Outbreak of West Nile Virus Infection, Volgograd Region, Russia, 1999

Alexander E. Platonov,* German A. Shipulin,* Olga Yu. Shipulina,* Elena N. Tyutyunnik,† Tatyana I. Frolochkina,‡ Robert S. Lanciotti,§ Svetlana Yazyshina,¶ Olga V. Platonova,* Igor L. Obukhov,¶ Alexander N. Zhukov,** Yury Ya. Vengerov,† and Valenin I. Pokrovskii*
*Central Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russia; †Moscow State University for Medicine and Dentistry, Russia; ‡Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russia; §Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; ¶Russian State Institute for Control of Veterinary Products, Moscow, Russia; **Center of Sanitary and Epidemic Control for Volgograd Region, Volgograd, Russia

West Nile (WN) virus is a member of the Japanese encephalitis (JE) antigenic complex of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Mosquito-borne WN virus fever is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia. The antigenically and genetically related Kunjin virus is a WN virus counterpart in Australia and Southeast Asia and has recently been taxonomically classified as a subtype of WN virus. Until recently, WN virus infection in humans was considered a relatively mild, influenzalike disease with full recovery, although occasionally (<15% of cases) acute aseptic meningitis or encephalitis occurred (1). No large outbreak of WN virus fever was reported in Europe until August and September 1996, when more than 500 clinical cases were observed in Romania (Bucharest region), with high rates of neurologic disorders and death (up to 10%) (2). WN virus had never been detected in the Western Hemisphere until August 1999, when an outbreak of human WN encephalitis in New York City (56 confirmed cases, 7 deaths) coincided with unusual deaths in crows and exotic birds (3-5).

The Study

In August and September 1999, an outbreak of acute viral infection consistent with arboviral infection occurred in the Volgograd Region, Russia. Epidemiologic and clinical data were collected and analyzed in the Center of Sanitary and Epidemic Control for the Volgograd Region in collaboration with the Commission of the Russian Ministry of Public Health. From July 25 to October 1, 826 patients were admitted to area hospitals with the clinical diagnosis of acute aseptic meningoencephalitis (code A86, ICD-10; 84 patients), acute aseptic meningitis (code A87.9; 308 patients), or acute viral infection with fever (code B34.9; 347 patients). Serum samples from 318 patients were tested for WN virus antibody by immunoglobulin (Ig)M-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect IgG ELISA (2,6); 183 (58%) samples demonstrated a level of anti-WN virus IgM indicative of acute infection. This proportion was approximately the same in patients with aseptic meningoencephalitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute fever. These 183 cases were considered serologically confirmed WN virus cases; all 826 cases were considered clinically compatible WN virus cases. The total number of suspected overt human WN virus cases was estimated to be 480.

Volgograd City (population 1 million) is located on the west bank of the Great Volga River (latitude 48°N, longitude 44°E) in the Russian steppe; Volzskii City (population 300,000) is on the opposite bank. Approximately 65% and 30% of WN virus cases were from Volgograd and Volzskii, respectively; the rest occurred in the rural region around Volgograd, near the Volga River or its tributaries. The male:female infection ratio was 1:1. The incidence of infection was age specific; more than 50% of patients were >50 years of age and less than 15% were <15 years. The epidemic peaked between August 21 and August 25, waning with the onset of cooler temperatures in late September. Figures were similar for serologically confirmed and clinically probable WN virus cases.

The clinical characteristics of the Volgograd WN virus epidemic differed somewhat from those of previous outbreaks (1). In Volgograd, the disease was generally more severe, with a higher than normal case-fatality rate. The central nervous system was usually involved, and acute aseptic meningitis or encephalitis was frequently observed. Rash and conjunctivitis were rarely observed. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, respiratory symptoms, and lymphoadenopathy were rare or absent. As in other WN virus epidemics, clinical features included abrupt onset of disease, asthenia, high fever (up to 39°C-40°C), headache, and vomiting.

Of the 84 cases of acute aseptic meningoencephalitis, 40 were fatal (7). Autopsies of laboratory-confirmed WN meningoencephalitis cases revealed perivascular hemorrhages, ectasis of ventriculi of the brain, foci of encephalomalacia, dislocation of the brain trunk (30% of cases), and hydropericarditis with flabbiness of the cardiac muscle. Microscopy findings included signs of focal encephalitis and vasculitis, lymphocytic perivascular inflammatory infiltration, profound degenerative and necrobiotic changes of ganglion cells in the cerebral cortex, signs of brain edema, as well as parenchymal myocarditis (stromal edema, degeneration of myocytes, foci of myolysis, and fragmentation of myofibrils). Thirty (75%) of the patients who died were >60 years of age.

We have developed reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays specific for WN/Kunjin genome and a consensus assay for the detection of all flavivirus genomes (5,8,9). Two pairs of oligonucleotide primers (WN11/WN2, WN1/WN2) were designed to hybridize to a relatively conserved region within the envelope (E) gene of WN/Kunjin viruses. The expected amplification product was 222 base pairs long (WN1, 5'- AGG, GGC, CAC, CCA, GGC, TGG, AAG, ATT, CA- 3'; WN11, 5'-TGG, GGC, CAC, TCA, GGC, AGG, GAG, ATT, CA-3'; WN2, 5'-CAC, GTG, GTG, CTT, CCA, GCA, CTG, CTC, CA-3'). Another pair of primers, FLV1/FLV2, was designed to hybridize to conserved regions within the RNA replicase (NS5) gene of a wide variety of flaviviruses, amplifying nearly a 220-bp fragment (FLV1, 5'-GGI, AGC, AGI, GCC, ATI, TGG, T(A/T)C, ATG, TGG - 3'; FLV-2, 5'-C(G/T)I, GTG, TCC, CAI, CCI, GCI, GTG, TCA, TC-3').

Brain tissue samples taken at autopsy from 14 patients with meningoencephalitis were subjected to RT-PCR with primer pairs WN11/WN2, WN1/WN2, and FLV1/FLV2. The samples and corresponding viral RNA/cDNA preparations are designated below as Volgograd-1999-1, Volgograd-1999-2, and the like. Two WN virus strains isolated in 1967-1970 in the Republic of Azerbaijan (former Soviet Union) and the prototype JE strain isolated in Tokyo were used as control templates in the RT-PCR assay. All 14 brain samples were strongly positive in the RT-PCR assays with WN11/WN2, WN1/WN2, and FLV1/FLV2, confirming the presence of WN/Kunjin sequences. The WN-Azerbaijan-1967 and WN-Azerbaijan-1970 control RNA preparations were positive only with WN11/WN2 and FLV1/FLV2 primer pairs, indicating that some differences in the corresponding region of the E gene from the old and new "Russian" WN virus strains were likely. As expected, the JE-Tokyo-1935 RNA preparation was negative in the WN-specific RT-PCR assay, but positive with FLV1/FLV2 primers.

The amplification products obtained from the E and NS5 genes from seven patients (#1, 3, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14) and from the reference WN-Azerbaijan-1967 and WN-Azerbaijan-1970 strains were subjected to DNA sequencing. The sequences obtained from the Volgograd patients were identical, suggesting infection with a single WN virus strain.

The E sequences of the Volgograd and Azerbaijan WN viruses were aligned with each other and with 38 other WN/Kunjin strains, by using CLUSTAL W alignment software. The NS5 sequences of the Volgograd and Azerbaijan WN viruses were aligned with 16 other flavivirus strains by CLUSTAL W. The high level of sequence similarity confirmed the WN virus source of the Volgograd cases (Table). Phylogenetic trees of WN/Kunjin viruses and all flaviviruses derived from E and NS5 gene sequences (5,8-10) have been previously described. We used smaller gene fragments, 165 bases of E gene and 147 bases of NS5 gene; however, the deduced phylogenetic trees were practically the same. Therefore, we limited the analysis to the most similar strains, including the epidemiologically important WN-New-York-1999 and WN-Romania-1996 strains, and some representatives of other taxonomic subdivisions. For comparison, the designation of strains coincides with the designation in publications where the additional details of strain history are given (5,10).
  

	Figure
	Click to view enlarged image Figure. Phylogenetic trees based on nucleic sequence data of E-glycoprotein gene fragment of 165 bp....

Although a few sequences of WN virus NS5 gene were available, the data confirmed that the WN virus strains of lineage 1 were more close to each other (the differences in 0-11 nt of 147) than to Kunjin, and especially distant from WN-Nigeria (Wengler) strain (Table). Again, all 10 polymorphic sites in sequences of lineage 1 strains corresponded to the silent mutations only. WN-Volgograd-1 differed from Kunjin in 1 aa (Lys vs. Arg) and from WN-Nigeria in 3 aa (Arg vs. Lys, Arg vs. Lys, and Ile vs. Val) but differed, for example, from Saint Louis (AF013416) in 11 aa within the NS5 fragment of 48 aa. The isolation of WN virus from one of our clinical brain samples, Volgograd-1999-4, will make complete genome sequencing and further virologic investigations possible (11).

Conclusions

Our data, together with those of previous publications, document several outbreaks of emerging WN virus infection in regions where this disease was not found or was rarely found. (There were a few isolations of WN virus in Romania and the former Soviet Union before 1996-99). Some isolates demonstrate a high degree of similarity (New York-1999 and Israel-1998; Volgograd-1999, Romania-1996-mosquito isolate, Kenya-1998, and Senegal-1993; Azerbaijan-1967 and Romania-1996-human isolate). Moreover, the last three large outbreaks were caused by genetically similar strains (WN-Romania-1996, WN-New York-1999, and WN-Volgograd-1999), indicating the wide circulation and emergence of potentially epidemic strains of WN virus. All three cities, Bucharest, New York, and Volgograd, are located near large bodies of water and on bird migration pathways and all had unusually dry summers the year of the outbreak (12). Some clinical characteristics of the recent WN virus epidemics were unexpected, such as the high rate of neurologic disorders and death. These unusual characteristics may be due to the expansion of new pathogenic WN virus strain(s) or to the peculiarities of the human host response.

Acknowledgments

We thank DK Lvov, VL Gromashevskii, AM Butenko, S. Ya. Gaidamovitch, O Vyshemirskii, and VF Larichev for providing the reference WN virus strains and helpful discussions; DJ Gubler, J LeDuc, and P Henry for arranging research collaboration between the Central Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and NV Rusakova, EM Krasnova, VA Petrov, and AM Alyushin for providing human specimens for testing, and epidemiologic and clinical information for analysis.

Dr. Platonov is head of a laboratory at the Central Institute of Epidemiology, Russia. His scientific interests include the epidemiology, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of bacterial and viral meningitis.

Address for correspondence: A.E. Platonov, Central Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Str. 3A, Moscow 111123, Russia; Fax: 7-095-305-5423; e-mail: plt@online.ru

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