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A Country Study: Portugal
Library of Congress Call Number
DP517 .P626 1993
Portugal
Foreward
Acknowledgments
Preface
Country Profile
Country
Society
Economy
Transportation and Communications
Government and Politics
National Security
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
(Walter C. Opello, Jr.)
Origins of Portugal
Early Inhabitants
Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians
Romanization
Germanic Invasions
Muslim Domination
Christian Reconquest
Formation of the Monarchy
Afonso Henriques Becomes King
Territorial Enlargement
Settlement and Cultivation
Political and Social Organization
Control of the Royal Patrimony
Development of the Realm
The House of Avis
Wars with Castile
Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
Social Revolution
Intradynastic Struggle
Assertion of Royal Supremacy
Maritime Expansion
Early Voyages
Sea Route to India
Empire in Asia
Colonization of Brazil
Counter-Reformation and Overseas Evangelization
Imperial Decline
Dynastic Crisis
Iberian Union
Restoration
Development of Brazil
Absolutism
Peninsular Wars
Constitutionalism
Revolution of 1820
War of the Two Brothers
Moderate vs. Radical Liberals
Rotativismo
Portuguese Africa
Republicanism
The First Republic
Military Dictatorship
The New State
The Social State
Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
(Howard J. Wiarda)
The Physical Environment
DEMOGRAPHY
Population Size and Structure
Emigration
Family and Kinship Relations
Family
Women
The Extended Family and Kinship Relations
Social Structure and Social Classes
The Elite
The Middle Class
The Lower Class
A New Portugal?
Ethnicity and Ethnic Groups
Religion and the Role of the Roman Catholic Church
History
The Salazar Regime
Changes After the Revolution of 1974
Religious Practices
Non-Catholic Religious Groups
Education
Social Welfare
Social Welfare Programs
Health Care
Housing
Chapter 3 - The Economy
(Eric N. Baklanoff)
Economic Growth and Structural Change
The Economy of the Salazar Regime
Changing Structure of the Economy
Economic Growth, 1960-73 and 1981-90
Revolutionary Change
Nationalization
The Brain Drain
Role of the Consolidated Public Sector
The Nonfinancial Public Enterprises
The General Government
Macroeconomic Disequilibria and Public Debt
Human Resources and Income Distribution
Employment and Sectoral Composition of the Labor Force
Wages and the Distribution of Income
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
Agricultural Zones
Crops and Livestock
Forestry and Fishing
Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform
Agricultural Policy and the European Community
The Industrial Sector
Industrial Regions
Industrial Organization
Energy and Mineral Resources
Services
Commerce and Tourism
Transportation and Communications
Banking and Finance
Foreign Economic Relations
Composition and Direction of Trade
The Balance of International Payments
Tourism and Unilateral Transfers
Foreign Direct Investment
External Public Debt
Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
(Howard J. Wiarda)
The Revolution of 1974 and the Transition to Democracy
The Salazar-Caetano Era
SpĂnola and Revolution
The Transition to Civilian Rule
Consolidation of Democracy
The Governmental System
Constitutional Development
The Presidency
The Council of State
The Prime Minister
The Council of Ministers
The Assembly of the Republic
The Judiciary
Civil Service
Local Government
Autonomous Regions and Macau
The Electoral System
Political Dynamics
Political Parties
Far Left
Portuguese Communist Party
Socialist Party
Social Democrat Party
Party of the Social Democratic Center
Far Right
Popular Monarchist Party
Other Parties
Interest Groups
Armed Forces
Roman Catholic Church
Economic Elites
Organized Labor
Middle Class
Students and Intellectuals
Peasants
Political Events Since 1987
The Media
Foreign Relations
Africa
Western Europe
United States
Other Countries and Areas
Chapter 5 - National Security
(Jean R. Tartter)
Historical Background
The Military in the Salazar Era
The Role of the Armed Forces in Africa
Angola
Portuguese Guinea
Mozambique
Role of the Military in Portuguese Political Life
The Military Takeover of 1974
The Armed Forces in Political Life after 1975
Strategic Concepts Underlying the Portuguese Defense Posture
The Armed Forces
Army
Navy
Air Force
Conditions of Service
Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
Defense Expenditures
Portugal and Nato
Bilateral Military Relations with Other Countries
Domestic Defense Production
Public Order and Internal Security
The Police System
National Republican Guard
Public Security Police
Other Police Forces
Intelligence Services
Terrorist Groups
Judicial System
Criminal Law Procedure
Incidence of Crime
Penal System
Appendix. Tables
Bibliography
Glossary
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