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Number, rate, and costs of fatal occupational injuries in the U.S. wholesale trade industry by selected characteristics, 1992–2002
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Costs (2003 dollars)
|
Characteristic |
Number of fatalities |
Fatality rate
(per 100,000 workers) |
Total (millions) |
Mean
(thousands) |
Median
(thousands) |
| |
| All incidents |
2,638 |
4.8 |
$2,169 |
$826 |
$855 |
Sex:
Male
Female
|
2,501
137
|
6.5
0.8
|
2,048
122
|
822
889
|
853
886
|
Race of decedent:
White
Black
Other* |
2,272
208
158
|
4.6
5.6
7.2
|
1,881
159
130
|
832
764
821
|
868
824
814
|
Age of decedent:
16–19
20–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
65+ |
51
208
534
660
559
399
227
|
4.0
4.5
3.6
4.1
5.2
7.3
13.7
|
36
183
557
695
489
192
17
|
711
881
1,043
1,053
875
481
81
|
688
846
1,007
1,006
849
466
65
|
Occupation group:†
Managerial and
professional
specialty
Technical, sales, and
administrative support
Service
Farming, forestry, and
fishing
Precision production,
craft, and repair
Operators, fabricators,
and laborers |
220
685
32
56
265
1,365 |
2.8
2.2
5.9
8.8
7.6
11.9 |
239
590
18
31
246
1,037 |
1,092
870
569
552
928
761 |
1,232
925
653
638
1,013
819 |
Event or exposure:†
Contact with objects and
equipment
Falls
Bodily reaction and
exertion
Exposure to harmful
substances or
environments
Transportation
accidents
Fires and explosions
Assaults and violent acts |
471
192
7
142
1,407
98
317 |
0.9
0.4
0.0
0.3
2.6
0.2
0.6 |
365
125
6
128
1,195
75
272 |
778
656
907
900
853
766
864 |
803
699
894
913
914
811
876 |
*This category includes all other races, such as American Indian and Asian, as well as unknown or missing races.
†Numbers are not reported for “unknown” or “not classified” categories. |
Fatal Occupational Injury Cost Model
Theoretical Basis of Cost Estimation
The cost to society of a workplace fatality was estimated using the cost-of-illness approach, which combines
direct and indirect costs to yield an overall cost of an occupational fatal injury. For these calculations, only medical expenses were used to estimate the direct cost associated with the fatality. The indirect cost was derived by calculating the present value of future earnings summed from the year of death until the decedent
would have reached age 67, accounting for the probability of survival were it not for the premature death. (For more information, see Biddle, E [2004]. Economic Cost of Fatal Occupational Injuries in the United States, 1980–1997. Contemporary Economic Policy 22(3):370–381.)
Mathematical Representation of Indirect Costs
PVF = ΣPy,s (y+1)[Ys, j(n) + Yhs(n)] (1+g)n–y/(1+r)n–y
where:
| PVF |
= present discounted value of loss due to occupational fatal injury per person |
| Py,s (y+1) |
= probability that a person of race r, sex s, and age y will survive to age y+1 |
| y |
= age of the person at death |
| s |
= sex of the person |
| n |
= age if the person had survived |
| Ys,j(n) |
= median annual earnings of an employed person of sex s, occupation j, and age n
(includes benefits and life-cycle wage growth adjustment) |
| Yhs(n) |
= mean annual imputed value of home production of a person of sex s and age n |
| g |
= wage growth rate attributable to overall productivity |
| r |
= real discount rate (3%) |
Data Sources
Fatality data: Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). These data exclude military personnel, decedents with unknown age or sex, fatalities occurring in New York City, and fatalities from the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
Probability of survival: National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics.
Median annual earnings: BLS Current Population Survey. Wage data are based on the occupation of the decedent and the year of death adjusted by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Deflator to base year of dollar. Life-cycle wage growth was calculated based on the rate of change in wages between age groups.
Benefits: U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Benefits data are based on the industry where the decedent was employed and the year of death adjusted by the GDP Deflator.
Mean annual home production: Expectancy Data that were derived by a time diary study sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and conducted by the University of Maryland.
Wage growth rate: Based on BLS Employment Cost Index (ECI)
Medical costs: National Council on Compensation Insurance. Costs are a 3-year average cost.
Employment estimates for rate calculations: BLS Current Population Survey.
Fatality Rate Calculations
Fatality rates were calculated by NIOSH and may differ from previously published BLS CFOI rates. Fatality rates were calculated as deaths per 100,000 workers. Fatality rates for sex, race, age group, and occupation were calculated using employment estimates by the individual characteristic within the specific industry sector. Employment estimates for the specific industry sector were used to generate rates for event.
Classification Systems
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