier with increases or decreases deferred to the period, and from COLA clauses. (Although wage increases and decreases from COLA clauses are not incorporated into base wage rates under all agreements, they are included in the wage rate change measure for all contracts.) Wage changes under COLA clauses are based on changes in the Consumer Price Index for a review period designated in the agreement. Data for 1995 are preliminary and may be revised if additional information is obtained. Final data will be available in the Spring of 1996. Additional historical information is available from the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212-0001. Data on major public sector collective bargaining settlements are developed separately and issued semi-annually. Data for the first half of 1995 are scheduled to be released in August 1995. - 7 - Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828, TDD phone: 202-606-5897, TDD Message Referral Phone Number: 1-800-326-2577. Major private industry collective bargaining settlements data for the third quarter of 1995 and for the year ended September 30, 1995, will be released on October 31, 1995, at 10:00 AM (EST). BLS Collective Bargaining Data Now Available on the INTERNET LABSTAT, the Bureau of Labor Statistics public database, provides time series data for many surveys, as well as numerous news releases. Time series data are composed of individual databases (in flat file format) corresponding to each of the surveys. News release files contain both the text and tables (in plain text format) that were included in the official release. Internet users can choose from several methods to access LABSTAT. Anonymous FTP access to LABSTAT is available at stats.bls.gov; Gopher access is at hopi.bls.gov; and World Wide Web access is at http://stats.bls.gov/blshome.html. Collective bargaining related time series data include both negotiated wage and benefit changes (private industry and state and local government) and work stoppages. Current news releases are available for major collective bargaining settlements (private industry and state and local government), bargaining activity in 1995, work stoppages, and union membership. If you have questions or comments regarding the LABSTAT system on the Internet, address e-mail to labstat.helpdesk@bls.gov. Non-Internet users can use the limited dial-in service through the DOL bulletin board to access BLS data; the telephone number is (202) 606-7060. Table 1. Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation under current and replaced private industry collective bargaining settlements, by quarter, and during 4-quarter periods (in percent) ________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 Measure |_______________________|_______________________|___________ | | | | | | | | | | | I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(2)|II(3) ____________________________________|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____ | | Quarterly averages |_ | | | | | | | | | | Wage-rate changes in settlements | | | | | | | | | | covering 1,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | | | First-year change(4) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements.............| 2.5| 2.5| 1.1| 2.8| 3.0| 2.0| 1.0| 2.2| 1.9| 2.1 Replaced settlements............| 4.4| 4.0| 3.6| 3.4| 5.4| 2.8| 2.5| 3.3| 3.5| 3.1 Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | | | term(5) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements.............| 2.7| 2.5| 1.7| 2.0| 2.4| 2.4| 1.9| 2.5| 2.1| 2.2 Replaced settlements............| 3.8| 3.5| 3.0| 2.2| 3.7| 3.0| 2.8| 2.9| 2.9| 3.0 Compensation-rate changes in | | | | | | | | | | settlements | | | | | | | | | | covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | | | First-year change(4) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements.............| 3.1| 3.2| 1.0| 3.8| 3.0| 3.4| (6) | 1.5| 1.3| 1.8 Replaced settlements............| 4.6| 5.0| 4.2| 3.8| 5.9| 3.8| 3.4| 4.9| 3.8| 4.0 Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | | | term(5) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements.............| 3.2| 2.6| 1.4| 2.5| 2.6| 2.9| 1.4| 2.1| 1.6| 1.8 Replaced settlements............| 3.9| 3.9| 2.8| 2.5| 4.1| 3.6| 3.0| 4.0| 2.9| 3.1 Compensation-cost changes in | | | | | | | | | | settlements | | | | | | | | | | covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | | | Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | | | term(5) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements.............| 1.9| 1.8| 0.9| 1.8| 2.0| 1.9| 0.8| 1.2| 1.1| 1.1 Replaced settlements............| 3.0| 2.9| 2.4| 2.0| 3.6| 2.2| 1.9| 2.6| 1.9| 2.1 |___________________________________________________________ | | Four quarters ended |_ | | | | | | | | | | Wage-rate changes in settlements | | | | | | | | | | covering 1,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | | | First-year change(4) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements.............| 2.6| 2.5| 2.0| 2.3| 2.4| 2.2| 2.3| 2.0| 1.8| 1.8 Replaced settlements............| 3.6| 3.9| 4.1| 3.7| 3.8| 3.5| 3.2| 3.2| 2.9| 3.0 Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | | | term(5) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements.............| 2.9| 2.7| 2.3| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.2| 2.3| 2.3| 2.2 Replaced settlements............| 3.3| 3.4| 3.5| 2.9| 2.9| 2.8| 2.7| 3.0| 2.9| 2.9 Compensation-rate changes in | | | | | | | | | | settlements | | | | | | | | | | covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | | | First-year change(4) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements.............| 3.0| 2.9| 2.1| 3.0| 3.0| 3.1| 3.1| 2.3| 2.1| 1.2 Replaced settlements............| 4.1| 4.6| 4.8| 4.2| 4.3| 4.1| 3.9| 4.2| 3.9| 3.9 Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | | | term(5) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements.............| 3.1| 2.9| 2.4| 2.4| 2.3| 2.4| 2.5| 2.4| 2.3| 1.7 Replaced settlements............| 3.4| 3.5| 3.6| 2.9| 2.9| 2.9| 3.0| 3.5| 3.4| 3.2 Compensation-cost changes in | | | | | | | | | | settlements | | | | | | | | | | covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | | | Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | | | term(5) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements.............| 2.0| 1.9| 1.4| 1.6| 1.6| 1.6| 1.7| 1.6| 1.4| 1.1 Replaced settlements............| 2.9| 3.0| 3.2| 2.3| 2.4| 2.3| 2.2| 2.4| 2.1| 2.1 ____________________________________|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____ 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. All rate measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Preliminary revised. 3 Preliminary. 4 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. 6 Less than 0 and greater than -0.05 percent. Table 2. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry collective bargaining settlements, second quarter of 1995 (preliminary) (in percent) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Annual | Number of | Measure | First-year | change over| workers | Number of | change(2) |the contract| (000's) | settlements | | term(3) | | _______________________________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________ | | | | Wage changes in settlements | | | | covering 1,000 workers or more: | | | | All industries...........................| 2.1 | 2.2 | 456 | 136 With COLA clauses......................| 2.1 | 1.2 | 26 | 9 Without COLA clauses...................| 2.1 | 2.3 | 430 | 127 With lump-sum provisions...............| 1.9 | 1.7 | 67 | 23 Without lump-sum provisions............| 2.2 | 2.3 | 388 | 113 With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 1.9 | 1.7 | 74 | 27 With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 2.2 | 2.3 | 382 | 109 Manufacturing............................| 2.3 | 2.1 | 81 | 29 Nonmanufacturing.........................| 2.1 | 2.2 | 374 | 107 Construction.............................| 2.3 | 2.7 | 228 | 76 All industries excluding construction....| 1.9 | 1.7 | 228 | 60 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction..| 1.7 | 1.5 | 146 | 31 Goods-producing..........................| 2.3 | 2.5 | 310 | 105 Service-producing........................| 1.7 | 1.5 | 146 | 31 | | | | Compensation changes in settlements | | | | covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | All industries...........................| 1.8 | 1.8 | 252 | 18 Goods-producing..........................| 2.0 | 2.2 | 152 | 10 Service-producing........................| 1.5 | 1.3 | 100 | 8 _______________________________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________ 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 3. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry collective bargaining settlements, four quarters ended with the second quarter of 1995 (preliminary) (in percent) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Annual | Number of | Measure | First-year | change over| workers | Number of | change(2) |the contract| (000's) | settlements | | term(3) | | _______________________________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________ | | | | Wage changes in settlements | | | | covering 1,000 workers or more: | | | | All industries...........................| 1.8 | 2.2 | 1,317 | 383 With COLA clauses......................| 1.7 | 1.8 | 166 | 43 Without COLA clauses...................| 1.8 | 2.2 | 1,151 | 340 With lump-sum provisions...............| 1.4 | 1.6 | 295 | 94 Without lump-sum provisions............| 1.9 | 2.3 | 1,022 | 289 With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 1.6 | 1.8 | 365 | 107 With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 1.8 | 2.3 | 952 | 276 Manufacturing............................| 1.9 | 2.0 | 380 | 119 With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 1.7 | 1.7 | 213 | 64 With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 2.2 | 2.3 | 167 | 55 Nonmanufacturing.........................| 1.7 | 2.2 | 937 | 264 With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 1.5 | 1.9 | 152 | 43 With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 1.8 | 2.3 | 785 | 221 Construction.............................| 2.3 | 2.7 | 346 | 122 All industries excluding construction....| 1.6 | 2.0 | 971 | 261 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction..| 1.3 | 2.0 | 591 | 142 Goods-producing..........................| 2.1 | 2.3 | 728 | 242 Service-producing........................| 1.3 | 2.0 | 589 | 141 | | | | Compensation changes in settlements | | | | covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | All industries...........................| 1.2 | 1.7 | 669 | 55 With COLA clauses......................| 2.6 | 2.0 | 97 | 7 Without COLA clauses...................| .9 | 1.7 | 572 | 48 With lump-sum provisions...............| 1.7 | 1.5 | 125 | 14 Without lump-sum provisions............| 1.1 | 1.8 | 544 | 41 With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 2.1 | 1.8 | 176 | 16 With neither lump sums nor COLA........| .8 | 1.7 | 493 | 39 Manufacturing............................| 2.0 | 1.7 | 191 | 14 Nonmanufacturing.........................| .8 | 1.8 | 478 | 41 Construction.............................| 2.0 | 2.4 | 135 | 12 All industries excluding construction....| 1.0 | 1.6 | 534 | 43 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction..| .4 | 1.5 | 343 | 29 Goods-producing..........................| 2.0 | 2.0 | 326 | 26 Service-producing........................| .4 | 1.5 | 343 | 29 _______________________________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________ 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 4. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more by change(1) in wages, four quarters ended with the second quarter of 1995 (preliminary) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | All | Manu- | Nonmanu- | industries | facturing | facturing Measure |______________|______________|______________ | | First-year change(2) _______________________________________________________|____________________________________________ | | | Number of workers (in thousands).......................| 1,317 | 380 | 937 | | | | | | Percent of workers | | | All settlements......................................| 100 | 100 | 100 | | | No wage change....................................| 25 | 29 | 23 Decreases(3)......................................| 3 | 1 | 4 Increases.........................................| 72 | 70 | 73 Under 1 percent................................| 1 | 1 | 1 1 and under 2 percent..........................| 10 | 10 | 10 2 and under 3 percent..........................| 26 | 24 | 27 3 and under 4 percent..........................| 26 | 26 | 26 4 and under 5 percent..........................| 7 | 7 | 6 5 percent and over ............................| 2 | 1 | 2 | | | | | | Changes (in percent): | | | Mean change..........................................| 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 Median change........................................| 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | | | Mean increase........................................| 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 Median increase......................................| 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 |____________________________________________ | | Annual change over the contract term(4) |____________________________________________ | | | Number of workers (in thousands).......................| 1,317 | 380 | 937 | | | | | | Percent of workers | | | All settlements......................................| 100 | 100 | 100 | | | No wage change....................................| 13 | 12 | 13 Decreases(3)......................................| 3 | 1 | 4 Increases.........................................| 85 | 87 | 84 Under 1 percent................................| 3 | 7 | 2 1 and under 2 percent..........................| 18 | 23 | 15 2 and under 3 percent..........................| 34 | 42 | 31 3 and under 4 percent..........................| 22 | 11 | 26 4 and under 5 percent..........................| 6 | 1 | 8 5 percent and over.............................| 2 | 2 | 1 | | | | | | Changes (in percent): | | | Mean change..........................................| 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.2 Median change........................................| 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.6 | | | Mean increase........................................| 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.8 Median increase......................................| 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.7 _______________________________________________________|______________|______________|______________ 1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change. Mean and median increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase. Data exclude lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality. 4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 5. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more by change(1) in compensation, four quarters ended with the second quarter of 1995 (preliminary) __________________________________________________________________ | Measure |First-year change(2) _____________________________________________|____________________ | | Total number of workers (in thousands).......| 669 | Percent of workers | | All settlements............................| 100 | No change...............................| 14 Decreases(3)............................| 15 Increases...............................| 71 Under 2 percent......................| 14 2 and under 3 percent................| 29 3 percent and over...................| 28 | Changes (in percent): | Mean change................................| 1.2 Median change..............................| 2.2 | Mean increase..............................| 2.7 Median increase............................| 2.5 |____________________ | | Annual change over |the contract term(4) |____________________ | | Total number of workers (in thousands).......| 669 | Percent of workers | | All settlements............................| 100 | No change...............................| 10 Decreases(3)............................| 8 Increases...............................| 82 Under 2 percent......................| 24 2 and under 3 percent................| 44 3 percent and over...................| 15 | Changes (in percent): | Mean change................................| 1.7 Median change..............................| 2.2 | Mean increase..............................| 2.3 Median increase............................| 2.4 _____________________________________________|____________________ 1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change. Mean and median increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase. Data exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality. 4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 6. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under construction collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more by change(1) in compensation and wages, four quarters ended with the second quarter of 1995 (preliminary) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | First-year change(2) Measure |_______________________________________ | | | Compensation | Wages alone ____________________________________________________________|___________________|___________________ | | | | Total number of workers (in thousands)......................| 346 | 346 | | Percent of workers | | | | All settlements...........................................| 100 | 100 | | No change..............................................| 15 | 20 Decreases(3)...........................................| 1 | (4) Increases..............................................| 84 | 80 Under 2 percent.....................................| 11 | 15 2 and under 3 percent...............................| 29 | 30 3 and under 4 percent...............................| 33 | 22 4 and under 5 percent...............................| 6 | 10 5 percent and over..................................| 6 | 4 | | Changes (in percent): | | Mean change...............................................| 2.5 | 2.3 Median change.............................................| 2.6 | 2.5 | | Mean increase.............................................| 3.1 | 2.9 Median increase...........................................| 3.0 | 2.9 |_______________________________________ | |Annual change over the contract term(5) |_______________________________________ | | | Compensation | Wages alone |___________________|___________________ | | | | Total number of workers (in thousands)......................| 346 | 346 | | Percent of workers | | | | All settlements...........................................| 100 | 100 | | No change..............................................| 6 | 18 Decreases(3)...........................................| 1 | (4) Increases..............................................| 93 | 82 Under 3 percent.....................................| 51 | 31 3 and under 5 percent...............................| 38 | 48 5 percent and over..................................| 4 | 3 | | Changes (in percent): | | Mean change...............................................| 2.7 | 2.7 Median change.............................................| 2.8 | 3.0 | | Mean increase.............................................| 3.0 | 3.2 Median increase...........................................| 2.8 | 3.2 ____________________________________________________________|___________________|___________________ 1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change. Mean and median increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase. Data exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality. 4 Greater than 0 and less than .5 percent. 5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 7. Rate changes: Selected characteristics of settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by duration of contract, four quarters ended with the second quarter of 1995 (preliminary) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Contract duration |____________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | Measure | | | More than| | More than| | | All | 12 months| 12 and | 24 months| 24 and | 36 months| More than | contracts| or less | less than| | less than| | 36 months | | | 24 months| | 36 months| | ________________________________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________ | | | | | | | Number of settlements...................| 383 | 33 | 10 | 31 | 34 | 131 | 144 | | | | | | | Number of workers (in thousands)........| 1,317 | 83 | 15 | 82 | 103 | 515 | 519 | | | | | | | Average contract duration (months)......| 38.4 | 11.1 | 16.1 | 24.0 | 32.3 | 36.0 | 49.4 | | | | | | | Percent change in wages:(1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Annualized over the contract term.....| 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.0 | | | | | | | Occurring in: | | | | | | | First contract year(2)..............| 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.3 Second contract year(3).............| 2.4 | NA | .3 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.2 Third contract year(4)..............| 2.2 | NA | NA | NA | 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 Fourth contract year(5).............| 1.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.4 ________________________________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________ 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Data are not annualized. 3 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 12 months. Data are not annualized. 4 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 24 months. Data are not annualized. 5 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 36 months. Data are not annualized. NOTE: "NA" indicates not applicable. Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 8. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by region,(2) during 4-quarter periods (in percent) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Four quarters ended |_______________________________________________________________________ | | | Measure | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 |_________________|___________________________________|_________________ | | | | | | | | | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(3) | II(4) __________________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________ | | | | | | | | First-year wage change(5) | | | | | | | | Interregional.................................| 0.8 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.8 New England...................................| 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 1.5 Middle Atlantic...............................| 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 1.6 East North Central............................| 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 West North Central............................| 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 South Atlantic................................| 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.2 East South Central............................| 3.3 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 West South Central............................| .1 | -.5 | .5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.3 Mountain......................................| 3.6 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 Pacific.......................................| 2.8 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 Annual wage change over the contract term(6) | | | | | | | | Interregional.................................| 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 New England...................................| 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.7 Middle Atlantic...............................| 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.4 East North Central............................| 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 West North Central............................| 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.2 South Atlantic................................| 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 East South Central............................| 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 1.2 West South Central............................| .8 | .5 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.8 Mountain......................................| 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 Pacific.......................................| 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.5 __________________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________ 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Regions and the States they comprise (including the District of Columbia) are the following: New England--Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; Middle Atlantic--New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; East North Central--Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin; West North Central--Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota; South Atlantic--Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia; East South Central--Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi; West South Central--Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; Mountain--Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming; Pacific--Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington. 3 Preliminary revised. 4 Preliminary. 5 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 6 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. Table 9. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry collective bargaining settlements, by year and quarter (in percent) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Annual | Quarterly averages | averages | |___________|_______________________________________________ Measure | | | | | | | | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1993| 1994|___________|_______________________|___________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(2)|II(3) __________________________________________|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____ | | | | | | | | | | Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000| | | | | | | | | | workers or more: | | | | | | | | | | First year(4) | | | | | | | | | | All industries........................| 2.3| 2.0| 1.1| 2.8| 3.0| 2.0| 1.0| 2.2| 1.9| 2.1 With COLA clauses....................| 2.8| 2.7| (5) | (5) | (5) | 3.2| (5) | 1.8| .4| 2.1 Without COLA clauses.................| 2.1| 1.8| (5) | (5) | (5) | 1.6| (5) | 2.3| 2.1| 2.1 With lump sums.......................| 2.6| 2.2| (5) | (5) | 2.5| 2.8| 1.0| 2.5| .8| 1.9 Without lump sums....................| 2.0| 1.9| (5) | (5) | 3.2| 1.9| .9| 2.2| 2.7| 2.2 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.6| 2.5| 2.5| 2.9| 2.5| 3.0| 1.8| 2.1| .7| 1.9 With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 2.0| 1.6| .2| 2.7| 3.2| 1.4| .4| 2.2| 2.8| 2.2 Manufacturing.........................| 2.7| 2.4| (5) | (5) | 1.5| 3.0| 1.9| 2.7| .9| 2.3 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.7| 2.4| (5) | (5) | 1.0| 3.0| 2.0| 2.8| .7| 2.1 With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 2.9| 2.2| (5) | (5) | 2.2| 2.8| 1.8| 2.6| 2.5| 2.4 Nonmanufacturing......................| 2.1| 1.8| (5) | (5) | 3.5| 1.7| .1| 2.1| 2.4| 2.1 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.4| 2.6| (5) | (5) | 3.6| 3.0| 1.4| 1.8| .7| 1.7 With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 1.8| 1.6| (5) | (5) | 3.4| 1.3| -.3| 2.2| 2.8| 2.1 Construction..........................| 2.1| 1.8| 1.7| (5) | (5) | 1.0| 2.2| (5) | (5) | 2.3 All industries excluding construction.| 2.4| 2.0| 1.0| (5) | (5) | 2.6| .6| (5) | (5) | 1.9 Nonmanufacturing excluding | | | | | | | | | | construction.......................| 2.0| 1.8| (5) | (5) | (5) | 2.3| -1.5| (5) | (5) | 1.7 Goods-producing.......................| 2.6| 2.1| (5) | (5) | 3.1| 1.9| 2.0| 2.7| 1.3| 2.3 Service-producing.....................| 2.0| 1.8| (5) | (5) | 2.9| 2.3| -1.6| 2.1| 2.4| 1.7 Annual average over the contract term(6) | | | | | | | | | | All industries.........................| 2.1| 2.3| 1.7| 2.0| 2.4| 2.4| 1.9| 2.5| 2.1| 2.2 With COLA clauses.....................| 1.4| 2.5| (5) | (5) | (5) | 2.7| (5) | 2.3| .7| 1.2 Without COLA clauses..................| 2.5| 2.3| (5) | (5) | (5) | 2.3| (5) | 2.6| 2.3| 2.3 With lump sums........................| 1.9| 2.0| (5) | (5) | 1.7| 2.4| 1.7| 2.2| 1.1| 1.7 Without lump sums.....................| 2.5| 2.4| (5) | (5) | 2.8| 2.4| 1.9| 2.6| 2.8| 2.3 With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 1.9| 2.3| 1.5| 1.9| 1.7| 2.6| 2.1| 2.2| 1.1| 1.7 With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 2.5| 2.3| 1.8| 2.2| 2.8| 2.3| 1.7| 2.6| 2.8| 2.3 Manufacturing..........................| 1.5| 2.3| (5) | (5) | 1.8| 2.5| 2.0| 2.5| 1.2| 2.1 With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 1.3| 2.3| (5) | (5) | 1.3| 2.6| 2.1| 2.7| .8| 1.7 With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 2.5| 2.2| (5) | (5) | 2.5| 2.5| 2.0| 2.4| 3.1| 2.4 Nonmanufacturing.......................| 2.5| 2.3| (5) | (5) | 2.7| 2.4| 1.7| 2.5| 2.6| 2.2 With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 2.6| 2.4| (5) | (5) | 2.0| 2.7| 2.1| 2.0| 1.8| 1.7 With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 2.5| 2.3| (5) | (5) | 2.9| 2.3| 1.6| 2.7| 2.8| 2.3 Construction...........................| 2.6| 2.5| 2.1| (5) | (5) | 2.3| 2.5| (5) | (5) | 2.7 All industries excluding construction..| 2.1| 2.3| 1.6| (5) | (5) | 2.5| 1.7| (5) | (5) | 1.7 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction| 2.5| 2.2| (5) | (5) | (5) | 2.5| 1.1| (5) | (5) | 1.5 Goods-producing........................| 1.9| 2.4| (5) | (5) | 2.8| 2.4| 2.2| 2.6| 1.6| 2.5 Service-producing......................| 2.6| 2.2| (5) | (5) | 2.2| 2.5| 1.1| 2.5| 2.5| 1.5 | | | | | | | | | | Compensation changes in settlements | | | | | | | | | | covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | | | All industries | | | | | | | | | | First year(4).........................| 3.0| 2.3| 1.0| 3.8| 3.0| 3.4| (7) | 1.5| 1.4| 1.8 With COLA clauses....................| 3.2| 5.0| (5) | (5) | 1 | 5.8| (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) Without COLA clauses.................| 2.9| 1.5| (5) | (5) | 3.0| 2.1| (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) Annual average over the contract | | | | | | | | | | term(6)................................| 2.4| 2.4| 1.4| 2.5| 2.6| 2.9| 1.4| 2.1| 1.7| 1.8 With COLA clauses................| 1.7| 3.4| (5) | (5) | 1 | 3.8| (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) Without COLA clauses.............| 2.8| 2.1| (5) | (5) | 2.6| 2.4| (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) __________________________________________|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____ 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Preliminary revised. 3 Preliminary. 4 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 5 Data do not meet publication standards. 6 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. 7 Less than 0 and greater than -0.05 percent. '1' Dashes indicate that there were no settlements. Table 10. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry collective bargaining settlements during 4-quarter periods (in percent) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Four quarters ended |___________________________________________________________ | | | Measure | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 |_______________________|_______________________|___________ | | | | | | | | | | | I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(2)|II(3) __________________________________________|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____ | | | | | | | | | | Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000| | | | | | | | | | workers or more: | | | | | | | | | | First year(4) | | | | | | | | | | All industries........................| 2.6| 2.5| 2.0| 2.3| 2.4| 2.2| 2.3| 2.0| 1.8| 1.8 With COLA clauses....................| 2.8| 2.7| 2.5| 2.8| 2.7| 3.0| 2.9| 2.7| 2.5| 1.7 Without COLA clauses.................| 2.6| 2.5| 1.8| 2.1| 2.3| 1.9| 2.0| 1.8| 1.6| 1.8 With lump sums.......................| 2.7| 2.6| 2.3| 2.6| 2.6| 2.8| 2.6| 2.2| 1.8| 1.4 Without lump sums....................| 2.6| 2.5| 1.8| 2.0| 2.1| 1.7| 1.9| 1.9| 1.8| 1.9 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.7| 2.6| 2.3| 2.6| 2.6| 2.8| 2.7| 2.5| 2.2| 1.6 With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 2.6| 2.5| 1.7| 2.0| 2.1| 1.5| 1.6| 1.6| 1.5| 1.8 Manufacturing.........................| 2.9| 2.8| 2.5| 2.7| 2.5| 2.7| 2.6| 2.4| 2.2| 1.9 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.4| 2.3| 2.3| 2.7| 2.4| 2.7| 2.7| 2.4| 2.2| 1.7 With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 3.4| 3.3| 3.1| 2.9| 2.6| 2.6| 2.2| 2.2| 2.2| 2.2 Nonmanufacturing......................| 2.6| 2.5| 1.7| 2.1| 2.3| 2.0| 2.0| 1.8| 1.6| 1.7 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.8| 2.7| 2.3| 2.4| 2.8| 2.9| 2.8| 2.6| 2.3| 1.5 With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 2.4| 2.4| 1.5| 1.8| 2.0| 1.3| 1.4| 1.6| 1.4| 1.8 Construction..........................| 1.9| 1.8| 2.0| 2.1| 2.4| 1.7| 1.8| 1.8| 1.5| 2.3 All industries excluding construction.| 2.8| 2.7| 1.9| 2.4| 2.4| 2.4| 2.3| 2.0| 1.9| 1.6 Nonmanufacturing excluding | | | | | | | | | | construction.......................| 2.8| 2.7| 1.5| 2.0| 2.3| 2.1| 2.1| 1.8| 1.6| 1.3 Goods-producing.......................| 2.4| 2.3| 2.3| 2.6| 2.5| 2.4| 2.4| 2.1| 1.9| 2.1 Service-producing.....................| 2.8| 2.7| 1.5| 2.0| 2.2| 2.0| 2.0| 1.8| 1.6| 1.3 Annual average over the contract term(5) | | | | | | | | | | All industries.........................| 2.9| 2.7| 2.3| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.2| 2.3| 2.3| 2.2 With COLA clauses.....................| 2.6| 2.5| 2.1| 1.4| 1.0| 1.5| 1.7| 2.5| 2.4| 1.8 Without COLA clauses..................| 3.0| 2.8| 2.4| 2.5| 2.5| 2.4| 2.3| 2.3| 2.2| 2.2 With lump sums........................| 2.9| 2.7| 2.1| 1.9| 1.8| 1.9| 2.0| 2.0| 1.9| 1.6 Without lump sums.....................| 2.9| 2.8| 2.4| 2.5| 2.5| 2.3| 2.3| 2.4| 2.4| 2.3 With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 2.8| 2.7| 2.1| 1.9| 1.8| 2.0| 2.1| 2.3| 2.2| 1.8 With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 3.0| 2.8| 2.5| 2.5| 2.5| 2.2| 2.2| 2.3| 2.3| 2.3 Manufacturing..........................| 2.8| 2.6| 2.1| 1.5| 1.3| 1.5| 1.7| 2.3| 2.1| 2.0 With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 2.4| 2.2| 1.8| 1.3| 1.0| 1.4| 1.5| 2.3| 2.1| 1.7 With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 3.2| 3.0| 2.9| 2.5| 2.3| 2.3| 2.0| 2.2| 2.3| 2.3 Nonmanufacturing.......................| 2.9| 2.8| 2.4| 2.5| 2.6| 2.4| 2.5| 2.3| 2.3| 2.2 With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 3.0| 2.9| 2.5| 2.6| 2.7| 2.7| 2.7| 2.4| 2.4| 1.9 With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 2.9| 2.7| 2.4| 2.5| 2.5| 2.2| 2.3| 2.3| 2.3| 2.3 Construction...........................| 2.5| 2.4| 2.4| 2.6| 2.7| 2.5| 2.6| 2.5| 2.4| 2.7 All industries excluding construction..| 3.0| 2.9| 2.3| 2.1| 2.0| 2.0| 2.1| 2.3| 2.2| 2.0 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction| 3.1| 3.0| 2.4| 2.5| 2.5| 2.4| 2.4| 2.2| 2.3| 2.0 Goods-producing........................| 2.6| 2.5| 2.3| 1.9| 1.8| 1.8| 1.9| 2.4| 2.2| 2.3 Service-producing......................| 3.1| 3.0| 2.4| 2.6| 2.6| 2.5| 2.5| 2.2| 2.3| 2.0 | | | | | | | | | | Compensation changes in settlements | | | | | | | | | | covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | | | All industries | | | | | | | | | | First year(4).........................| 3.0| 2.9| 2.1| 3.0| 3.0| 3.1| 3.1| 2.3| 2.1| 1.2 With COLA clauses....................| 4.2| 4.2| 3.0| 3.2| (6) | 3.7| 4.0| 5.0| 4.6| 2.6 Without COLA clauses.................| 2.6| 2.4| 1.5| 2.9| (6) | 2.8| 2.6| 1.5| 1.1| 0.9 Annual average over the contract | | | | | | | | | | term(5)................................| 3.1| 2.9| 2.4| 2.4| 2.3| 2.4| 2.5| 2.4| 2.3| 1.7 With COLA clauses.................| 3.3| 3.3| 2.5| 1.7| (6) | 1.9| 2.1| 3.4| 3.1| 2.0 Without COLA clauses..............| 3.0| 2.8| 2.3| 2.8| (6) | 2.7| 2.6| 2.1| 2.0| 1.7 __________________________________________|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____ 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Preliminary revised. 3 Preliminary. 4 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the contract term. 6 Data do not meet publication standards. Table 11. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components annualized over the life of the contract(2) in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, by quarter, and during 4-quarter periods (in percent) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 |_______________________|_______________________|___________ | | | | | | | | | | Item | I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(3)|II(4) |_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____ | | Quarterly averages ________________________________________|___________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | All industries | | | | | | | | | | Compensation ..................| 1.9| 1.8| 0.9| 1.8| 2.0| 1.9| 0.8| 1.2| 1.1| 1.1 Cash payments (5)..............| 1.4| 1.7| .8| 1.4| 1.9| 1.4| .9| 1.5| 1.2| 1.1 Wages..........................| 1.6| 1.7| .7| 1.4| 1.7| 1.4| .9| 1.5| 1.0| 1.1 Benefits.......................| 2.7| 1.8| 1.1| 2.4| 2.1| 2.7| .5| .6| .9| 1.1 |___________________________________________________________ | | Four quarters ended |___________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | All industries | | | | | | | | | | Compensation...................| 2.0| 1.9| 1.4| 1.6| 1.6| 1.6| 1.7| 1.6| 1.4| 1.1 Cash payments(5)...............| 1.8| 1.7| 1.2| 1.3| 1.3| 1.3| 1.4| 1.4| 1.3| 1.2 Wages..........................| 1.9| 1.8| 1.3| 1.3| 1.3| 1.3| 1.4| 1.3| 1.3| 1.1 Benefits.......................| 2.5| 2.3| 1.7| 2.1| 2.0| 2.2| 2.2| 1.8| 1.6| .8 With contingent pay provisions(6) | | | | | | | | | | Compensation...................| 2.1| 2.0| 1.4| 1.5| 1.4| 1.7| 1.9| 2.2| 2.1| 1.4 Cash payments(5)...............| 1.9| 1.7| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2| 1.3| 1.4| 1.8| 1.7| 1.5 Wages..........................| 2.0| 1.9| 1.4| 1.4| 1.3| 1.4| 1.6| 1.7| 1.6| 1.3 Benefits.......................| 2.5| 2.5| 1.8| 2.0| 1.8| 2.3| 2.5| 3.0| 2.8| 1.1 Without contingent pay | | | | | | | | | | provisions(6) | | | | | | | | | | Compensation...................| 2.0| 1.9| 1.4| 1.7| 1.8| 1.6| 1.5| 1.3| 1.1| 1.0 Cash payments(5)...............| 1.8| 1.7| 1.3| 1.4| 1.6| 1.3| 1.3| 1.3| 1.1| 1.1 Wages..........................| 1.8| 1.7| 1.2| 1.3| 1.4| 1.1| 1.1| 1.2| 1.1| 1.1 Benefits.......................| 2.5| 2.3| 1.6| 2.1| 2.2| 2.1| 1.8| 1.3| 1.1| .8 Manufacturing | | | | | | | | | | Compensation...................| 2.1| 1.8| 1.1| 1.2| 1.1| 1.3| 1.5| 1.9| 1.7| 1.2 Cash payments(5)...............| 1.6| 1.3| 1.0| .8| .7| .9| 1.0| 1.7| 1.6| 1.3 Wages..........................| 2.0| 1.7| 1.2| 1.1| .9| 1.1| 1.2| 1.6| 1.4| 1.2 Benefits.......................| 3.3| 2.7| 1.4| 1.6| 1.5| 1.9| 2.1| 2.3| 2.0| 1.0 Nonmanufacturing | | | | | | | | | | Compensation...................| 2.0| 2.0| 1.5| 1.9| 2.0| 1.8| 1.8| 1.4| 1.3| 1.0 Cash payments(5)...............| 1.9| 1.8| 1.3| 1.6| 1.8| 1.5| 1.6| 1.3| 1.2| 1.1 Wages..........................| 1.8| 1.8| 1.3| 1.5| 1.6| 1.4| 1.5| 1.3| 1.2| 1.1 Benefits.......................| 2.4| 2.2| 1.8| 2.4| 2.3| 2.4| 2.2| 1.6| 1.5| .8 Goods-producing | | | | | | | | | | Compensation...................| 1.9| 1.9| 1.6| 1.4| 1.4| 1.4| 1.4| 1.6| 1.4| 1.3 Cash payments(5)...............| 1.5| 1.6| 1.4| 1.1| 1.2| 1.1| 1.2| 1.5| 1.3| 1.4 Wages..........................| 1.8| 1.8| 1.5| 1.2| 1.2| 1.1| 1.2| 1.4| 1.2| 1.3 Benefits.......................| 2.9| 2.7| 2.1| 1.9| 1.8| 1.8| 1.8| 1.6| 1.5| 1.2 Service-producing | | | | | | | | | | Compensation...................| 2.1| 2.0| 1.2| 1.8| 1.8| 2.0| 2.0| 1.5| 1.5| .8 Cash payments(5)...............| 1.9| 1.8| 1.1| 1.5| 1.6| 1.6| 1.6| 1.3| 1.3| 1.0 Wages..........................| 1.9| 1.8| 1.0| 1.5| 1.5| 1.5| 1.6| 1.3| 1.3| 1.0 Benefits.......................| 2.4| 2.2| 1.3| 2.3| 2.2| 2.7| 2.6| 1.9| 1.7| .4 ________________________________________|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____ 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and no change. Excludes potential changes from contingent pay provisions. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. 3 Preliminary revised. 4 Preliminary. 5 Cash payments include wages and lump-sum payments. 6 Contingent pay provisions include COLA clauses and/or contingent lump-sum payment clauses. Data exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions. Table 12. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components annualized over the life of the contract(2) in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, four quarters ended with the second quarter of 1995 (preliminary) (in percent) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Compen-| Cash | | | Number of Measure | sation | payments-| Wages | Benefits | workers | | (3) | | | (000's) _____________________________________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | All industries..........................| 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 669 | | | | | With contingent pay provisions(4)....| 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 132 Without contingent pay provisions(4).| 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | .8 | 537 | | | | | Manufacturing...........................| 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 191 | | | | | Nonmanufacturing........................| 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | .8 | 478 | | | | | Goods-producing.........................| 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 326 | | | | | Service-producing.......................| .8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | .4 | 343 _____________________________________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________ 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes potential changes from contingent pay provisions. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. 3 Cash payments include wages and lump sum payments. 4 Contingent pay provisions include COLA clauses and/or contingent lump sum payment clauses. Data exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 13. Cost changes: Percent distribution of workers in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, by average (mean) changes(1) in compensation costs annualized over the life of the contract,(2) four quarters ended with the second quarter of 1995 (preliminary) _______________________________________________________________ | Measure | All | industries __________________________________________________|____________ | | | Total number of workers (in thousands)............| 669 | | Percent of workers | | All settlements.................................| 100 | No change....................................| 7 Decreases(3).................................| 6 Increases....................................| 88 | Under 1 percent...........................| 26 1 and under 2 percent.....................| 48 2 percent and over........................| 13 | | Changes (in percent): | Mean change (percent)...........................| 1.1 Median change...................................| 1.3 | Mean increase (percent)......................| 1.3 Median increase..............................| 1.4 __________________________________________________|____________ 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes potential changes from contingent pay provisions. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual (compound) rate over the life of the contract. 3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 14. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more, by year and quarter (in percent) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | |Annual averages| Quarterly averages |_______________|_______________________________________________________________ | | | | | Item | | | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1993 | 1994 |_______________|_______________________________|_______________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(1) | II(2) _____________________________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average wage rate change (3)...............| 3.0 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.8 | | | | | | | | | | Source: | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements......................| .9 | .6 | .1 | .5 | .1 | .2 | .1 | .2 | .1 | .2 Prior settlements.....................| 1.9 | 1.9 | .6 | .2 | .3 | .6 | .7 | .3 | .2 | .5 COLA provisions.......................| .2 | .2 | (4) | (4) | (4) | .1 | .1 | .1 | (4) | .1 | | | | | | | | | | Industry | | | | | | | | | | Manufacturing............................| 3.3 | 2.4 | .6 | 1.1 | .4 | .7 | .6 | .7 | .4 | .8 Nonmanufacturing......................| 2.8 | 2.9 | .9 | .6 | .4 | .9 | 1.0 | .6 | .3 | .8 Nonmanufacturing excluding | | | | | | | | | | construction..............................| 2.8 | 2.9 | .9 | .7 | .4 | .6 | 1.2 | .7 | .3 | .5 Construction..........................| 2.7 | 2.7 | .7 | .1 | .3 | 1.6 | .7 | .2 | .2 | 1.5 Transportation and public utilities...| 3.0 | 2.8 | 1.1 | .7 | .2 | .7 | 1.9 | .2 | .2 | .4 Wholesale and retail trade............| 2.3 | 2.9 | .3 | .6 | .6 | .7 | .5 | 1.1 | .5 | .8 Services..............................| 3.4 | 3.3 | 1.5 | .6 | .8 | .3 | .6 | 1.6 | .6 | .5 Goods-producing.......................| 3.1 | 2.5 | .6 | .8 | .4 | 1.0 | .6 | .5 | .3 | 1.0 Service-producing.....................| 2.8 | 2.9 | .9 | .7 | .4 | .6 | 1.2 | .6 | .4 | .5 | | | | | | | | | | Average wage rate increase(5)..............| 3.5 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.2 | | | | | | | | | | Source:(6) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements................| 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 Prior settlements.....................| 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.8 COLA provisions.......................| 1.3 | 1.7 | .5 | .3 | .3 | .5 | .5 | .7 | .3 | .7 | | | | | | | | | | Number of workers receiving wage increases | | | | | | | | | | (in thousands)(7).........................|4,795.1|4,644.6|1,715.0|1,603.9|1,335.1|2,023.7|2,061.5|1,569.3|1,222.8|1,952.0 | | | | | | | | | | Source: | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements......................|1,671.7|1,083.3| 359.5| 883.9| 149.0| 432.9| 317.5| 292.8| 94.6| 288.2 Prior settlements.....................|2,999.2|3,037.1|1,163.0| 377.0| 558.2| 941.0|1,133.7| 646.9| 508.0|1,028.0 COLA provisions.......................| 872.2| 760.8| 273.4| 720.5| 689.5| 655.8| 628.9| 695.0| 639.4| 688.1 | | | | | | | | | | Number of workers not receiving a wage | | | | | | | | | | increase (in thousands)...................| 681.0| 777.3|3,761.2|3,872.2|4,086.8|3,398.2|3,360.4|3,852.6|4,211.6|3,482.5 _____________________________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______ 1 Preliminary revised. 2 Preliminary. 3 Includes increases, decreases, and zero change in wages stemming from current settlements, settlements reached in a prior period, and COLA clauses. Because of rounding and compounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 4 More than 0 and less than 0.05 percent. 5 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources was a wage rate increase. 6 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from each source was a wage rate increase. 7 The employment total does not equal the sum of employment for each source, because some workers received wage changes from more than one source. Table 15. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | Four quarters ended |_______________________________________________________________________________ | | | Item | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 |_______________________________|_______________________________|_______________ | | | | | | | | | | | I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(1) | II(2) _____________________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average wage rate change (3).....| 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Source: | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements..........| .8 | .7 | .6 | .9 | .9 | .9 | .8 | .6 | .5 | .5 Prior settlements............| 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 COLA provisions..............| .4 | .4 | .3 | .2 | .2 | .2 | .2 | .2 | .3 | .3 | | | | | | | | | | Industry | | | | | | | | | | Manufacturing................| 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 Nonmanufacturing.............| 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.6 Nonmanufacturing excluding | | | | | | | | | | construction................| 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.7 Construction.................| 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 Transportation and public | | | | | | | | | | utilities...................| 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.5 Wholesale and retail trade...| 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.8 Services.....................| 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 Goods-producing..............| 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 Service-producing............| 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average wage rate increase(4)....| 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Source:(5) | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements..........| 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.0 Prior settlements............| 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.2 COLA provisions..............| 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.1 | | | | | | | | | | Number of workers receiving wage | | | | | | | | | | increases (in thousands)(6)......|4,630.8|4,528.5|4,468.8|4,795.1|4,696.5|4,598.6|4,512.5|4,644.6|4,616.7|4,416.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Source: | | | | | | | | | | Current settlements..........|1,347.8|1,405.0|1,229.8|1,671.7|1,651.8|1,748.1|1,689.4|1,083.3|1,082.6| 944.4 Prior settlements............|2,706.0|2,785.0|2,965.9|2,999.2|2,989.1|2,888.2|2,965.4|3,037.1|3,018.5|3,110.7 COLA provisions..............|1,067.4|1,064.2| 921.2| 872.2| 839.2| 843.2| 786.2| 760.8| 746.6| 742.0 | | | | | | | | | | Number of workers not receiving a| | | | | | | | | | wage increase (in thousands).....| 888.7| 991.0|1,050.7| 681.0| 779.6| 877.5| 963.7| 777.3| 803.8|1,003.9 _____________________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______ 1 Preliminary revised. 2 Preliminary. 3 Includes increases, decreases, and zero change in wages stemming from current settlements, agreements reached in a prior period, and COLA clauses. Because of rounding and compounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 4 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources was an increase. 5 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from each source was an increase. 6 The employment total does not equal the sum of employment for each source, because some workers received wage changes from more than one source.