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Emerging Infectious Diseases

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Volume 13, Number 8–August 2007

Letter

Threat to Cefixime Treatment for Gonorrhea

Shigeaki Yokoi,* Takashi Deguchi,* Tomomi Ozawa,* Mitsuru Yasuda,* Shin-ichi Ito,* Yasuaki Kubota,† Masayoshi Tamaki,† and Shin-ichi Maeda†
*Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; and †Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan

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To the Editor: From November 2002 through May 2003, 4 Japanese men, ranging in age from 23 to 45 years, visited the Department of Urology at Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan. Physical examinations showed urethral discharge and dysuria. Each had had sexual contact with sex workers in central Japan. Four strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were isolated from urethral specimens. Treatment comprised 200 mg cefixime, twice a day for 3 days. However, all 4 patients returned to the clinic with continuing symptoms, despite having completed the prescribed course of cefixime and abstaining from sexual activity. N. gonorrhoeae was again isolated from urethral swabs. Each patient was then treated with 1 g intravenous ceftriaxone. In the 3 patients who returned to the clinic for followup, the ceftriaxone treatment resulted in clinical and microbiologic cure.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of the SpeI-digested DNAs of N. gonorrhoeae was performed to assess the relatedness of pre- and posttreatment isolates (1). For these 8 isolates, MICs of penicillin G, tetracycline, cefixime, cefdinir, cefodizime, ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, azithromycin, and spectinomycin were determined on chocolate agar (GC) medium base supplemented with 1% IsoVital X (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and containing serial 2-fold dilutions of each agent (2). Media were inoculated with 10⁴ CFU and incubated at 35°C in 5% CO₂ overnight. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration inhibiting growth to <1 CFU. β-lactamase activity of the isolates was tested with a nitrocefin disk. The nucleotide sequences of the full-length penA gene encoding the penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP 2) were identified in the isolates (1). Briefly, genomic DNAs from each isolate were subjected to PCR to amplify 3 fragments of the penA gene of N. gonorrrhoeae. PCR products were sequenced by the dye terminator method and with an automatic sequencer.

In each of the 4 cases, the PFGE patterns of the pre- and posttreatment isolates had the same numbers of bands (12–16 fragments), and the corresponding bands were the same apparent size; the pre- and posttreatment isolates were indistinguishable (3). MICs of antimicrobial agents for the 8 isolates are shown in the Table. All isolates were enzymatically negative for β-lactamase and possessed identical mosaic alterations in PBP 2. The mosaic PBP 2 was composed of fragments of PBP 2 from N. cinerea and N. perflava and was identical to that identified in our previous study (1).

Until recently, Japanese guidelines recommended oral administration of cefixime, 200 mg twice a day for 3 days to prolong the period of time for which the serum drug concentration remains above the MIC (4). However, treatment failure with this cefixime regimen was observed in our 4 cases of gonorrhea. The isolates showed cefixime MICs of 0.5–1 μg/mL and harbored mosaic alterations in PBP 2. Most recently, the emergence and spread of such strains in Japan (1,5,6) have led to the recommendation that ceftriaxone and spectinomycin should be used as the primary therapy for gonorrhea instead of oral cephalosporins (7).

In 2001, treatment failure was reported in a Caucasian man residing in Hawaii who had been given a single 400-mg dose of cefixime for gonorrhea (8). Pre- and posttreatment strains of N. gonorrhoeae were recovered from this patient, and 1 strain was isolated from his Japanese female sex partner who had visited Hawaii from Japan. Another pretreatment strain was isolated from a Micronesian man with gonorrhea residing in Hawaii, who had had sex with a woman from Malaysia or the Marshall Islands. This man was successfully treated with a single 400-mg dose of cefixime. For these strains, MICs of penicillin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin were 8.0, 4.0–8.0, <32, 0.25–0.5, 0.125, 8–16, and 0.125–0.25 μg/mL, respectively. The antibiograms of these strains in Hawaii were similar to those of strains with mosaic PBP 2 found in our 4 patients. The introduction to Hawaii of such multidrug resistant strains might be related to sex partners from Asia. Although the strains were not analyzed for alterations in PBP 2, they could have been derived from strains with cefixime resistance-associated mosaic PBP 2.

The strains with mosaic PBP 2 showed such decreased susceptibility to cefixime that they were not effectively eradicated by the 3-day treatment. Although it is not clear whether these strains are also resistant to the single 400-mg dose of cefixime (8,9), their emergence and spread could threaten treatment for gonorrhea with cefixime (10). Global emergence and spread of such multidrug-resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae would be a matter of serious concern. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of current gonococcal isolates must be monitored periodically. In particular, posttreatment isolates from patients treated unsuccessfully with cefixime should be surveyed.

References

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National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2003. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard. 6th ed. (M7-A6). Wayne (PA): the Committee.
Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, Persing DH, et al. Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2233–8.
Japanese Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases 2004. Jpn J Sex Transm Dis. 2004;15(Suppl 1):8–13.
Ameyama S, Onodera S, Takahata M, Minami S, Maki N, Endo K, et al. Mosaic-like structure of penicillin-binding protein 2 gene (penA) in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibility to cefixime. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:3744–9.
Takahata S, Senju N, Osaki Y, Yoshida T, Ida T. Amino acid substitutions in mosaic penicillin-binding protein 2 associated with reduced susceptibility to cefixime in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:3638–45.
Japanese Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases 2006. Jpn J Sex Transm Dis. 2006;17(Suppl 1):35–9.
Wang SA, Lee MVC, O'Connor N, Iverson CJ, Ohye RG, Whiticar PN, et al. Multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to cefixime-Hawaii, 2001. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:849–52.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(RR-11):1–94.
Deguchi T, Yasuda M, Yokoi S, Ishida KI, Ito M, Ishihara S, et al. Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis by double-dosing of 200 mg cefixime at a 6-h interval. J Infect Chemother. 2003;9:35–9.

Table

Table. Antimicrobial drug susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from patients with gonococcal urethritis treated unsuccessfully with a 3-day cefixime regimen