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A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a) I A 1 a (1)(a) i) a)@@BQck QuoteSingle spaced indented quote - Circv C   (  Cd  ( ( ( 5 EllipsisParagraph Ellipsis<;X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: injunction, 512 U.S., at 768, but nothing in our decision approved or relied upon that feature of the state court's approach. The only other case  J@ cited bythe Court is Milk Wagon Drivers v. Meadow J moor Dairies, Inc., 312 U.S. 287, 294!295 (1941). Ante,  J at 16. But Meadowmoor upheld an injunction against a union's intimidation of storekeepers, not because the public interest demanded it, but because the storekeepers were customers of the plaintiff dairy, which it was the purpose and effect of the intimidation to harm. 312 U.S., at 294!295.( l"  Ԍ We have in our state and federal systems a specific entity charged with responsibility for initiating action to guard the public safety. It is called the Executive Branch. When the public safety is threatened, that branch is empowered, by invoking judicial action and by other means, to provide protection. But the Judicial Branch has hitherto been thought powerless to act except as invited by someone other than itself. That is one of the reasons it was thought to be the least dangerous to the political rights of the [C]onstitution" because it can take no active resolution whatever  JH and may truly be said to have neither force nor will, but merely judgment. The Federalist No. 78, p. 396 (M. Beloff ed. 1987). It is contrary to the most fundamental principles of separation of powers for the District Court to decree measures that would eliminate obstruction of traffic, in a lawsuit which has established  JX nothing more than trespass.' X uB ԍ FTN    XgEpXFr  ddf < The Court approves reliance on public safety not as an element which supported respondents' claim for an injunction, but only as a basis for rejecting petitioners' challenge to the injunction on First  uB Amendment grounds. Ante, at 17, n. 7. Such a distinction makes no sense. In the context before us here, whether there is a basis for rejecting petitioners' challenge to the injunction on First Amendment grounds depends entirely on whether the element[s] which suppor[t] the respondents' claim for an injunction are strong enough. The issues are one and the same.  uB/  Any injunction must be justified by the elements that support it. The involvement of First Amendment rights does not alter that rule, but merely increases the degree of justification required. Of course, illogical or not, by simply saying so, the Court can limit its novel public safety rationale to injunctions involving the freedom of speech. But I would hardly consider that a small and unimportant area for the newly created judicial Committees of Public Safety to control. 3 Stars0 "  Ԍ3*** jh3 Stars Today's opinion makes a destructive inroad upon First Amendment law in holding that the validity of an injunction against speech is to be determined by an appellate court on the basis of what the issuing court might reasonably have found as to necessity, rather than on the basis of what it in fact found. And it makes a destructive inroad upon the separation of powers in holding that an injunction may contain measures justified by the public interest apart from remediation of the legal wrong that is the subject of the complaint. Insofar as the first point is concerned, the Court might properly have upheld the fixed buffer zone without the ceaseanddesist provision, since the District Court evidently did conclude (with proper factual support, in my view) that limiting the protesters to two was necessary to prevent repetition of the obstruction of access that had occurred in the past. But even that more limited injunction would be invalidated by the second point: the fact that no cause of action related to obstruction of access was properly found to support the injunction. Accordingly, I dissent from the Court's judgment upholding the fixed buffer zone, and would reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals in its entirety.