Wednesday, October 15, 2008
From the Public Health Law Program, Office of the Chief of Public
Health Practice, CDC
http://www2a.cdc.gov/phlp/
![](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090111025524im_/http://www2a.cdc.gov/phlp/images/rssicon.jpg)
_______________________________________________________________
Announcements
*** Public Health
Emergency Legal Preparedness Webinar (10/21). The CDC Public
Health Law Program will present "Building Public Health Emergency
Legal Preparedness -- High-Priority Tools for Multi-Sector Professionals,"
on October 21, 2008 from 1:00-2:00 p.m. ET. The interactive conference
call presentation will brief local, state, and tribal participants
on 10 high-priority tools for use in assessing and strengthening
legal preparedness for all-hazards public health emergencies, with
special attention given to pandemic influenza. Intended participants
include public health professionals; health care, emergency management,
and law enforcement professionals; judges and court administrators;
state and local lawmakers; and legal counsel to all these critical
actors. For more information about the presentation, available continuing
education credits, and call-in procedures, visit
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/coca/callinfo.asp
.
*** Pan Flu
Preparedness Strategies Teleconference (10/22). The American
Health Lawyers Association will host "The Sneeze Heard 'Round the
World: Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Strategies to Adopt Now,"
on October 22, from 1:00-2:30 p.m. ET. For more information, visit
http://www.healthlawyers.org/Template.cfm?Section=Conversations_with_Policymakers_Teleconferences&CONTENTID=58436&TEMPLATE
=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm.
*** Pharmaceutical
Response to Pan Flu Symposium (10/23-10/24). Seton Hall Law
School's Center for Health and Pharmaceutical Law and the Seton
Hall Law Review will be hosting "Preparing for a Pharmaceutical
response to Pandemic Influenza," on October 23-24, to examine the
legal, ethical, and public policy issues related to developing a
pharmaceutical response to an influenza pandemic. For more information,
visit
http://law.shu.edu/journals/lawreview/symposium/oct08/index.htm.
*** Public Health
Preparedness Summit (2/18-2/20). The 2009 Public Health Preparedness
Summit will be held in San Diego, February 18-20, 2009. For more
information, visit
http://www.phprep.org/2009/?CFID=1518091&CFTOKEN=15027974.
*** PREP Act
Q&A. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has released
"Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act Questions and Answers,"
available at
http://www.hhs.gov/disasters/emergency/manmadedisasters/bioterorism/medication-vaccine-qa.html.
*** State Pandemic
Preparedness Report. The National Governor's Association has
released Pandemic Preparedness in the States: An Assessment of
Progress and Opportunity. To access the report, visit
http://www.nga.org/Files/pdf/0809PANDEMICASSESSMENT.PDF.
*** Public Health
Legislator Policy Briefs and Talking Points. The Council of
State Governments has released a number of new publications designed
for state legislators, on topics from health equity to oral health.
To access the documents, visit
http://www.healthystates.csg.org/Publications.
*** GAO Reports.
The U.S. Government Accountability Office has released several new
reports pertaining to public health. Influenza Pandemic: HHS
Needs to Continue Its Actions and Finalize Guidance for Pharmaceutical
Interventions is available at
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08671.pdf;
Health-Care-Associated Infections in Hospitals: Number Associated
with Medical Devices Unknown, but Experts Report Provider Practices
as a Significant Factor is available at
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d081091r.pdf;
Health-Care-Associated Infections in Hospitals: An Overview of
State Reporting Programs and Individual Hospital Initiatives to
Reduce Certain Infections is available at
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08808.pdf;
and Health Information Technology: HHS Has Taken Important Steps
to Address Privacy Principles and Challenges, Although More Work
Remains is available at
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d081138.pdf.
*** New Publication
on Public Health Law. Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint
(Berkeley and New York: University of California Press and Milbank
Memorial Fund, 2nd ed. 2008) by Lawrence O. Gostin, offers a theory
and definition of public health law, an examination of its core
values, and an explanation of the ways in which law acts as a tool
to advance the public's health. For more information, visit
http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/11023.php.
Top Story
1. Suit
on tobacco ads sparks feisty debate
National
2. If bioterrorists
strike, letter carriers might deliver antibiotics
3. The judge
says: don't get pregnant
International
4. Influenza
scientists, WHO face off in virus row
5. Maritime
organization seeks to cut air pollution from oceangoing ships
Briefly Noted
California
HIV testing · Green chemistry initiative · CDC campus namesake ·
Staph laws · Louisiana hurricane lesson ·
Minnesota school shooting settlement · New York Amish · Tax-free
cigarettes · South Carolina radioactive hospital waste · Texas pet
evacuations · Washington asbestos insulation claims · Wisconsin
disaster drills · Washington D.C. courthouse mental health clinic
· National hospital bracelets · Mental health measure · Railroad
cellphone ban · EPA ship water suit · Country of origin labeling
rules · Canada Listeria policy · China melamine levels ·
India public health law · India smoking ban · South Africa tribal
law
Journal Articles
Arkansas
weight-based teasing · Alcohol, tobacco marketing · Federal air
travel restrictions · HIV travel ban · Elementary school soft drinks
· Canada privacy law and health research · Hong Kong school closures
and influenza · Public health research outputs
Court Opinions
Georgia
vaccine design defect claim · Federal air emissions · FEMA trailer
lawsuits · Clean Air Act asbestos rules · Class certification for
water contamination · Student detention for threatening essays ·
Employer health plan costs · BSE test kits · Canada silicone breast
implants · Streptococcus claims
Quotation of
the Month
Paco, a
New York City bootleg cigarette peddler
_____________________________1_____________________________
"Suit on tobacco
ads sparks feisty debate"
Washington Post
(10/07/08) Jerry Markon
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/06/AR2008100602934.html?nav=rss_politics/administration
Last week, the
U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case Altria Group
v. Good, a "light" cigarette lawsuit originally filed in state
court in Maine. The plaintiffs, three smokers, say Philip Morris
USA and parent company Altria falsely marketed low-tar and low-nicotine
cigarettes -- advertised as "lights" -- as less harmful than regular
cigarettes. But the defendants say they should be protected from
state law claims because federal rules governing warning labels
preempt state consumer protection laws. Altria also argues the claim
should be dismissed because the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) authorized
the use of the term "light." During oral arguments, Justices Samuel
Alito Jr. and Antonin Scalia appeared to side with the tobacco company.
"The FTC's position seems to me incomprehensible," said Justice
Alito, addressing an attorney from the U.S. Department of Justice.
"You've created this whole problem by, I think, passively approving
the placement of these figures...in the advertisements. And if they
are misleading, then you have misled everybody who's bought those
cigarettes for a long time." But Justice Stephen Breyer questioned
Altria's argument, which he said would shield companies from liability
for blatantly false statements. "Somebody could advertise smoking
42 cigarettes a day will grow back your hair. That's totally false,
and in your view, that would be preempted," he said.
[Editor's note:
The transcript from the October 6, 2008 oral arguments in Altria
Group v. Good is available at
http://www.supremecourtus.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/07-562.pdf.]
_____________________________2_____________________________
"If bioterrorists
strike, letter carriers might deliver antibiotics"
Washington Post
(10/02/08) David Brown
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/10/01/ST2008100102936.html
U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services Secretary Mike Leavitt recently announced
that the U.S. Postal Service may be the solution to the challenge
of delivering drugs to protect against anthrax. Pilot projects in
2006 and 2007 in Boston, Philadelphia, and Seattle have demonstrated
the efficiency of using mail carriers to deliver antibiotics: in
Philadelphia, 50 carriers (and accompanying police officers) reached
55,000 households in less than eight hours. Another trial is set
to take place in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota next year.
There, about 700 letter carriers will be medically screened, fitted
with face masks, and issued a supply of doxycycline for their own
families. Leavitt has asked the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
to approve the drug for this purpose. Letter carriers who volunteer
to deliver anthrax drugs will not be given bonuses or other incentives.
"Letter carriers are on the street six days a week. They are constantly
helping out as just part of their job, and this is taking it one
step further," said Drew Von Bergen of the National Association
of Letter Carriers.
[Editor's note:
Secretary Leavitt has also issued a declaration under the Public
Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act to provide targeted liability
protections for anthrax countermeasures. To read the declaration,
visit
http://www.hhs.gov/disasters/emergency/manmadedisasters/bioterorism/prepact-081001.html.]
_____________________________3_____________________________
"The judge says:
don't get pregnant"
Wall Street Journal
(09/25/08) Dan Slater
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122230566090673847.html (subscription
required)
The eugenics movement
in the United States caused the forced sterilization of nearly 20,000
women deemed "feeble-minded," "imbeciles," "criminals," or otherwise
"unfit" for motherhood. The movement receded into the pages of history
after the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Oklahoma's Habitual Criminal
Sterilization Act in 1942, declaring that "marriage and procreation
are fundamental to the very existence and survival of the race."
But cases restricting the right to procreate are not uncommon in
U.S. courtrooms today: recently, a judge in Texas ordered a woman
to stop having children after her daughter was badly abused; a father
of nine in Wisconsin was ordered not to have any more children until
he could show the court he was capable of supporting the ones he
already had. The orders are often overturned on appeal, as in the
case of a mentally retarded Indiana woman who was ordered not to
become pregnant after the death of her infant son. There, the state
appeals court struck down the order, on the grounds that it violated
her "privacy right of procreation" and that the goal of preventing
injury to a child could be served by less-restrictive means. According
to Texas Judge Charlie Baird, who has issued such orders, "Under
Texas law, judges can impose any condition on probation so long
as it's reasonable." Referring to one woman whom he ordered to refrain
from procreating, he explained that she "has a fundamental right
to reproduce, so I couldn't order her to be sterilized. But she
can be forced to forfeit certain fundamental rights. I'm not even
preventing her from having intimate sexual relations. I'm only preventing
her from becoming pregnant." Professor Laurence Tribe of Harvard
Law School, believes the approach is "tantamount to sterilization,"
and questions how the order will be enforced.
_____________________________4_____________________________
"Influenza scientists,
WHO face off in virus row"
Associated Press
(10/03/08) Robin McDowell
http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/10/03/asia/AS-Vaccines-David---Goliath.php
In a battle that
could affect the world's ability to monitor and track disease and
develop vaccines, international influenza scientists are taking
on the World Health Organization (WHO). At issue is the WHO policy
of collecting virus samples and data from nations around the world.
Governments of developing nations relinquish their intellectual
property rights to those samples when they provide them to WHO,
but argue that those samples are then used by private pharmaceutical
companies to make vaccines sold at such high prices that many of
those donor nations cannot afford them. Two years ago, WHO agreed
to work with developing nations to ensure they have better access
to drugs, but that process is still on-going. In the meantime, scientists
and other health experts developed a publicly accessible online
database which offers basic intellectual property rights to scientists
who submit genetic information.
[Editor's note:
To learn more about the online database, administered by the nonprofit
organization GISAID, visit http://www.gisaid.org.]
_____________________________5_____________________________
"Maritime organization
seeks to cut air pollution from oceangoing ships"
New York Times
(10/10/08) Felicity Barringer
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/10/science/earth/10ships.html
At its meeting
in London last week, the International Maritime Organization adopted
new controls on airborne pollution from oceangoing ships with little
discussion. Sulfur emissions from the world's 300,000 ocean vessels
are blamed for about 60,000 premature deaths annually. Sulfur, a
major source of fine particulates, is associated with pulmonary
and cardiovascular disease. The new rules would cut the sulfur content
of the bunker fuel used by ships in controlled areas along coasts
by 63 percent by July 2010, and by more than 95 percent by January
2015. (Bunker fuel is one of the most cost-effective but environmentally
destructive fuels in use.) Courts in Europe and the United States
have ordered ships to shut their engines and use the local electrical
grid while in port to curb such emissions. Under the new rules,
individual nations must establish the boundaries of the coastal
emission control areas. "It's really impressive when 168 nations
can come together and agree on protective measures for the environment,"
said Janea Scott, a lawyer with the Environmental Defense Fund who
attended the meeting.
[Editor's note:
For information on the new rules from the International Maritime
Organization, visit
http://www.imo.org/.]
_____________________BRIEFLY NOTED______________________
California: New
law requires private health insurers to cover cost of HIV testing
"California to
cover cost of screening for H.I.V."
New York Times
(10/02/08) Rebecca Cathcart
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/02/us/02hiv.html
California: "Green
chemistry" initiative targets 80,000 toxics
"Chemical regulation
broadens"
Los Angeles Times
(09/30/08) Margot Roosevelt
http://articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/30/local/me-chemistry30
California: CDC
campus namesake's legacy continues
"Edward Roybal
is a big name around town"
Los Angeles Times
(09/21/08) Francisco Vara-Orta
http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-then21-2008sep21,0,2351094.story
California: Laws
require hospitals to strengthen efforts to fight bacteria, reveal
infection rates
"Schwarzenegger
signs bills to combat staph outbreaks in hospitals"
Los Angeles Times
(09/26/08) Jordan Rau
http://www.latimes.com/news/local/politics/cal/la-me-health26-2008sep26,0,7486150.story
Louisiana: Loss
of power to hospitals, nursing homes ranked #1 problem caused by
Gustav
"Hospitals learn
power lesson"
Advocate
(09/28/08) Marsha Shuler
http://www.2theadvocate.com/news/29852049.html
Minnesota: Families
of shooting victims, survivors settle with emergency planning company
"Settlement in
Red Lake school shooting"
Associated Press
(10/07/08) Amy Forliti
http://wcco.com/local/red.lake.school.2.834718.html
New York: Amish
community at odds with Health Department over septic systems
"Amish refuse health
regulations"
Buffalo News
(10/02/08) Kathy Kellogg
http://www.buffalonews.com/cityregion/otherwny/story/453035.html
New York: Legal
authorities claim tax-free smokes on NYC streets can be traced to
reservations
"Suits claim wide
reach of cigarettes from tribes"
New York Times
(10/02/08) Stephanie Saul
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/02/nyregion/02smoke.html
South Carolina:
Law ending disposal of radioactive waste at landfill poses problem
for 36 states
"Nuclear waste
piles up at hospitals"
Associated Press
(09/25/08) Seanna Adcox
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080925/ap_on_re_us/nuclear_trash
Texas: In contrast
to Katrina, Ike pet evacuation goes well
"Pets included
in Ike evacuation plans"
Associated Press
(09/18/08)
http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/18/ike.pets.ap/
Washington: Property
owners have until Oct. 31 to file claims over asbestos-tainted insulation
"Zonolite deadline
draws near"
Spokesman Review
(09/25/08) Becky Kramer
http://www.spokesmanreview.com/idaho/story.asp?ID=262046
(subscription required)
Wisconsin: Brown
Co. businesses, public safety and preparedness come together effectively
"Disaster drills
enhance bond with community"
Green Bay Press-Gazette
(10/01/08) Nathan Phelps
http://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081001/GPG03/810010545
Washington D.C.:
Urgent care clinic installed in D.C. Superior Court
"Court building
now also houses mental health clinic"
Washington Post
(10/03/08) Hamil R. Harris
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/02/AR2008100203845.html?
hpid=sec-metro
National: New York
hospitals at forefront of movement to standardize color coding wristbands
"Hospital bracelets
face hurdles as they fix hazard"
New York Times
(09/25/08) Anemona Hartocollis
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/nyregion/25bracelets.html?n=Top/News/Health/Diseases,%20
Conditions,%20and%20Health%20Topics/Hospitals
National: Measure
could expand treatment services
"Law equalizes
coverage for mental, physical care"
Washington Post
(10/10/08) Chris L. Jenkins
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/09/AR2008100902873.html?
hpid=topnews
National: Locomotive
engineers prohibited from using cellphones after CA crash
"Railroad agency
bans cellphones"
New York Times
(10/03/08) Matthew L. Wald
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/03/us/03brfs-RAILROADAGEN_BRF.html
National: States
contend illegal loophole could hurt fisheries, contaminate drinking
water
"States file lawsuit
against EPA over water released from ships"
Associated Press
(10/02/08)
http://www.wsj.com/article/SB122298431621699707.html
(subscription required)
National: Farm
groups split on new "country of origin" food labeling regulations
"Whence the beef?"
Pioneer Press
(10/01/08) Tom Webb
http://www.twincities.com/ci_10603087
(subscription required)
Canada: New CFIA
policy removed reporting language, inspectors say
"Policy change
delayed alarm signal over Listeria, inspectors say"
CBC News
(10/06/08)
http://www.cbc.ca/consumer/story/2008/10/05/listeria-inspections.html?ref=rss
China: First rules
governing allowable levels of chemical follow deaths
"China sets melamine
levels for milk products"
Associated Press
(10/08/08) Audra Ang
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081008/ap_on_re_as/as_china_tainted_milk
India: New bill
said to effectively fight epidemics, 21st century diseases, bioterrorism
"111-year-old Epidemic
Act set for burial"
Indo-Asian News
Service (09/25/08)
Prashant K. Nanda
http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-25973.html
India: Smoking
ban proponents hopeful but realistic
"India treats smoking
ban the same way it treated ban on public spitting"
The Times
(10/03/08) Rhys Blakely
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4870606.ece
South Africa: Testing
said to protect girls against teen pregnancy, disease
"Zulus eagerly
defy ban on virginity test"
Washington Post
(09/26/08) Karin Brulliard
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/25/AR2008092504625.html
___________________JOURNAL ARTICLES____________________
"No change in weight-based
teasing when school-based obesity policies are implemented"
Archives of
Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (10/08)
Rebecca A. Krukowski and others
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/162/10/936
(subscription required)
"Alcohol and tobacco
marketing: evaluating compliance with outdoor advertising guidelines"
American Journal
of Preventive Medicine (09/08)
Molly M. Scott and others
http://www.ajpm-online.net/article/S0749-3797(08)00505-9/fulltext
(subscription required)
"Federal air travel
restrictions for public health purposes -- United States, June 2007--May
2008"
Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report (09/19/08)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5737a1.htm
"HIV travel ban
lifted"
Journal of the
American Medical Association (09/17/08)
Mike Mitka
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/300/11/1290-a?rss=1
"The effect of
soft drink availability in elementary schools on consumption"
Journal of the
American Dietetic Association (09/08)
Meenakshi M. Fernandes
http://www.adajournal.org/article/S0002-8223(08)01266-2/abstract
(subscription required)
"Personal privacy
and public health: ... impacts of privacy legislation on health
research..."
Canadian Journal
of Public Health (08/08)
M. Anne Harris, A.R. Levy, and K.E. Teschke
http://journal.cpha.ca/index.php/cjph/issue/current
(subscription required)
"Effects of school
closures, 2008 winter influenza season, Hong Kong"
Emerging Infectious
Diseases (10/08)
Benjamin J. Cowling and others
http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/14/10/1660.htm
"We are what we
do: research outputs of public health"
American Journal
of Preventive Medicine (10/08)
Rob W. Sanson-Fisher and others
http://www.ajpm-online.net/article/S0749-3797(08)00610-7/abstract
(subscription required)
___________________COURT OPINIONS____________________
Georgia: Court
finds federal Vaccine Act does not preempt design defect claims
American Home
Products Corporation d/b/a/Wyeth v. Ferrari
Supreme Court of
Georgia
No. S07G1708
Decided October
6, 2008
Opinion by Justice
George H. Carley
http://www.gasupreme.us/pdf/s07g1708.pdf
Federal: Land development
air emissions rule upheld
National Association
of Home Builders v. San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control
Dist.
U.S. District Court
for the Eastern District of California
No. CV F 07-0820
LJO DLB
Filed September
18, 2008
Opinion by Judge
Lawrence O'Neill
http://www.earthjustice.org/library/legal_docs/isr-decision.pdf
Federal: FEMA not
immune from suit on formaldehyde in 'emergency housing units'
In re: FEMA
Trailer Formaldehyde Products Liability Litigation
U.S. District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
MDL No. 07-1873
Decided October
3, 2008
Order by Judge
Kurt D. Engelhardt
http://www.laed.uscourts.gov/FEMA07md1873/Orders/order717.pdf
Federal: Defendants
failed to comply with Clean Air Act asbestos rules
Families for
Asbestos Compliance, Testing and Safety v. City of St. Louis, Missouri
U.S. District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri, Eastern Division
No. 4:05-CV-719
(CEJ)
Opinion by Judge
Carol E. Jackson
Filed September
15, 2008
http://www.publicjustice.net/briefs/Asbestos_St.%20Louis_decision.pdf
Federal: Court
denies class certification for alleged harm by drinking water contamination
Rhodes v. DuPont
U.S. District Court
for the Southern District of West Virginia
Civil Action No.
6:06-cv-00530
Entered September
30, 2008
Memorandum Opinion
by Chief Judge Joseph R. Goodwin
http://www.wvsd.uscourts.gov/district/opinions/pdf/RhodesvDuPontMemOp.pdf
Federal: Lower
court decision upheld against student detained for disturbing, threatening
essays
Riehm v. Engelking
U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit
No. 07-1517
Filed August 15,
2008
Opinion by Judge
Raymond W. Gruender
http://www.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/08/08/071517P.pdf
Federal: ERISA
does not preempt employer spending requirements of city's health
plan
Golden Gate
Restaurant Association v. City and County of San Francisco
U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Ninth Circuit
No. 07-17370 /
D.C. No. CV-06-06997-JSW
Filed September
30, 2008
Opinion by Judge
William A. Fletcher
http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/ca9/newopinions.nsf/7247887E88BB6AE7882574D3007D1157/$file
/0717370.pdf?openelement
Federal: USDA restriction
on sale/use of bovine spongiform encephalopathy test kit upheld
Creekstone Farms
Premium Beef v. U.S.D.A.
U.S. Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
No. 07-5173 with
No. 07-5199
Filed August 29,
2008
Opinion by Judge
Karen LeCraft Henderson
http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200808/07-5173-1135720.pdf
Canada: Claim that
Health Canada breached duty to regulate silicone breast implants
dismissed
Attis v. Canada
(Health)
Court of Appeal
for Ontario
Docket: C47185
Filed September
30, 2008
Opinion by Judge
Susan E. Lang
http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/2008/2008onca660/2008onca660.pdf
Canada: Group A
Streptococcus plaintiffs denied jury trial after no id of
carrier, no breach
Parragh v. Eagle
Ridge Hospital and Health Care Centre
Supreme Court of
British Columbia
Docket: S064534
Filed September
26, 2008
Opinion by Judge
Geoffrey Barrow
http://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bcsc/doc/2008/2008bcsc1299/2008bcsc1299.pdf
__________PHL NEWS QUOTATION OF THE WEEK___________
"Newports. Loosies.
Shorts. Longs."
-- Paco, a New
York City bootleg cigarette peddler, looking for customers. Known
on the streets as "$5 men," after the cost of a pack, vendors like
Paco can earn more than $100 a day selling illegal cigarettes. Legal
authorities in New York believe the city and state are losing more
than $1 billion a year in tax revenue as a result of bootleg cigarettes.
[See Briefly Noted item, above.]
___________________________________________________________
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and Innovation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Rachel Weiss,
J.D., Editor; Karen M. Leeb, J.D., M.L.S., Editorial Advisor.
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