[Federal Register: August 11, 1995 (Volume 60, Number 155)]
[Notices]
[Page 41532-41533]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]

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[[Page 41532]]

PART TWO: FINDINGS

I. NICOTINE HAS DRUG EFFECTS ON THE BODY...........................   73
   A. NICOTINE HAS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS   74
  B. NICOTINE IS ADDICTIVE.........................................   78
    1. Major Public Health Groups and Leading Experts Concur.......   78
    2. Epidemiological Data Establishes That Tobacco Users Display
     the Clinical Symptoms of Addiction............................   86
    3. Laboratory Studies Establish That Nicotine Produces
     Pharmacological Effects Similar to Those of Other Addictive
     Substances....................................................   94
    4. Nicotine's Sensory Effects Are Secondary to its Psychoactive
     Effects.......................................................  102
    5. Other Factors Associated with Tobacco Use Are Secondary.....  106
  C. MARKETED TOBACCO PRODUCTS DELIVER PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE
   DOSES OF NICOTINE...............................................  108
    1. Amount of Nicotine Necessary to Produce a Physiological
     Response in the Central Nervous System........................  108
    2. Nicotine Delivery From Currently Marketed Tobacco Products..  110
  D. CONSUMERS USE TOBACCO PRODUCTS FOR DRUG EFFECTS...............  115
    1. To Satisfy Addiction........................................  115
    2. To Affect Mood and Control Weight...........................  118
II. STATEMENTS, RESEARCH, AND ACTIONS BY TOBACCO COMPANIES.........  121
  A. INDUSTRY STATEMENTS ON NICOTINE'S DRUG EFFECTS................  122
    1. Statements That Nicotine's Drug Effects Are Essential to
     Tobacco Use...................................................  123
    2. Statements Recognizing That Nicotine Is Addictive...........  143
    3. Statements That Tobacco Products Are Nicotine Delivery
     Systems.......................................................  156
  B. INDUSTRY RESEARCH ON THE DRUG EFFECTS OF NICOTINE.............  160
    1. Industry Research on Nicotine's Effects on the Brain........  164
    2. Industry Research on Nicotine Delivery to the Blood and
     Brain.........................................................  174
    3. Industry Research Establishes That Nicotine Produces
     Pharmacological Effects Similar to Those of Other Addictive
     Drugs.........................................................  179
  C. INDUSTRY RESEARCH ON THE CONSUMER'S NEED FOR AN ADEQUATE DOSE
   OF NICOTINE.....................................................  183
    1. Industry Research on Importance of Supplying Sufficient
     Nicotine to Provide Consumer Acceptance and ``Satisfaction''..  183
    2. Industry Research to Determine the Minimum and Maximum
     ``Dose'' of Nicotine Required by Consumers of Tobacco.........  188
    3. Industry Research on How Consumers ``Compensate'' to Achieve
     an Adequate Dose of Nicotine..................................  198


[[Page 41533]]

    4. Industry Research and Knowledge of Tobacco Users' Inability
     to Quit.......................................................  206
  D. INDUSTRY PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH TO ENSURE AN ADEQUATE
   DOSE OF NICOTINE................................................  213
    1. Industry Emphasis on Nicotine in Product Development
     Research......................................................  213
    2. Industry Research on Maintaining Adequate Nicotine Delivery
     When Lowering Tar.............................................  222
  E. INDUSTRY MANIPULATION AND CONTROL OF NICOTINE DELIVERY IN
   MARKETED TOBACCO PRODUCTS.......................................  232
    1. Industry Manipulation and Control of Nicotine in Cigarettes.  232
    2. Industry Manipulation and Control of Nicotine in Smokeless
     Tobacco.......................................................  273
  F. INDUSTRY ALTERNATIVE TOBACCO PRODUCTS.........................  289
    1. Industry Development of Nicotine Substitutes That Mimic
     Nicotine's Drug Effects.......................................  289
    2. Industry Research on Acetaldehyde As a Reinforcer...........  298
    3. Industry Development of Alternative Cigarettes That Deliver
     Nicotine......................................................  302
  G. INDUSTRY KNOWLEDGE THAT NICOTINE'S SENSORY EFFECTS ARE
   SECONDARY TO ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS........................  311
  H. INDUSTRY FAILURE TO REMOVE NICOTINE FROM TOBACCO DESPITE
   AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY............................................  318