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NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards |
September 2005 |
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APPENDICESAPPENDIX A - NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens APPENDIX A - NIOSH Potential Occupational CarcinogensNew PolicyFor the past 20 plus years, NIOSH has subscribed to a carcinogen policy that was published in 1976 by Edward J. Fairchild, II, Associate Director for Cincinnati Operations, which called for "no detectable exposure levels for proven carcinogenic substances" (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 271:200-207, 1976). This was in response to a generic OSHA rulemaking on carcinogens. Because of advances in science and in approaches to risk assessment and risk management, NIOSH has adopted a more inclusive policy. NIOSH recommended exposure limits (RELs) will be based on risk evaluations using human or animal health effects data, and on an assessment of what levels can be feasibly achieved by engineering controls and measured by analytical techniques. To the extent feasible, NIOSH will project not only a no-effect exposure, but also exposure levels at which there may be residual risks. This policy applies to all workplace hazards, including carcinogens, and is responsive to Section 20(a)(3) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, which charges NIOSH to ". . .describe exposure levels that are safe for various periods of employment, including but not limited to the exposure levels at which no employee will suffer impaired health or functional capacities or diminished life expectancy as a result of his work experience."
The effect of this new policy will be the development, whenever possible, of quantitative RELs that are based on human and/or animal data, as well as on the consideration of technological feasibility for controlling workplace exposures to the REL. Under the old policy, RELs for most carcinogens were non-quantitative values labeled "lowest feasible concentration (LFC)." [Note: There are a few exceptions to LFC RELs for carcinogens (e.g., RELs for asbestos, formaldehyde, benzene, and ethylene oxide are quantitative values based primarily on analytical limits of detection or technological feasibility). Also, in 1989, NIOSH adopted several quantitative RELs for carcinogens from OSHA's permissible exposure limit (PEL) update.]
Under the new policy, NIOSH will also recommend the complete range of respirators (as determined by the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic) for carcinogens with quantitative RELs. In this way, respirators will be consistently recommended regardless of whether a substance is a carcinogen or a non-carcinogen. Old PolicyIn the past, NIOSH identified numerous substances that should be treated as potential occupational carcinogens even though OSHA might not have identified them as such. In determining their carcinogenicity, NIOSH used the OSHA classification outlined in 29 CFR 1990.103, which states in part: Potential occupational carcinogen means any substance, or combination or mixture of substances, which causes an increased incidence of benign and/or malignant neoplasms, or a substantial decrease in the latency period between exposure and onset of neoplasms in humans or in one or more experimental mammalian species as the result of any oral, respiratory or dermal exposure, or any other exposure which results in the induction of tumors at a site other than the site of administration. This definition also includes any substance which is metabolized into one or more potential occupational carcinogens by mammals. When thresholds for carcinogens that would protect 100% of the population had not been identified, NIOSH usually recommended that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration. To ensure maximum protection from carcinogens through the use of respiratory protection, NIOSH also recommended that only the most reliable and protective respirators be used. These respirators include (1) a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) that has a full facepiece and is operated in a positive-pressure mode, or (2) a supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary SCBA operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Recommendations to be RevisedThe RELs and respirator recommendations for carcinogens listed in this edition of the Pocket Guide still reflect the old policy. Changes in the RELs and respirator recommendations that reflect the new policy will be included in future editions. APPENDIX B - Thirteen OSHA-Regulated CarcinogensWithout establishing PELs, OSHA promulgated standards in 1974 to regulate the industrial use of 13 chemicals identified as potential occupational carcinogens.
Exposures of workers to these 13 chemicals are to be controlled through the required use of engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment, including respirators. See 29 CFR 1910.1003-1910.1016 for specific details of these requirements. Respirator selections in the Pocket Guide are based on NIOSH policy, which considers the 13 chemicals to be potential occupational carcinogens. APPENDIX C
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2-Acetylaminofluorene |
4-Dimethylaminoazobenezene |
beta-Naphthylamine |
4-Aminodiphenyl |
Ethyleneimine |
4-Nitrobiphenyl |
Benzidine |
Methyl chloromethyl ether |
N-Nitrosodimethylamine |
bis-Chloromethyl ether |
alpha-Naphthylamine |
beta-Propiolactone |
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts) |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use |
Respirator Type |
< or = 20 ppm (parts per million) |
(1) Chemical cartridge respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) and half-mask facepiece; or (2) Supplied-air respirator with half-mask facepiece. |
< or = 100 ppm or maximum use concentration of cartridges or canisters, whichever is lower |
(1) Full-facepiece respirator with (A) organic vapor cartridges, (B) organic vapor gas mask, chin-style, or (C) organic vapor gas mask canister, front- or back-mounted; (2) Supplied-air respirator with full facepiece; or (3) Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece. |
< or = 4,000 ppm |
Supplied-air respirator operated in positive-pressure mode with full facepiece, helmet, suit, or hood. |
> 4,000 ppm or unknown concentration |
(1) Supplied-air and auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece in positive-pressure mode; or (2) Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece in positive-pressure mode. |
Firefighting |
Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece in positive-pressure mode. |
Escape |
(1) Any organic vapor respirator; or (2) Any self-contained breathing apparatus. |
Requirements for Respiratory Protection for Inorganic Arsenic Particulate Except for Those With Significant Vapor Pressure |
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Airborne Concentration (as As) or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
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< or = 100 µg/m3 (micrograms per cubic meter) |
(1) Half-mask air-purifying respirator equipped with high-efficiency filter*; or (2) Any half-mask supplied air respirator. |
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< or = 500 µg/m3 |
(1) Full facepiece air-purifying respirator equipped with high-efficiency filter*; (2) Any full-facepiece supplied-air respirator; or (3) Any full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus. |
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< or = 10,000 µg/m3 |
(1) Powered air-purifying respirators in all inlet face coverings with high-efficiency filters*; or (2) Half-mask supplied-air respirators operated in positive-pressure mode. |
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< or = 20,000 µg/m3 |
Supplied-air respirator with full facepiece, hood, or helmet or suit, operated in positive-pressure mode. |
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> 20,000 µg/m3, unknown concentrations, or firefighting |
Any full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus operated in positive-pressure mode. |
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* A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-disperesed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
Requirements for Respiratory Protection for Inorganic Arsenicals With Significant Vapor Pressure |
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Airborne Concentration (as As) or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
< or = 100 µg/m3 (micrograms per cubic meter) |
(1) Half-mask* air-purifying respirator equipped with high-efficiency filter** and acid gas cartridge; or (2) Any half-mask* supplied-air respirator. |
< or = 500 µg/m3 |
(1) Front- or back-mounted gas mask equipped with high-efficiency filter** and acid gas canister; (2) Any full-facepiece supplied-air respirator; or (3) Any full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus. |
< or = 10,000 µg/m3 |
Half-mask* supplied-air respirator operated in positive-pressure mode. |
< or = 20,000 µg/m3 |
Supplied-air respirator with full facepiece, hood, or helmet or suit, operated in positive-pressure mode. |
> 20,000 µg/m3, unknown concentrations, or firefighting |
Any full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus operated in positive-pressure mode. |
* Half-mask respirators shall not be used for protection against arsenic trichloride, as it is rapidly absorbed through the skin. ** A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-disperesed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
< or = 1 f/cm3 (fibers per cubic centimeter) (10 X PEL) |
Half-mask air-purifying respirator other than a disposable respirator, equipped with high-efficiency filters*. |
< or = 5 f/cm3 (50 X PEL) |
Full-facepiece air-purifying respirator equipped with high-efficiency filters*. |
< or = 10 f/cm3 (100 X PEL) |
Any powered air-purifying respirator equipped with high-efficiency filters* or any supplied-air respirator operated in continuous-flow mode. |
< or = 100 f/cm3 (1,000 X PEL) |
Full-facepiece supplied air respirator operated in pressure-demand mode. |
> 100 f/cm3 (1,000 X PEL), or unknown concentrations |
Full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand mode, equipped with an auxiliary positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. |
* A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
< or = 10 ppm (parts per million) |
Half-mask air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge. |
< or = 50 ppm |
(1) Full-facepiece respirator with organic vapor cartridges; or (2) Full-facepiece gas mask with chin-style canisters*. |
< or = 100 ppm |
Full-facepiece powered air-purifying respirator with organic vapor canister*. |
< or = 1,000 ppm |
Supplied-air respirator with full facepiece in positive-pressure mode. |
> 1,000 ppm or unknown concentration |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece in positive-pressure mode; or (2) Full-facepiece positive-pressure supplied-air respirator with auxiliary self-contained air supply. |
Escape |
(1) Any organic vapor gas mask; or (2) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece. |
Firefighting |
Full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus in positive-pressure mode. |
* Canisters must have a minimum service life of four (4) hours when tested at 150 ppm benzene, at a flow rate of 64 liters per minute (LPM), 25°C, and 85% relative humidity for non-powered air-purifying respirators. The flow rate shall be 115 LPM and 170 LPM, respectively, for tight-fitting and loose-fitting powered air-purifying respirators. |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
< or = 5 ppm (parts per million) |
Air-purifying half-mask or full-facepiece respirator equipped with approved butadiene or organic vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every 4 hours. |
< or = 10 ppm |
Air-purifying half-mask or full-facepiece respirator equipped with approved butadiene or organic vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every 3 hours. |
< or = 25 ppm |
(1) Air-purifying half-mask or full-facepiece respirator equipped with approved butadiene or organic vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every 2 hours; (2) Any powered air-purifying respirator equipped with approved butadiene or organic vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every [1] hour; or (3) Continuous-flow supplied-air respirator equipped with a hood or helmet. |
< or = 50 ppm |
(1) Air-purifying full-facepiece respirator equipped with approved butadiene or organic vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every [1] hour; or (2) Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece and approved butadiene or organic vapor cartridges. PAPR cartridges shall be replaced every [1] hour. |
< or = 1,000 ppm |
Supplied-air respirator equipped with a half-mask or full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. |
> 1,000 ppm, unknown concentration, or firefighting |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode; or (2) Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. |
Escape from IDLH conditions (IDLH is 2,000 ppm) |
(1) Any positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus with an appropriate service life; or (2) Any air-purifying full-facepiece respirator equipped with a front- or back-mounted butadiene or organic vapor canister. |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use | Required Respirator |
< or = 50 µg/m3 (micrograms per cubic meter) |
Half-mask, air-purifying respirator equipped with a high-efficiency filter*. |
< or = 125 µg/m3 |
(1) Powered air-purifying respirator with a loose-fiting hood or helmet equipped with a high-efficiency filter*; or (2) Supplied-air respirator with a loose-fitting hood or helmet facepiece operated in continuous-flow mode. |
< or = 250 µg/m3 |
(1) Full-facepiece air-purifying respirator equipped with a high-efficiency filter*; (2) Powered air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting half-mask equipped with a high-efficiency filter*; or (3) Supplied-air respirator with a tight-fitting half-mask operated in continuous-flow mode. |
< or = 1,250 µg/m3 |
(1) Powered air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting full facepiece equipped with a high-efficiency filter*; or (2) Supplied-air respirator with a tight-fitting full facepiece operated in continuous-flow mode. |
< or = 5,000 µg/m3 |
Supplied-air respirator with half-mask or full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. |
> 5,000 µg/m3 or unknown concentration |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode; or (2) Supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode and equipped with an auxiliary escape-type self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand mode. |
Firefighting |
Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. |
Note: Quantitative fit testing is required for all tight-fitting air-purifying respirators where airborne concentration of cadmium exceeds 10 times the TWA PEL (10 X 5 µg/m3 = 50 µg/m3). A full-facepiece respirator is required when eye irritation is expected. * A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
Airborne Concentration |
Required Respirator |
< or = 1500 µg/m3 (micrograms per cubic meter) |
(1) Any particulate filter respirator for dust and mist except single-use respirator; or (2) Any particulate filter respirator or combination chemical cartridge and particulate filter respirator for coke oven emissions. |
Any concentrations |
(1) Type C supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand or continuous-flow mode; (2) Powered air-purifying particulate filter respirator for dust and mist; or (3) Powered air-purifying particulate filter respirator or combination chemical cartridge and particulate filter respirator for coke oven emissions. |
Airborne Concentration |
Required Respirator |
< or = 5 X PEL |
Disposable respirator* with a particulate filter. |
< or = 10 X PEL |
Quarter- or half-mask respirator, other than a disposable respirator, equipped with particulate filters. |
< or = 100 X PEL |
Full-facepiece respirator equipped with high-efficiency particulate filters**. |
> 100 X PEL |
Powered air-purifying respirator equipped with high-efficiency particulate filters. |
* A disposable respirator means the filter element is an inseparable part of the respirator. ** A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. Notes: Self-contained breathing apparatus are not required but are permitted respirators. Supplied-air respirators are not required but are permitted under the following conditions: Cotton dust concentration not greater than 10X the PEL: Any supplied air respirator; not greater than 100X the PEL: Any supplied-air respirator with full facepiece, helmet, or hood; greater than 100X the PEL: Supplied-air respirator operated in positive-pressure mode. |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
< or = 10 ppb (parts per billion) |
(1) Any supplied-air respirator; or (2) any self-contained breathing apparatus. |
< or = 50 ppb |
(1) Any supplied-air respirator with full facepiece, helmet, or hood; or (2) any self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece. |
< or = 1,000 ppb |
Type C supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure or continuous-flow mode. |
< or = 2,000 ppb |
Type C supplied-air respirator with full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode, or with full facepiece, helmet, or hood operated in continuous-flow mode. |
> 2,000 ppb or entry and escape from unknown concentrations |
(1) A combination respirator which includes a Type C supplied-air respirator with full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or positive-pressure mode; or (2) Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. |
Firefighting |
Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use | Required Respirator |
< or = 50 ppm (parts per million) |
Full-facepiece respirator with ethylene oxide approved canister, front- or back-mounted. |
< or = 2,000 ppm |
(1) Positive-pressure supplied-air respirator equipped with full facepiece, hood, or helmet; or (2) Continuous-flow supplied-air respirator (positive-pressure) equipped with hood, helmet, or suit. |
> 2,000 ppm or unknown concentrations |
(1) Positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus equipped with full facepiece; or (2) Positive-pressure full-facepiece supplied-air respirator equipped with an auxiliary positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. |
Firefighting |
Positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus equipped with full facepiece. |
Escape |
Any respirator described above. |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use | Required Respirator |
< or = 7.5 ppm (parts per million) (10 X PEL) |
Full-facepiece respirator with cartridges or canisters specifically approved for protection against formaldehyde*. |
< or = 75 ppm (100 X PEL) |
(1) Full-face mask respirator with chin style or chest- or back-mounted type with industrial size canister specifically approved for protection against formaldehyde; or (2) Type C supplied-air respirator, demand type or continuous flow type, with full facepiece, hood, or helmet. |
> 75 ppm (100 X PEL) or unknown concentrations (emergencies) |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with positive-pressure full-facepiece; or (2) Combination supplied-air, full-facepiece positive-pressure respirator with auxiliary self-contained air supply. |
Firefighting |
Self-contained breathing apparatus with positive-pressure in full facepiece. |
Escape |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus in demand or pressure-demand mode; or (2) Full-face mask respirator with chin-style or front- or back-mounted type industrial size canister specifically approved for protection against formaldehyde. |
* A half-mask respirator with cartridges specifically approved for protection against formaldehyde can be substituted for the full-facepiece respirator providing that effective gas-proof goggles are provided and used in combination with the half-mask respirator. |
Respirator Requirements of 1910.1025 (General Industry Lead Standard) |
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Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
< or = 0.5 mg/m3 (milligrams per cubic meter) (10 X PEL) |
Half-mask* air-purifying respirator equipped with high-efficiency filters**. |
< or = 2.5 mg/m3 (50 X PEL) |
Full-facepiece air-purifying respirator with high-efficiency filters**. |
< or = 50 mg/m3 (1000 X PEL) |
(1) Any powered air-purifying respirator with high-efficiency filters**; or (2) Half-mask* supplied-air respirator operated in positive-pressure mode. |
< or = 100 mg/m3 (2000 X PEL) |
Supplied-air respirators with full facepiece, hood, helmet, or suit, operated in positive-pressure mode. |
> 100 mg/m3, unknown concentration, or firefighting |
Full-facepiece, self-contained breathing apparatus operated in positive-pressure mode. |
* Full facepiece is required if the lead aerosols cause eye or skin irritation at the use concentrations. ** A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
Respirator Requirements of 1926.62 (Construction Lead Standard) |
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Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
< or = 0.5 mg/m3 (milligrams per cubic meter) |
(1) Half-mask* air-purifying respirator with high-efficiency filters**; or (2) Half-mask* supplied-air respirator operated in demand (negative pressure) mode. |
< or = 1.25 mg/m3 |
(1) Loose-fitting hood or helmet powered air-purifying respirator with high-efficiency filters**; or (2) Hood or helmet supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode (e.g., Type CE abrasive blasting respirators operated in a continuous-flow mode). |
< or = 2.5 mg/m3 |
(1) Full-facepiece air-purifying respirator with high-efficiency filters**; (2) Tight-fitting powered air-purifying respirator with high-efficiency filters**; (3) Full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated in demand mode; (4) Half-mask* or full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode; or (5) Full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus operated in demand mode. |
< or = 50 mg/m3 |
Half-mask* supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. |
< or = 100 mg/m3 |
Full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode (e.g., Type CE abrasive blasting respirators operated in a continuous-flow mode). |
> 100 mg/m3, unknown concentration, or firefighting |
Full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. |
* Full facepiece is required if the lead aerosols cause eye or skin irritation at the use concentrations. ** A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use | Required Respirator |
< or = 625 ppm (parts per million) (25 X PEL) |
Continuous-flow supplied-air respirator, hood or helmet. |
< or = 1250 ppm (50 X PEL) |
(1) Full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated in negative-pressure (demand) mode; or (2) Full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus operated in negative-pressure (demand) mode. |
< or = 5,000 ppm (200 X PEL) |
(1) Continuous-flow supplied-air respirator, full-facepiece; (2) Pressure-demand supplied-air respirator, full-facepiece; or (3) Positive-pressure full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus. |
> 5,000 ppm or unknown concentration |
(1) Positive-pressure full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus; or (2) Full-facepiece pressure-demand supplied-air respirator with an auxiliary self-contained air supply. |
Firefighting |
Positive-pressure full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus. |
Emergency escape |
(1) Any continuous-flow or pressure-demand self-contained breathing apparatus; or (2) Gas mask with organic vapor canister. |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use | Required Respirator |
< or = 10 X PEL |
Half-mask respirator with high-efficiency* cartridge**. |
< or = 50 X PEL |
Full-facepiece respirator with high-efficiency* cartridge or canister**. |
< or = 1,000 X PEL |
Full-facepiece powered air-purifying respirator with high-efficiency* cartridge**. |
> 1,000 X PEL or unknown concentration |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece in positive-pressure mode; or (2) Full-facepiece positive-pressure demand supplied-air respirator with auxiliary self-contained air supply. |
Escape |
(1) Any full-facepiece air-purifying respirator with high-efficiency* cartridges**; or (2) Any positive-pressure or continuous-flow self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece or hood. |
Firefighting |
Full-facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus in positive-pressure demand mode. |
* A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. ** Combination High-Efficiency/Organic Vapor Cartridges shall be used whenever Methylenedianiline is in liquid form or a process requiring heat is used. |
Airborne Concentration or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
< or = 10 ppm (parts per million) |
(1) Combination Type C supplied-air respirator, demand type, with half facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply; (2) Type C supplied-air respirator, demand type, with half facepiece; or (3) Any chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge which provides a service life of at least 1 hour for concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 10 ppm. |
< or = 25 ppm |
(1) Powered air-purifying respirator with hood, helmet, full or half facepiece, and a canister which provides a service life of at least 4 hours for concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 25 ppm; or (2) Gas mask with front- or back-mounted canister which provides a service life of at least 4 hours for concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 25 ppm. |
< or = 100 ppm |
(1) Combination Type C supplied-air respirator, demand type, with full facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply; or (2) Open-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece, in demand mode; or (3) Type C supplied-air respirator, demand type, with full facepiece. |
< or = 1,000 ppm |
Type C supplied-air respirator, continuous-flow type, with full or half facepiece, helmet, or hood. |
< or = 3,600 ppm |
(1) Combination Type C supplied-air respirator, pressure demand type, with full or half facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply; or (2) Combination type continuous-flow supplied-air respirator with full or half facepiece and auxiliary self-contained air supply. |
> 3,600 ppm or unknown concentration |
Open-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus, pressure-demand type, with full facepiece. |
The final OSHA Benzene standard in 1910.1028 applies to all occupational exposures to benzene except some subsegments of industry where exposures are consistently under the action level (i.e., distribution and sales of fuels, sealed containers and pipelines, coke production, oil and gas drilling and production, natural gas processing, and the percentage exclusion for liquid mixtures); for the excepted subsegments, the benzene limits in Table Z-2 apply (i.e., an 8-hour TWA of 10 ppm, an acceptable ceiling of 25 ppm, and 50 ppm for a maximum duration of 10 minutes as an acceptable maximum peak above the acceptable ceiling).
IDLH values for these four chloronaphthalene compounds are unknown. The Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations identified "Effective" IDLH values, based on analogy with other chloronaphthalenes and the then-effective NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic (DHHS [NIOSH] Publication No. 87-108; http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/87-108). These values for respirator recommendations were determined by multiplying the NIOSH REL or OSHA PEL by an assigned protection factor of 10. This assigned protection factor was used during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for these four chemicals. Listed below are the "Effective" IDLH values that were determined using 10 times the REL or PEL for each chemical. For more information please consult the IDLH Documentation.
Chemical |
NIOSH REL/OSHA PEL |
"Effective" IDLH (10 X REL/PEL) |
Octachloronaphthalene |
TWA 0.1 mg/m3 * |
1 mg/m3 |
Pentachloronaphthalene |
TWA 0.5 mg/m3 |
5 mg/m3 |
Tetrachloronaphthalene |
TWA 5 mg/m3 |
50 mg/m3 |
Trichloronaphthalene |
TWA 2 mg/m3 |
20 mg/m3 |
* NIOSH also recommends a STEL of 0.3 mg/m3 for octachloronaphthalene; the TWA of 0.1 mg/m3 was used to calculate the "Effective" IDLH of 1 mg/m3. |
The OSHA permissible exposure limits (PELs), as found in Tables Z-1, Z-2, and Z-3 of the OSHA General Industry Air Contaminants Standard (29 CFR 1910.1000), that were effective on July 1, 1993* and which are currently enforced by OSHA are listed on the page for each chemical in the Pocket Guide.
*In July 1992, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals in its decision in AFL-CIO v. OSHA, 965 F.2d 962 (11th Cir., 1992) vacated more protective PELs set by OSHA in 1989 for 212 substances, moving them back to PELs established in 1971. The appeals court also vacated new PELs for 164 substances that were not previously regulated. Enforcement of the court decision began on June 30, 1993. Although OSHA is currently enforcing exposure limits in Tables Z-1, Z-2, and Z-3 of 29 CFR 1910.1000 which were in effect before 1989, violations of the "general duty clause" as contained in Section 5(a) (1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act may be considered when worker exposures exceed the 1989 PELs for the 164 substances that were not previously regulated. The substances for which OSHA PELs were vacated on June 30, 1993 are indicated by the symbol "†" following OSHA in the Exposure Limit section on the page for each chemical in the Pocket Guide. Appendix G lists the previous values (the PELs that were vacated).
Acetaldehyde | TWA 100 ppm (180 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (270 mg/m3) |
Acetic anhydride | C 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) |
Acetone | TWA 750 ppm (1800 mg/m3) ST 1000 ppm (2400 mg/m3) |
Acetonitrile | TWA 40 ppm (70 mg/m3) ST 60 ppm (105 mg/m3) |
Acetylsalicyclic acid | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Acrolein | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (0.8 mg/m3) |
Acrylamide | TWA 0.03 mg/m3 [skin] |
Acrylic acid | TWA 10 ppm (30 mg/m3) [skin] |
Allyl alcohol | TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) ST 4 ppm (10 mg/m3) [skin] |
Allyl chloride | TWA 1 ppm (3 mg/m3) ST 2 ppm (6 mg/m3) |
Allyl glycidyl ether | TWA 5 ppm (22 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (44 mg/m3) |
Allyl propyl disulfide | TWA 2 ppm (12 mg/m3) ST 3 ppm (18 mg/m3) |
alpha-Alumina | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Aluminum (pyro powders & welding fumes, as Al) | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Aluminum (soluble salts & alkyls, as Al) | TWA 2 mg/m3 |
Amitrole | TWA 0.2 mg/m3 |
Ammonia | ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3) |
Ammonium chloride fume | TWA 10 mg/m3 ST 20 mg/m3 |
Ammonium sulfamate | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Aniline (and homologs) | TWA 2 ppm (8 mg/m3) [skin] |
Atrazine | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Barium sulfate | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Benomyl | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Benzenethiol | TWA 0.5 ppm (2 mg/m3) |
Bismuth telluride (doped with selenium sulfide, as Bi2Te3) | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Borates, tetra, sodium salts (Anhydrous) | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Borates, tetra, sodium salts (Decahydrate) | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Borates, tetra, sodium salts (Pentahydrate) | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Boron oxide | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Boron tribromide | C 1 ppm (10 mg/m3) |
Bromacil | TWA 1 ppm (10 mg/m3) |
Bromine | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m3) |
Bromine pentafluoride | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) |
n-Butane | TWA 800 ppm (1900 mg/m3) |
2-Butanone | TWA 200 ppm (590 mg/m3) ST 300 ppm (885 mg/m3) |
2-Butoxyethanol | TWA 25 ppm (120 mg/m3) [skin] |
n-Butyl acetate | TWA 150 ppm (710 mg/m3) ST 200 ppm (950 mg/m3) |
Butyl acrylate | TWA 10 ppm (55 mg/m3) |
n-Butyl alcohol | C 50 ppm (150 mg/m3) [skin] |
sec-Butyl alcohol | TWA 100 ppm (305 mg/m3) |
tert-Butyl alcohol | TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (450 mg/m3) |
n-Butyl glycidyl ether | TWA 25 ppm (135 mg/m3) |
n-Butyl lactate | TWA 5 ppm (25 mg/m3) |
n-Butyl mercaptan | TWA 0.5 ppm (1.5 mg/m3) |
o-sec-Butylphenol | TWA 5 ppm (30 mg/m3) [skin] |
p-tert-Butyltoluene | TWA 10 ppm (60 mg/m3) ST 20 ppm (120 mg/m3) |
Calcium cyanamide | TWA 0.5 mg/m3 |
Caprolactam | Dust: TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 3 mg/m3 Vapor: TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) |
Captafol | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 |
Captan | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Carbofuran | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 |
Carbon dioxide | TWA 10,000 ppm (18,000 mg/m3) ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3) |
Carbon disulfide | TWA 4 ppm (12 mg/m3) ST 12 ppm (36 mg/m3) [skin] |
Carbon monoxide | TWA 35 ppm (40 mg/m3) C 200 ppm (229 mg/m3) |
Carbon tetrabromide | TWA 0.1 ppm (1.4 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (4 mg/m3) |
Carbon tetrachloride | TWA 2 ppm (12.6 mg/m3) |
Carbonyl fluoride | TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) ST 5 ppm (15 mg/m3) |
Catechol | TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) [skin] |
Cesium hydroxide | TWA 2 mg/m3 |
Chlorinated camphene | TWA 0.5 mg/m3 ST 1 mg/m3 [skin] |
Chlorine | TWA 0.5 ppm (1.5 mg/m3) ST 1 ppm (3 mg/m3) |
Chlorine dioxide | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (0.9 mg/m3) |
Chloroacetyl chloride | TWA 0.05 ppm (0.2 mg/m3) |
o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile | C 0.05 ppm (0.4 mg/m3) [skin] |
Chlorodifluoromethane | TWA 1000 ppm (3500 mg/m3) |
Chloroform | TWA 2 ppm (9.78 mg/m3) |
1-Chloro-1-nitropropane | TWA 2 ppm (10 mg/m3) |
Chloropentafluoroethane | TWA 1000 ppm (6320 mg/m3) |
beta-Chloroprene | TWA 10 ppm (35 mg/m3) [skin] |
o-Chlorostyrene | TWA 50 ppm (285 mg/m3) ST 75 ppm (428 mg/m3) |
o-Chlorotoluene | TWA 50 ppm (250 mg/m3) |
Chlorpyrifos | TWA 0.2 mg/m3 [skin] |
Coal dust | TWA 2 mg/m3 (<5% SiO2)(resp dust) TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (> or = 5% SiO2) (resp quartz) |
Cobalt metal dust & fume, as Co) | TWA 0.05 mg/m3 |
Cobalt carbonyl (as Co) | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 |
Cobalt hydrocarbonyl (as Co) | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 |
Crag® herbicide | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Crufomate | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Cyanamide | TWA 2 mg/m3 |
Cyanogen | TWA 10 ppm (20 mg/m3) |
Cyanogen chloride | C 0.3 ppm (0.6 mg/m3) |
Cyclohexanol | TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) [skin] |
Cyclohexanone | TWA 25 ppm (100 mg/m3) [skin] |
Cyclohexylamine | TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) |
Cyclonite | TWA 1.5 mg/m3 [skin] |
Cyclopentane | TWA 600 ppm (1720 mg/m3) |
Cyhexatin | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Decaborane | TWA 0.3 mg/m3 (0.05 ppm) ST 0.9 mg/m3 (0.15 ppm) [skin] |
Diazinon | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
2-N-Dibutylaminoethanol | TWA 2 ppm (14 mg/m3) |
Dibutyl phosphate | TWA 1 ppm (5 mg/m3) ST 2 ppm (10 mg/m3) |
Dichloroacetylene | C 0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m3) |
p-Dichlorobenzene | TWA 75 ppm (450 mg/m3) ST 110 ppm (675 mg/m3) |
1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin | TWA 0.2 mg/m3 ST 0.4 mg/m3 |
Dichloroethyl ether | TWA 5 ppm (30 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (60 mg/m3) [skin] |
Dichloromonofluoromethane | TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) |
1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane | TWA 2 ppm (10 mg/m3) |
1,3-Dichloropropene | TWA 1 ppm (5 mg/m3) [skin] |
2,2-Dichloropropionic acid | TWA 1 ppm (6 mg/m3) |
Dicrotophos | TWA 0.25 mg/m3 [skin] |
Dicyclopentadiene | TWA 5 ppm (30 mg/m3) |
Dicyclopentadienyl iron | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Diethanolamine | TWA 3 ppm (15 mg/m3) |
Diethylamine | TWA 10 ppm (30 mg/m3) ST 25 ppm (75 mg/m3) |
Diethylenetriamine | TWA 1 ppm (4 mg/m3) |
Diethyl ketone | TWA 200 ppm (705 mg/m3) |
Diethyl phthalate | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Diglycidyl ether | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m3) |
Diisobutyl ketone | TWA 25 ppm (150 mg/m3) |
N,N-Dimethylaniline | TWA 5 ppm (25 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (50 mg/m3) [skin] |
Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichlorethyl phosphate | TWA 3 mg/m3 [skin] |
Dimethyl sulfate | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m3) [skin] |
Dinitolmide | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Di-sec octyl phthalate | TWA 5 mg/m3 ST 10 mg/m3 |
Dioxane | TWA 25 ppm (90 mg/m3) [skin] |
Dioxathion | TWA 0.2 mg/m3 [skin] |
Diphenylamine | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Dipropylene glycol methyl ether | TWA 100 ppm (600 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (900 mg/m3) [skin] |
Dipropyl ketone | TWA 50 ppm (235 mg/m3) |
Diquat (Diquat dibromide) | TWA 0.5 mg/m3 |
Disulfiram | TWA 2 mg/m3 |
Disulfoton | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Diuron | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Divinyl benzene | TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/m3) |
Emery | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Endosulfan | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
Epichlorohydrin | TWA 2 ppm (8 mg/m3) [skin] |
Ethanolamine | TWA 3 ppm (8 mg/m3) ST 6 ppm (15 mg/m3) |
Ethion | TWA 0.4 mg/m3 [skin] |
Ethyl acrylate | TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) ST 25 ppm (100 mg/m3) [skin] |
Ethyl benzene | TWA 100 ppm (435 mg/m3) ST 125 ppm (545 mg/m3) |
Ethyl bromide | TWA 200 ppm (890 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (1110 mg/m3) |
Ethylene chlorohydrin | C 1 ppm (3 mg/m3) [skin] |
Ethylene dichloride | TWA 1 ppm (4 mg/m3) ST 2 ppm (8 mg/m3) |
Ethylene glycol | C 50 ppm (125 mg/m3) |
Ethylene glycol dinitrate | ST 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
Ethyl ether | TWA 400 ppm (1200 mg/m3) ST 500 ppm (1500 mg/m3) |
Ethylidene norbornene | C 5 ppm (25 mg/m3) |
Ethyl mercaptan | TWA 0.5 ppm (1 mg/m3) |
N-Ethylmorpholine | TWA 5 ppm (23 mg/m3) [skin] |
Ethyl silicate | TWA 10 ppm (85 mg/m3) |
Fenamiphos | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
Fensulfothion | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 |
Fenthion | TWA 0.2 mg/m3 [skin] |
Ferbam | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Ferrovanadium dust | TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 3 mg/m3 |
Fluorotrichloromethane | C 1000 ppm (5600 mg/m3) |
Fonofos | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
Formamide | TWA 20 ppm (30 mg/m3) ST 30 ppm (45 mg/m3) |
Furfural | TWA 2 ppm (8 mg/m3) [skin] |
Furfuryl alcohol | TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (60 mg/m3) [skin] |
Gasoline | TWA 300 ppm (900 mg/m3) ST 500 ppm (1500 mg/m3) |
Germanium tetrahydride | TWA 0.2 ppm (0.6 mg/m3) |
Glutaraldehyde | C 0.2 ppm (0.8 mg/m3) |
Glycerin (mist) | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Glycidol | TWA 25 ppm (75 mg/m3) |
Graphite (natural) | TWA 2.5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Graphite (synthetic) | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
n-Heptane | TWA 400 ppm (1600 mg/m3) ST 500 ppm (2000 mg/m3) |
Hexachlorobutadiene | TWA 0.02 ppm (0.24 mg/m3) |
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene | TWA 0.01 ppm (0.1 mg/m3) |
Hexafluoroacetone | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) [skin] |
n-Hexane | TWA 50 ppm (180 mg/m3) |
Hexane isomers (except n-Hexane) | TWA 500 ppm (1800 mg/m3) ST 1000 ppm (3600 mg/m3) |
2-Hexanone | TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) |
Hexone | TWA 50 ppm (205 mg/m3) ST 75 ppm (300 mg/m3) |
Hexylene glycol | C 25 ppm (125 mg/m3) |
Hydrazine | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.1 mg/m3) [skin] |
Hydrogenated terphenyls | TWA 0.5 ppm (5 mg/m3) |
Hydrogen bromide | C 3 ppm (10 mg/m3) |
Hydrogen cyanide | ST 4.7 ppm (5 mg/m3) [skin] |
Hydrogen fluoride (as F) | TWA 3 ppm ST 6 ppm |
Hydrogen sulfide | TWA 10 ppm (14 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (21 mg/m3) |
2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate | TWA 0.5 ppm (3 mg/m3) [skin] |
Indene | TWA 10 ppm (45 mg/m3) |
Indium | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 |
Iodoform | TWA 0.6 ppm (10 mg/m3) |
Iron pentacarbonyl (as Fe) | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.8 mg/m3) ST 0.2 ppm (1.6 mg/m3) |
Iron salts (soluble, as Fe) | TWA 1 mg/m3 |
Isoamyl alcohol (primary & secondary) | TWA 100 ppm (360 mg/m3) ST 125 ppm (450 mg/m3) |
Isobutane | TWA 800 ppm (1900 mg/m3) |
Isobutyl alcohol | TWA 50 ppm (150 mg/m3) |
Isooctyl alcohol | TWA 50 ppm (270 mg/m3) [skin] |
Isophorone | TWA 4 ppm (23 mg/m3) |
Isophorone diisocyanate | TWA 0.005 ppm ST 0.02 ppm [skin] |
2-Isopropoxyethanol | TWA 25 ppm (105 mg/m3) |
Isopropyl acetate | TWA 250 ppm (950 mg/m3) ST 310 ppm (1185 mg/m3) |
Isopropyl alcohol | TWA 400 ppm (980 mg/m3) ST 500 ppm (1225 mg/m3) |
Isopropylamine | TWA 5 ppm (12 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (24 mg/m3) |
N-Isopropylaniline | TWA 2 ppm (10 mg/m3) [skin] |
Isopropyl glycidyl ether | TWA 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) ST 75 ppm (360 mg/m3) |
Kaolin | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Ketene | TWA 0.5 ppm (0.9 mg/m3) ST 1.5 ppm (3 mg/m3) |
Magnesium oxide fume | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Malathion | TWA 10 mg/m3 [skin] |
Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn) | Compounds: C 5 mg/m3 Fume: TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 3 mg/m3 |
Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl (as Mn) | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
Manganese tetroxide (as Mn) | TWA 1 mg/m3 |
Mercury compounds, as Hg [except(organo) alkyls] | |
TWA 0.05 mg/m3 [skin] | |
C 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] | |
Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg) | TWA 0.01 mg/m3 ST 0.03 mg/m3 [skin] |
Mesityl oxide | TWA 15 ppm (60 mg/m3) ST 25 ppm (100 mg/m3) |
Methacrylic acid | TWA 20 ppm (70 mg/m3) [skin] |
Methomyl | TWA 2.5 mg/m3 |
Methoxychlor | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
4-Methoxyphenol | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Methyl acetate | TWA 200 ppm (610 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (760 mg/m3) |
Methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture | TWA 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m3) ST 1250 ppm (2250 mg/m3) |
Methylacrylonitrile | TWA 1 ppm (3 mg/m3) [skin] |
Methyl alcohol | TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (325 mg/m3) [skin] |
Methyl bromide | TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) [skin] |
Methyl chloride | TWA 50 ppm (105 mg/m3) ST 100 ppm (210 mg/m3) |
Methyl chloroform | TWA 350 ppm (1900 mg/m3) ST 450 ppm (2450 mg/m3) |
Methyl-2-cyanoacrylate | TWA 2 ppm (8 mg/m3) ST 4 ppm (16 mg/m3) |
Methylcyclohexane | TWA 400 ppm (1600 mg/m3) |
Methylcyclohexanol | TWA 50 ppm (235 mg/m3) |
o-Methylcyclohexanone | TWA 50 ppm (230 mg/m3) ST 75 ppm (345 mg/m3) [skin] |
Methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (as Mn) | TWA 0.2 mg/m3 [skin] |
Methyl demeton | TWA 0.5 mg/m3 [skin] |
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) | TWA 0.02 ppm (0.22 mg/m3) [skin] |
Methylene bis(4-cyclo-hexylisocyanate) | C 0.01 ppm (0.11 mg/m3) [skin] |
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide | C 0.7 ppm (5 mg/m3) |
Methyl formate | TWA 100 ppm (250 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (375 mg/m3) |
Methyl iodide | TWA 2 ppm (10 mg/m3) [skin] |
Methyl isoamyl ketone | TWA 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) |
Methyl isobutyl carbinol | TWA 25 ppm (100 mg/m3) ST 40 ppm (165 mg/m3) [skin] |
Methyl isopropyl ketone | TWA 200 ppm (705 mg/m3) |
Methyl mercaptan | TWA 0.5 ppm (1 mg/m3) |
Methyl parathion | TWA 0.2 mg/m3 [skin] |
Methyl silicate | TWA 1 ppm (6 mg/m3) |
alpha-Methyl styrene | TWA 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) ST 100 ppm (485 mg/m3) |
Metribuzin | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Mica | TWA 3 mg/m3 (resp) |
Molybdenum (insoluble compounds, as Mo) | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Monocrotophos | TWA 0.25 mg/m3 |
Monomethyl aniline | TWA 0.5 ppm (2 mg/m3) [skin] |
Morpholine | TWA 20 ppm (70 mg/m3) ST 30 ppm (105 mg/m3) [skin] |
Naphthalene | TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (75 mg/m3) |
Nickel metal & other compounds (as Ni) | |
TWA 1 mg/m3 | |
TWA 0.1 mg/m3 | |
Nitric acid | TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) ST 4 ppm (10 mg/m3) |
p-Nitroaniline | TWA 3 mg/m3 [skin] |
Nitrogen dioxide | ST 1 ppm (1.8 mg/m3) |
Nitroglycerine | ST 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
2-Nitropropane | TWA 10 ppm (35 mg/m3) |
Nitrotoluene (o-, m-, p-isomers) | TWA 2 ppm (11 mg/m3) [skin] |
Nonane | TWA 200 ppm (1050 mg/m3) |
Octachloronaphthalene | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 ST 0.3 mg/m3 [skin] |
Octane | TWA 300 ppm (1450 mg/m3) ST 375 ppm (1800 mg/m3) |
Osmium tetroxide (as Os) | TWA 0.002 mg/m3 (0.0002 ppm) ST 0.006 mg/m3 (0.0006 ppm) |
Oxalic acid | TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 2 mg/m3 |
Oxygen difluoride | C 0.05 ppm (0.1 mg/m3) |
Ozone | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (0.6 mg/m3) |
Paraffin wax fume | TWA 2 mg/m3 |
Paraquat | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (resp) [skin] |
Pentaborane | TWA 0.005 ppm (0.01 mg/m3) ST 0.015 ppm (0.03 mg/m3) |
Pentaerythritol | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
n-Pentane | TWA 600 ppm (1800 mg/m3) ST 750 ppm (2250 mg/m3) |
2-Pentanone | TWA 200 ppm (700 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (875 mg/m3) |
Perchloryl fluoride | TWA 3 ppm (14 mg/m3) ST 6 ppm (28 mg/m3) |
Petroleum distillates (naphtha) | TWA 400 ppm (1600 mg/m3) |
Phenothiazine | TWA 5 mg/m3 [skin] |
Phenyl glycidyl ether | TWA 1 ppm (6 mg/m3) |
Phenylhydrazine | TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (45 mg/m3) [skin] |
Phenylphosphine | C 0.05 ppm (0.25 mg/m3) |
Phorate | TWA 0.05 mg/m3 ST 0.2 mg/m3 [skin] |
Phosdrin | TWA 0.01 ppm (0.1 mg/m3) ST 0.03 ppm (0.3 mg/m3) [skin] |
Phosphine | TWA 0.3 ppm (0.4 mg/m3) ST 1 ppm (1 mg/m3) |
Phosphoric acid | TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 3 mg/m3 |
Phosphorus oxychloride | TWA 0.1 ppm (0.6 mg/m3) |
Phosphorus pentasulfide | TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 3 mg/m3 |
Phosphorus trichloride | TWA 0.2 ppm (1.5 mg/m3) ST 0.5 ppm (3 mg/m3) |
Phthalic anhydride | TWA 6 mg/m3 (1 ppm) |
m-Phthalodinitrile | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Picloram | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Piperazine dihydrochloride | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Platinum metal (as Pt) | TWA 1 mg/m3 |
Portland cement | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Potassium hydroxide | TWA 2 mg/m3 |
Propargyl alcohol | TWA 1 ppm (2 mg/m3) [skin] |
Propionic acid | TWA 10 ppm (30 mg/m3) |
Propoxur | TWA 0.5 mg/m3 |
n-Propyl acetate | TWA 200 ppm (840 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (1050 mg/m3) |
n-Propyl alcohol | TWA 200 ppm (500 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (625 mg/m3) |
Propylene dichloride | TWA 75 ppm (350 mg/m3) ST 110 ppm (510 mg/m3) |
Propylene glycol dinitrate | TWA 0.05 ppm (0.3 mg/m3) |
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether | TWA 100 ppm (360 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (540 mg/m3) |
Propylene oxide | TWA 20 ppm (50 mg/m3) |
n-Propyl nitrate | TWA 25 ppm (105 mg/m3) ST 40 ppm (170 mg/m3) |
Resorcinol | TWA 10 ppm (45 mg/m3) ST 20 ppm (90 mg/m3) |
Ronnel | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Rosin core solder, pyrolysis products (as formaldehyde) | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 |
Rouge | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Silica, amorphous | TWA 6 mg/m3 TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (fused) |
Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust) | TWA 0.05 mg/m3 (cristobalite) TWA 0.05 mg/m3 (tridymite) TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (quartz) TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (tripoli) |
Silicon | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Silicon carbide | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Silicon tetrahydride | TWA 5 ppm (7 mg/m3) |
Soapstone | TWA 6 mg/m3 (total) TWA 3 mg/m3 (resp) |
Sodium azide | C 0.1 ppm (as HN3) [skin] C 0.3 mg/m3 (as NaN3) [skin] |
Sodium bisulfite | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Sodium fluoroacetate | TWA 0.05 mg/m3 ST 0.15 mg/m3 [skin] |
Sodium hydroxide | C 2 mg/m3 |
Sodium metabisulfite | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Stoddard solvent | TWA 525 mg/m3 (100 ppm) |
Styrene | TWA 50 ppm (215 mg/m3) ST 100 ppm (425 mg/m3) |
Subtilisins | ST 0.00006 mg/m3 [60-minute] |
Sulfur dioxide | TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) ST 5 ppm (13 mg/m3) |
Sulfur monochloride | C 1 ppm (6 mg/m3) |
Sulfur pentafluoride | C 0.01 ppm (0.1 mg/m3) |
Sulfur tetrafluoride | C 0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m3) |
Sulfuryl fluoride | TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) |
Sulprofos | TWA 1 mg/m3 |
Talc | TWA 2 mg/m3 (resp) |
Temephos | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Terphenyl (o-, m-, p-isomers) | C 5 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm) |
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | TWA 1 ppm (7 mg/m3) [skin] |
Tetrachloroethylene | TWA 25 ppm (170 mg/m3) |
Tetrahydrofuran | TWA 200 ppm (590 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (735 mg/m3) |
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
4,4'-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Thioglycolic acid | TWA 1 ppm (4 mg/m3) [skin] |
Thionyl chloride | C 1 ppm (5 mg/m3) |
Tin (organic compounds, as Sn) | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
Tin(II) oxide (as Sn) | TWA 2 mg/m3 |
Tin(IV) oxide (as Sn) | TWA 2 mg/m3 |
Titanium dioxide | TWA 10 mg/m3 |
Toluene | TWA 100 ppm (375 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (560 mg/m3) |
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate | TWA 0.005 ppm (0.04 mg/m3) ST 0.02 ppm (0.15 mg/m3) |
m-Toluidine | TWA 2 ppm (9 mg/m3) [skin] |
p-Toluidine | TWA 2 ppm (9 mg/m3) [skin] |
Tributyl phosphate | TWA 0.2 ppm (2.5 mg/m3) |
Trichloroacetic acid | TWA 1 ppm (7 mg/m3) |
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene | C 5 ppm (40 mg/m3) |
Trichloroethylene | TWA 50 ppm (270 mg/m3) ST 200 ppm (1080 mg/m3) |
1,2,3-Trichloropropane | TWA 10 ppm (60 mg/m3) |
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane | TWA 1000 ppm (7600 mg/m3) ST 1250 ppm (9500 mg/m3) |
Triethylamine | TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (60 mg/m3) |
Trimellitic anhydride | TWA 0.005 ppm (0.04 mg/m3) |
Trimethylamine | TWA 10 ppm (24 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (36 mg/m3) |
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | TWA 25 ppm (125 mg/m3) |
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | TWA 25 ppm (125 mg/m3) |
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene | TWA 25 ppm (125 mg/m3) |
Trimethyl phosphite | TWA 2 ppm (10 mg/m3) |
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene | TWA 0.5 mg/m3 [skin] |
Triorthocresyl phosphate | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
Triphenylamine | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Tungsten (insoluble compounds, as W) | TWA 5 mg/m3 ST 10 mg/m3 |
Tungsten (soluble compounds, as W) | TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 3 mg/m3 |
Tungsten carbide (cemented) | TWA 5 mg/m3 (as W) ST 10 mg/m3 (as W) TWA 0.05 mg/m3 (as Co) TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Ni) |
Uranium (insoluble compounds, as U) | TWA 0.2 mg/m3 ST 0.6 mg/m3 |
n-Valeraldehyde | TWA 50 ppm (175 mg/m3) |
Vanadium dust | TWA 0.05 mg V2O5/m3 (resp) |
Vanadium fume | C 0.05 mg V2O5/m3 |
Vinyl acetate | TWA 10 ppm (30 mg/m3) ST 20 ppm (60 mg/m3) |
Vinyl bromide | TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) |
Vinyl cyclohexene dioxide | TWA 10 ppm (60 mg/m3) [skin] |
Vinylidene chloride | TWA 1 ppm (4 mg/m3) |
VM & P Naphtha | TWA 1350 mg/m3 (300 ppm) ST 1800 mg/m3 (400 ppm) |
Welding fumes | TWA 5 mg/m3 |
Wood dust (all wood dusts except Western red cedar) | TWA 5 mg/m3 ST 10 mg/m3 |
Wood dust (Western red cedar) | TWA 2.5 mg/m3 |
Xylene (o-, m-, p-isomers) | TWA 100 ppm (435 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (655 mg/m3) |
m-Xylene alpha, alpha'-diamine | C 0.1 mg/m3 [skin] |
Xylidine | TWA 2 ppm (10 mg/m3) [skin] |
Zinc chloride fume | TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 2 mg/m3 |
Zinc oxide | TWA 5 mg/m3 (fume) ST 10 mg/m3 (fume) TWA 10 mg/m3 (total dust) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp dust) |
Zinc stearate | TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) |
Zirconium compounds (as Zr) | TWA 5 mg/m3 ST 10 mg/m3 |
The definitions below were obtained from the NIOSH Certified Equipment List, which is available on the NIOSH Web site (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/cel).
Type C Respirator:An airline respirator, for entry into and escape from atmospheres not immediately dangerous to life or health, which consists of a source of respirable breathing air, a hose, a detachable coupling, a control valve, orifice, a demand valve or pressure demand valve, and arrangement for attaching the hose to the wearer and a facepiece, hood, or helmet.
Type CE Respirator: A Type C supplied-air respirator equipped with additional devices designed to protect the wearer's head and neck against impact and abrasion from rebounding abrasive material, and with shielding material such as plastic, glass, woven wire, sheet metal, or other suitable material to protect the window(s) of facepieces, hoods, and helmets which do not unduly interfere with the wearer's vision and permit easy access to the external surface of such window(s) for cleaning.
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