Title 14--Aeronautics and Space
CHAPTER I--FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
PART 23--AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES
|
|
| 23.1 |
Applicability. |
|
| 23.2 |
Special retroactive requirements. |
|
| 23.3 |
Airplane categories. |
|
| 23.21 |
Proof of compliance. |
|
| 23.23 |
Load distribution limits. |
|
| 23.25 |
Weight limits. |
|
| 23.29 |
Empty weight and corresponding center of gravity. |
|
| 23.31 |
Removable ballast. |
|
| 23.33 |
Propeller speed and pitch limits. |
|
| 23.45 |
General. |
|
| 23.49 |
Stalling period. |
|
| 23.51 |
Takeoff speeds. |
|
| 23.53 |
Takeoff performance. |
|
| 23.55 |
Accelerate-stop distance. |
|
| 23.57 |
Takeoff path. |
|
| 23.59 |
Takeoff distance and takeoff run. |
|
| 23.61 |
Takeoff flight path. |
|
| 23.63 |
Climb: General. |
|
| 23.65 |
Climb: All engines operating. |
|
| 23.66 |
Takeoff climb: One-engine inoperative. |
|
| 23.67 |
Climb: One engine inoperative. |
|
| 23.69 |
Enroute climb/descent. |
|
| 23.71 |
Glide: Single-engine airplanes. |
|
| 23.73 |
Reference landing approach speed. |
|
| 23.75 |
Landing distance. |
|
| 23.77 |
Balked landing. |
|
| 23.141 |
General. |
|
| 23.143 |
General. |
|
| 23.145 |
Longitudinal control. |
|
| 23.147 |
Directional and lateral control. |
|
| 23.149 |
Minimum control speed. |
|
| 23.151 |
Acrobatic maneuvers. |
|
| 23.153 |
Control during landings. |
|
| 23.155 |
Elevator control force in maneuvers. |
|
| 23.157 |
Rate of roll. |
|
| 23.161 |
Trim. |
|
| 23.171 |
General. |
|
| 23.173 |
Static longitudinal stability. |
|
| 23.175 |
Demonstration of static longitudinal stability. |
|
| 23.177 |
Static directional and lateral stability. |
|
| 23.181 |
Dynamic stability. |
|
| 23.201 |
Wings level stall. |
|
| 23.203 |
Turning flight and accelerated turning stalls. |
|
| 23.207 |
Stall warning. |
|
| 23.221 |
Spinning. |
|
| 23.231 |
Longitudinal stability and control. |
|
| 23.233 |
Directional stability and control. |
|
| 23.235 |
Operation on unpaved surfaces. |
|
| 23.237 |
Operation on water. |
|
| 23.239 |
Spray characteristics. |
|
| 23.251 |
Vibration and buffeting. |
|
| 23.253 |
High speed characteristics. |
|
| 23.301 |
Loads. |
|
| 23.302 |
Canard or tandem wing configurations. |
|
| 23.303 |
Factor of safety. |
|
| 23.305 |
Strength and deformation. |
|
| 23.307 |
Proof of structure. |
|
| 23.321 |
General. |
|
| 23.331 |
Symmetrical flight conditions. |
|
| 23.333 |
Flight envelope. |
|
| 23.335 |
Design airspeeds. |
|
| 23.337 |
Limit maneuvering load factors. |
|
| 23.341 |
Gust loads factors. |
|
| 23.343 |
Design fuel loads. |
|
| 23.345 |
High lift devices. |
|
| 23.347 |
Unsymmetrical flight conditions. |
|
| 23.349 |
Rolling conditions. |
|
| 23.351 |
Yawing conditions. |
|
| 23.361 |
Engine torque. |
|
| 23.363 |
Side load on engine mount. |
|
| 23.365 |
Pressurized cabin loads. |
|
| 23.367 |
Unsymmetrical loads due to engine failure. |
|
| 23.369 |
Rear lift truss. |
|
| 23.371 |
Gyroscopic and aerodynamic loads. |
|
| 23.373 |
Speed control devices. |
|
| 23.391 |
Control surface loads. |
|
| 23.393 |
Loads parallel to hinge line. |
|
| 23.395 |
Control system loads. |
|
| 23.397 |
Limit control forces and &chyph;torques. |
|
| 23.399 |
Dual control system. |
|
| 23.405 |
Secondary control system. |
|
| 23.407 |
Trim tab effects. |
|
| 23.409 |
Tabs. |
|
| 23.415 |
Ground gust conditions. |
|
| 23.421 |
Balancing loads. |
|
| 23.423 |
Maneuvering loads. |
|
| 23.425 |
Gust loads. |
|
| 23.427 |
Unsymmetrical loads. |
|
| 23.441 |
Maneuvering loads. |
|
| 23.443 |
Gust loads. |
|
| 23.445 |
Outboard fins or winglets. |
|
| 23.455 |
Ailerons. |
|
| 23.459 |
Special devices. |
|
| 23.471 |
General. |
|
| 23.473 |
Ground load conditions and assumptions. |
|
| 23.477 |
Landing gear arrangement. |
|
| 23.479 |
Level landing conditions. |
|
| 23.481 |
Tail down landing conditions. |
|
| 23.483 |
One-wheel landing conditions. |
|
| 23.485 |
Side load conditions. |
|
| 23.493 |
Braked roll conditions. |
|
| 23.497 |
Supplementary conditions for tail wheels. |
|
| 23.499 |
Supplementary conditions for nose wheels. |
|
| 23.505 |
Supplementary conditions for skiplanes. |
|
| 23.507 |
Jacking loads. |
|
| 23.509 |
Towing loads. |
|
| 23.511 |
Ground load; unsymmetrical loads on multiple-wheel units. |
|
| 23.521 |
Water load conditions. |
|
| 23.523 |
Design weights and center of gravity positions. |
|
| 23.525 |
Application of loads. |
|
| 23.527 |
Hull and main float load factors. |
|
| 23.529 |
Hull and main float landing conditions. |
|
| 23.531 |
Hull and main float takeoff condition. |
|
| 23.533 |
Hull and main float bottom pressures. |
|
| 23.535 |
Auxiliary float loads. |
|
| 23.537 |
Seawing loads. |
|
| 23.561 |
General. |
|
| 23.562 |
Emergency landing dynamic conditions. |
|
| 23.571 |
Metallic pressurized cabin structures. |
|
| 23.572 |
Metallic wing, empennage, and associated structures. |
|
| 23.573 |
Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure. |
|
| 23.574 |
Metallic damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of commuter category airplanes. |
|
| 23.575 |
Inspections and other procedures. |
|
| 23.601 |
General. |
|
| 23.603 |
Materials and workmanship. |
|
| 23.605 |
Fabrication methods. |
|
| 23.607 |
Fasteners. |
|
| 23.609 |
Protection of structure. |
|
| 23.611 |
Accessibility provisions. |
|
| 23.613 |
Material strength properties and design values. |
|
| 23.619 |
Special factors. |
|
| 23.621 |
Casting factors. |
|
| 23.623 |
Bearing factors. |
|
| 23.625 |
Fitting factors. |
|
| 23.627 |
Fatigue strength. |
|
| 23.629 |
Flutter. |
|
| 23.641 |
Proof of strength. |
|
| 23.651 |
Proof of strength. |
|
| 23.655 |
Installation. |
|
| 23.657 |
Hinges. |
|
| 23.659 |
Mass balance. |
|
| 23.671 |
General. |
|
| 23.672 |
Stability augmentation and automatic and power-operated systems. |
|
| 23.673 |
Primary flight controls. |
|
| 23.675 |
Stops. |
|
| 23.677 |
Trim systems. |
|
| 23.679 |
Control system locks. |
|
| 23.681 |
Limit load static tests. |
|
| 23.683 |
Operation tests. |
|
| 23.685 |
Control system details. |
|
| 23.687 |
Spring devices. |
|
| 23.689 |
Cable systems. |
|
| 23.691 |
Artificial stall barrier system. |
|
| 23.693 |
Joints. |
|
| 23.697 |
Wing flap controls. |
|
| 23.699 |
Wing flap position indicator. |
|
| 23.701 |
Flap interconnection. |
|
| 23.703 |
Takeoff warning system. |
|
| 23.721 |
General. |
|
| 23.723 |
Shock absorption tests. |
|
| 23.725 |
Limit drop tests. |
|
| 23.726 |
Ground load dynamic tests. |
|
| 23.727 |
Reserve energy absorption drop test. |
|
| 23.729 |
Landing gear extension and retraction system. |
|
| 23.731 |
Wheels. |
|
| 23.733 |
Tires. |
|
| 23.735 |
Brakes. |
|
| 23.737 |
Skis. |
|
| 23.745 |
Nose/tail wheel steering. |
|
| 23.751 |
Main float buoyancy. |
|
| 23.753 |
Main float design. |
|
| 23.755 |
Hulls. |
|
| 23.757 |
Auxiliary floats. |
|
| 23.771 |
Pilot compartment. |
|
| 23.773 |
Pilot compartment view. |
|
| 23.775 |
Windshields and windows. |
|
| 23.777 |
Cockpit controls. |
|
| 23.779 |
Motion and effect of cockpit controls. |
|
| 23.781 |
Cockpit control knob shape. |
|
| 23.783 |
Doors. |
|
| 23.785 |
Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses. |
|
| 23.787 |
Baggage and cargo compartments. |
|
| 23.791 |
Passenger information signs. |
|
| 23.803 |
Emergency evacuation. |
|
| 23.805 |
Flightcrew emergency exits. |
|
| 23.807 |
Emergency exits. |
|
| 23.811 |
Emergency exit marking. |
|
| 23.812 |
Emergency lighting. |
|
| 23.813 |
Emergency exit access. |
|
| 23.815 |
Width of aisle. |
|
| 23.831 |
Ventilation. |
|
| 23.841 |
Pressurized cabins. |
|
| 23.843 |
Pressurization tests. |
|
| 23.851 |
Fire extinguishers. |
|
| 23.853 |
Passenger and crew compartment interiors. |
|
| 23.855 |
Cargo and baggage compartment fire protection. |
|
| 23.859 |
Combustion heater fire protection. |
|
| 23.863 |
Flammable fluid fire protection. |
|
| 23.865 |
Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. |
|
| 23.867 |
Electrical bonding and protection against lightning and static electricity. |
|
| 23.871 |
Leveling means. |
|
| 23.901 |
Installation. |
|
| 23.903 |
Engines. |
|
| 23.904 |
Automatic power reserve system. |
|
| 23.905 |
Propellers. |
|
| 23.907 |
Propeller vibration. |
|
| 23.909 |
Turbocharger systems. |
|
| 23.925 |
Propeller clearance. |
|
| 23.929 |
Engine installation ice protection. |
|
| 23.933 |
Reversing systems. |
|
| 23.934 |
Turbojet and turbofan engine thrust reverser systems tests. |
|
| 23.937 |
Turbopropeller-drag limiting systems. |
|
| 23.939 |
Powerplant operating characteristics. |
|
| 23.943 |
Negative acceleration. |
|
| 23.951 |
General. |
|
| 23.953 |
Fuel system independence. |
|
| 23.954 |
Fuel system lightning protection. |
|
| 23.955 |
Fuel flow. |
|
| 23.957 |
Flow between interconnected tanks. |
|
| 23.959 |
Unusable fuel supply. |
|
| 23.961 |
Fuel system hot weather operation. |
|
| 23.963 |
Fuel tanks: General. |
|
| 23.965 |
Fuel tank tests. |
|
| 23.967 |
Fuel tank installation. |
|
| 23.969 |
Fuel tank expansion space. |
|
| 23.971 |
Fuel tank sump. |
|
| 23.973 |
Fuel tank filler connection. |
|
| 23.975 |
Fuel tank vents and carburetor vapor vents. |
|
| 23.977 |
Fuel tank outlet. |
|
| 23.979 |
Pressure fueling systems. |
|
| 23.991 |
Fuel pumps. |
|
| 23.993 |
Fuel system lines and fittings. |
|
| 23.994 |
Fuel system components. |
|
| 23.995 |
Fuel valves and controls. |
|
| 23.997 |
Fuel strainer or filter. |
|
| 23.999 |
Fuel system drains. |
|
| 23.1001 |
Fuel jettisoning system. |
|
| 23.1011 |
General. |
|
| 23.1013 |
Oil tanks. |
|
| 23.1015 |
Oil tank tests. |
|
| 23.1017 |
Oil lines and fittings. |
|
| 23.1019 |
Oil strainer or filter. |
|
| 23.1021 |
Oil system drains. |
|
| 23.1023 |
Oil radiators. |
|
| 23.1027 |
Propeller feathering system. |
|
| 23.1041 |
General. |
|
| 23.1043 |
Cooling tests. |
|
| 23.1045 |
Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. |
|
| 23.1047 |
Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes. |
|
| 23.1061 |
Installation. |
|
| 23.1063 |
Coolant tank tests. |
|
| 23.1091 |
Air induction system. |
|
| 23.1093 |
Induction system icing protection. |
|
| 23.1095 |
Carburetor deicing fluid flow rate. |
|
| 23.1097 |
Carburetor deicing fluid system capacity. |
|
| 23.1099 |
Carburetor deicing fluid system detail design. |
|
| 23.1101 |
Induction air preheater design. |
|
| 23.1103 |
Induction system ducts. |
|
| 23.1105 |
Induction system screens. |
|
| 23.1107 |
Induction system filters. |
|
| 23.1109 |
Turbocharger bleed air system. |
|
| 23.1111 |
Turbine engine bleed air system. |
|
| 23.1121 |
General. |
|
| 23.1123 |
Exhaust system. |
|
| 23.1125 |
Exhaust heat exchangers. |
|
| 23.1141 |
Powerplant controls: General. |
|
| 23.1142 |
Auxiliary power unit controls. |
|
| 23.1143 |
Engine controls. |
|
| 23.1145 |
Ignition switches. |
|
| 23.1147 |
Mixture controls. |
|
| 23.1149 |
Propeller speed and pitch controls. |
|
| 23.1153 |
Propeller feathering controls. |
|
| 23.1155 |
Turbine engine reverse thrust and propeller pitch settings below the flight regime. |
|
| 23.1157 |
Carburetor air temperature controls. |
|
| 23.1163 |
Powerplant accessories. |
|
| 23.1165 |
Engine ignition systems. |
|
| 23.1181 |
Designated fire zones; regions included. |
|
| 23.1182 |
Nacelle areas behind firewalls. |
|
| 23.1183 |
Lines, fittings, and components. |
|
| 23.1189 |
Shutoff means. |
|
| 23.1191 |
Firewalls. |
|
| 23.1192 |
Engine accessory compartment diaphragm. |
|
| 23.1193 |
Cowling and nacelle. |
|
| 23.1195 |
Fire extinguishing systems. |
|
| 23.1197 |
Fire extinguishing agents. |
|
| 23.1199 |
Extinguishing agent containers. |
|
| 23.1201 |
Fire extinguishing systems materials. |
|
| 23.1203 |
Fire detector system. |
|
| 23.1301 |
Function and installation. |
|
| 23.1303 |
Flight and navigation instruments. |
|
| 23.1305 |
Powerplant instruments. |
|
| 23.1307 |
Miscellaneous equipment. |
|
| 23.1309 |
Equipment, systems, and installations. |
|
| 23.1311 |
Electronic display instrument systems. |
|
| 23.1321 |
Arrangement and visibility. |
|
| 23.1322 |
Warning, caution, and advisory lights. |
|
| 23.1323 |
Airspeed indicating system. |
|
| 23.1325 |
Static pressure system. |
|
| 23.1326 |
Pitot heat indication systems. |
|
| 23.1327 |
Magnetic direction indicator. |
|
| 23.1329 |
Automatic pilot system. |
|
| 23.1331 |
Instruments using a power source. |
|
| 23.1335 |
Flight director systems. |
|
| 23.1337 |
Powerplant instruments installation. |
|
| 23.1351 |
General. |
|
| 23.1353 |
Storage battery design and installation. |
|
| 23.1357 |
Circuit protective devices. |
|
| 23.1359 |
Electrical system fire protection. |
|
| 23.1361 |
Master switch arrangement. |
|
| 23.1365 |
Electric cables and equipment. |
|
| 23.1367 |
Switches. |
|
| 23.1381 |
Instrument lights. |
|
| 23.1383 |
Taxi and landing lights. |
|
| 23.1385 |
Position light system installation. |
|
| 23.1387 |
Position light system dihedral angles. |
|
| 23.1389 |
Position light distribution and intensities. |
|
| 23.1391 |
Minimum intensities in the horizontal plane of position lights. |
|
| 23.1393 |
Minimum intensities in any vertical plane of position lights. |
|
| 23.1395 |
Maximum intensities in overlapping beams of position lights. |
|
| 23.1397 |
Color specifications. |
|
| 23.1399 |
Riding light. |
|
| 23.1401 |
Anticollision light system. |
|
| 23.1411 |
General. |
|
| 23.1415 |
Ditching equipment. |
|
| 23.1416 |
Pneumatic de-icer boot system. |
|
| 23.1419 |
Ice protection. |
|
| 23.1431 |
Electronic equipment. |
|
| 23.1435 |
Hydraulic systems. |
|
| 23.1437 |
Accessories for multiengine airplanes. |
|
| 23.1438 |
Pressurization and pneumatic systems. |
|
| 23.1441 |
Oxygen equipment and supply. |
|
| 23.1443 |
Minimum mass flow of supplemental oxygen. |
|
| 23.1445 |
Oxygen distribution system. |
|
| 23.1447 |
Equipment standards for oxygen dispensing units. |
|
| 23.1449 |
Means for determining use of oxygen. |
|
| 23.1450 |
Chemical oxygen generators. |
|
| 23.1451 |
Fire protection for oxygen equipment. |
|
| 23.1453 |
Protection of oxygen equipment from rupture. |
|
| 23.1457 |
Cockpit voice recorders. |
|
| 23.1459 |
Flight recorders. |
|
| 23.1461 |
Equipment containing high energy rotors. |
|
| 23.1501 |
General. |
|
| 23.1505 |
Airspeed limitations. |
|
| 23.1507 |
Operating maneuvering speed. |
|
| 23.1511 |
Flap extended speed. |
|
| 23.1513 |
Minimum control speed. |
|
| 23.1519 |
Weight and center of gravity. |
|
| 23.1521 |
Powerplant limitations. |
|
| 23.1522 |
Auxiliary power unit limitations. |
|
| 23.1523 |
Minimum flight crew. |
|
| 23.1524 |
Maximum passenger seating configuration. |
|
| 23.1525 |
Kinds of operation. |
|
| 23.1527 |
Maximum operating altitude. |
|
| 23.1529 |
Instructions for Continued Airworthiness. |
|
| 23.1541 |
General. |
|
| 23.1543 |
Instrument markings: General. |
|
| 23.1545 |
Airspeed indicator. |
|
| 23.1547 |
Magnetic direction indicator. |
|
| 23.1549 |
Powerplant and auxiliary power unit instruments. |
|
| 23.1551 |
Oil quantity indicator. |
|
| 23.1553 |
Fuel quantity indicator. |
|
| 23.1555 |
Control markings. |
|
| 23.1557 |
Miscellaneous markings and placards. |
|
| 23.1559 |
Operating limitations placard. |
|
| 23.1561 |
Safety equipment. |
|
| 23.1563 |
Airspeed placards. |
|
| 23.1567 |
Flight maneuver placard. |
|
| 23.1581 |
General. |
|
| 23.1583 |
Operating limitations. |
|
| 23.1585 |
Operating procedures. |
|
| 23.1587 |
Performance information. |
|
| 23.1589 |
Loading information. |