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Emerging Infectious Diseases

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Article Contents

The Study
Conclusions
References
Figure 1
Figure 2
Table 1
Table 2
Suggested Citation

Volume 13, Number 4–April 2007

Dispatch

Bluetongue in Belgium, 2006

Jean-François Toussaint,* Corinne Sailleau,† Jan Mast,* Philippe Houdart,‡ Guy Czaplicki,§ Lien Demeestere,* Frank VandenBussche,* Wesley van Dessel,* Nesya Goris,* Emmanuel Bréard,† Lotfi Bounaadja,† Etienne Thiry,¶ Stephan Zientara,† and Kris De Clercq*
*Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium; †Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Maisons-Alfort, France; ‡Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium; §Association Régionale de Santé et d'Identification Animales, Loncin, Belgium; and ¶University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

The Study

Twenty-one animals (16 cattle and 5 sheep) showing clinical signs suggestive of bluetongue were sampled by the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain on August 18, 2006, at 11 farms in northeastern Belgium. Two serologic tests that detect antibodies against the major serogroup antigen VP7 (bluetongue virus antibody competitive ELISA [cELISA]; Veterinary Medical Research and Development Inc., Pullman, WA, USA and competitive vp7 bluetongue kit; IDVET, Montpellier, France) identified 21 virus-positive animals. Two newly developed and validated reverse transcription–quantitative PCRs (RT-qPCRs) that detected BTV strains representing the 24 serotypes (4) were then conducted to determine whether these seropositive animals also had viral RNA. The first assay (RT-qPCR_S1), which amplified a 357-nt fragment in segment 1, detected virus in erythrocytes of the 21 seropositive animals (mean cycle threshold [Ct] value 29.0). The second assay (RT-qPCR_S5), which amplified a 94-nt fragment in segment 5, detected virus in the same 21 seropositive animals (mean Ct value 26.5). The 2 serologic tests and the 2 molecular assays detected BTV in 21 animals from 11 Belgian farms within 14 hours.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Negatively stained bluetongue virus–like particle that caused a cytopathic effect in BHK-21 cells. Scale bar = 50 nm.

Figure 2

Figure 2. A) Distribution of outbreaks of bluetongue (shaded areas) reported in Belgium from August 18 through September 14, 2006...

Virus isolation was conducted on August 18, 2006, by injection of blood from infected sheep into 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, followed by passage on BHK-21 cells (ATCC-CCL10) as previously described (5). The specificity of the cytopathic effect observed 48 hours after passage on BHK-21 cells was confirmed by RT-qPCR and electron microscopy (Figure 1) after fixation and negative staining as previously described (6). Two virus neutralization tests were conducted on 2 virus strains isolated by the Belgian and the French reference laboratories at 2 Belgian farms 30 km apart. The 2 BTV isolates were completely neutralized with reference serum for serotype 8. Each strain was also partially neutralized by reference serum against serotype 18, which confirmed cross-neutralization between serotypes 8 and 18 (7).

From August 19, 2006, to September 14, 2006, the study farms were screened for animals with clinical signs of bluetongue. Blood samples were tested by serologic tests or RT-qPCR. For cattle, 97 (68%) of 142 samples had antibodies to BTV and 32 (78%) of 41 samples contained viral RNA (Table 1). However, for sheep, only 23 (29%) of 79 samples had antibodies to BTV and 15 (45%) of 33 samples contained viral RNA. Other diseases that cause similar signs might explain this lower frequency in sheep. Contagious ecthyma was diagnosed by using PCR and electron microscopy for several sheep that showed bluetonguelike signs but did not have antibodies to BTV or viral RNA.

Agreement between cELISA and RT-qPCR results was analyzed for 124 animals (Table 2). One sample negative by RT-qPCR_S1 and RT-qPCR_S5 was positive by cELISA. Although this result might reflect lack of specificity of the cELISA, elimination of BTV RNA from the animal several weeks after being infected cannot be ruled out. A false-negative result in the RT-qPCR is unlikely because 1) 2 different RT-qPCRs that amplified 2 different segments were used, 2) the quality of the RNA was confirmed by a third RT-qPCR that quantified mRNA of β-actin, and 3) both RT-qPCRs are highly sensitive (they can detect 0.01 infectious doses of virus) (4). False-positive results were not observed with the IDVET cELISA when we analyzed 650 negative serum samples from artificial insemination centers and field samples collected from Belgian livestock in 2004 and 2005. Thus, the specificity of the cELISA is >99.8%. Seven animals with bluetonguelike clinical signs were positive according to each RT-qPCR but negative according to the cELISA (Table 2). These results support the finding that RT-qPCR can be used to detect viral RNA in infected animals before antibodies are detectable. The clinical signs indicative of a recent infection support this finding.

On September 14, 2006 (4 weeks after the first identification of BTV in Belgium) as many as 84 Belgian farms had at least 1 BTV-infected animal. The maximal distance between herds in this study was ≈110 km (Figure 2A). Most outbreaks were confirmed in the area where the disease was initially detected (area I, Figure 2). Most (64%) infected animals showed a high virus load with individual Ct values <30. Of the remaining animals, 30% had moderate virus loads (Ct values 30–35) and 6% had Ct values >35. The high Ct values for the latter animals might have remained undetected had pooled blood samples been analyzed. Thus, results of pooled samples need to be validated before being used for diagnosis. Distribution of Ct values differed slightly, depending on the origin of the animals. None of the animals from zones III and IV showed a Ct value <30, whereas all animals from zone II showed low Ct values, which are indicative of high virus loads. Lower virus loads and acute clinical signs in animals from zones III and IV might indicate onset of infection. However, we cannot rule out decreased infection in these animals because they also had positive serologic results that indicated infection for at least 4–5 days. Further epidemiologic studies are required before conclusions can be drawn on the evolution of these epidemics.

Conclusions

Bluetongue has emerged in some countries of northern Europe. BTV has been detected and its isolation and characterization have considerably progressed in the first weeks of the epidemics. Results of virus neutralization tests for 2 Belgian isolates and molecular characterization of the Dutch BTV strain by the community reference laboratory (8) indicate that BTV serotype 8 is present in Belgium and the Netherlands. Although this observation suggests 1 serotype circulating in northern Europe after a common virus introduction, it must be confirmed by detailed epidemiologic studies. The mechanism of introduction of BTV strain serotype 8 is unknown. Northward spread of bluetongue in Europe has been correlated with climate warming (9). However, BTV serotype 8 has not been found in the Mediterranean basin.

One characteristic of the current epidemics of bluetongue is the severity of clinical signs reported in cattle (10). The present results also demonstrate that clinical signs observed in cattle are more specific than those observed in sheep. Confusing clinical signs in sheep underline the need for developing diagnostic tests to discriminate between bluetongue and other confounding diseases such as contagious ecthyma, border disease, and foot-and-mouth disease. Our results also indicate the usefulness of RT-qPCR, which detected viral RNA in recently infected animals with clinical signs of bluetongue but no detectable antibodies to BTV. The RT-qPCR and ELISA are independent but complementary tests because they detect viral RNA and virus-specific antibodies, respectively. These tests indicated that an outbreak of bluetongue was occurring in Belgium. Despite high sensitivity of RT-qPCR (4), our results suggest that using this test with pooled samples might not detect animals with low viral loads. This possibility should be explored and validated by testing individual and pooled samples. RT-PCR–positive results in animals that are no longer infectious (11) should also be considered before deciding whether pooled samples are acceptable.

Dr Toussaint is a research scientist in the Department of Virology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium. His research interests include development, evaluation, and optimization of DNA vaccines against bovine herpesvirus 1, and new tools for detection of bluetongue virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus.

References

Tabachnick WJ. Culicoides and the global epidemiology of bluetongue virus infection. Veterinaria Italiana. 2004;40:145–50.
OIE Animal Health Department. Bluetongue—Netherlands, Belgium, Germany-OIE. ProMed. August 21, 2006. Accessed at www.promedmail.org, archive no.: 20060821.2353
Communication Directorate General. Bluetongue confirmed in France. EU Midday-express. [cited 2006 Aug 31]. Available from http://europa.eu.int/rapid, reference: MEX/06/0831
Toussaint JF, Sailleau C, Breard E, Zientara S, de Clercq K. Bluetongue virus detection by two real-time RT-qPCRs targeting two different genomic segments. J. Virol. Methods. 2007;140:115–23.
Breard E, Sailleau C, Coupier H, Mure-Ravaud K, Hammoumi S, Gicquel B, et al. Comparison of genome segments 2, 7 and 10 of bluetongue viruses serotype 2 for differentiation between field isolates and the vaccine strain. Vet Res. 2003;34:777–89.
Kimpe A, Decostere A, Hermans K, Mast J, Haesebrouck E. Association of Streptococcus gallolyticus strains of high and low virulence with the intestinal tract of pigeons. Avian Dis. 2003;47:559–65.
Erasmus BJ. Bluetongue virus. In: Dinter Z, Morein B, editors. Virus infections of ruminants. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990. p. 227–37.
European Commission Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue. Bluetongue virus in the Netherlands identified as serotype 8 by Institute for Animal Health. ProMed. August 28, 2006. Accessed at www.promedmail.org, archive no.: 20060828.2448
Purse BV, Mellor PS, Rogers DJ, Samuel AR, Mertens PP, Baylis M. Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005;3:171–81.
Thiry E, Saegerman C, Guyot H, Kirten P, Losson B, Rollin F, et al. Bluetongue in northern Europe. Vet Rec. 2006;159:327.
MacLachlan NJ. Bluetongue: pathogenesis and duration of viraemia. Veterinaria Italiana. 2004;40:462–7.

Figures

Figure 1. Negatively stained bluetongue virus–like particle that caused a cytopathic effect in BHK-21 cells. Scale bar = 50 nm.
Figure 2. A) Distribution of outbreaks of bluetongue (shaded areas) reported in Belgium from August 18 through September 14, 2006...

Tables

Table 1. Bluetongue virus infection in cattle and sheep with bluetonguelike clinical signs by IDVET cELISA and RT-qPCR, Belgium, 2006
Table 2. Agreement between results of IDVET cELISA and RT-qPCR_S5 for bluetongue virus infection, Belgium, 2006