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Appendix D: Supplementary Impact Tables
| Outcome (%) | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever employed | Quarter of random assignment | 32.3 | 30.9 | 1.4 | 0.466 |
| Q2 | 36.0 | 31.8 | 4.2 ** | 0.047 | |
| Q3 | 40.8 | 37.6 | 3.1 | 0.161 | |
| Q4 | 41.7 | 40.8 | 0.9 | 0.706 | |
| Q5 | 43.3 | 41.7 | 1.5 | 0.509 | |
| Q6 | 42.8 | 42.5 | 0.3 | 0.892 | |
| Q7 | 45.2 | 43.4 | 1.8 | 0.443 | |
| Earned $2,500 or more | Quarter of random assignment | 7.0 | 6.6 | 0.4 | 0.706 |
| Q2 | 13.2 | 11.0 | 2.2 | 0.151 | |
| Q3 | 15.9 | 16.0 | 0.0 | 0.983 | |
| Q4 | 17.7 | 17.7 | 0.0 | 0.992 | |
| Q5 | 18.7 | 19.6 | -1.0 | 0.603 | |
| Q6 | 20.9 | 22.2 | -1.3 | 0.507 | |
| Q7 | 23.1 | 23.2 | -0.1 | 0.963 | |
| Earned between $500 and $2,499 | Quarter of random assignment | 15.1 | 13.0 | 2.1 | 0.206 |
| Q2 | 13.5 | 13.8 | -0.3 | 0.852 | |
| Q3 | 16.5 | 15.4 | 1.0 | 0.558 | |
| Q4 | 16.5 | 14.8 | 1.7 | 0.329 | |
| Q5 | 17.6 | 14.5 | 3.1 * | 0.081 | |
| Q6 | 15.5 | 15.2 | 0.3 | 0.862 | |
| Q7 | 14.7 | 15.0 | -0.3 | 0.876 | |
| Earned between $1 and $499 | Quarter of random assignment | 10.2 | 11.3 | -1.1 | 0.479 |
| Q2 | 9.3 | 7.0 | 2.3 * | 0.077 | |
| Q3 | 8.3 | 6.2 | 2.1 * | 0.093 | |
| Q4 | 7.5 | 8.4 | -0.9 | 0.508 | |
| Q5 | 7.0 | 7.6 | -0.6 | 0.634 | |
| Q6 | 6.4 | 5.2 | 1.3 | 0.257 | |
| Q7 | 7.4 | 5.3 | 2.1 * | 0.073 | |
| Sample size (total = 1,692) | 845 | 847 | |||
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI administrative records from the State of Minnesota. NOTES: See Appendix B. This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Minnesota unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Minnesota or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs). |
| Outcome (%) | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employed, not receiving TANF | Quarter of random assignment | 2.4 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.912 |
| Q2 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 0.356 | |
| Q3 | 10.3 | 10.8 | -0.5 | 0.731 | |
| Q4 | 14.5 | 16.6 | -2.2 | 0.206 | |
| Q5 | 16.0 | 17.6 | -1.6 | 0.362 | |
| Q6 | 19.9 | 22.3 | -2.4 | 0.219 | |
| Q7 | 22.7 | 24.8 | -2.1 | 0.297 | |
| Employed, receiving TANF | Quarter of random assignment | 29.9 | 28.6 | 1.4 | 0.495 |
| Q2 | 29.5 | 26.3 | 3.2 | 0.125 | |
| Q3 | 30.4 | 26.8 | 3.6 * | 0.090 | |
| Q4 | 27.2 | 24.2 | 3.0 | 0.142 | |
| Q5 | 27.3 | 24.1 | 3.2 | 0.128 | |
| Q6 | 22.9 | 20.2 | 2.7 | 0.171 | |
| Q7 | 22.5 | 18.6 | 3.9 ** | 0.046 | |
| Not employed, receiving TANF | Quarter of random assignment | 65.7 | 67.2 | -1.4 | 0.477 |
| Q2 | 59.5 | 63.9 | -4.4 ** | 0.046 | |
| Q3 | 52.8 | 54.3 | -1.6 | 0.505 | |
| Q4 | 47.7 | 48.0 | -0.3 | 0.910 | |
| Q5 | 42.9 | 45.3 | -2.4 | 0.299 | |
| Q6 | 40.6 | 39.9 | 0.7 | 0.756 | |
| Q7 | 36.1 | 35.6 | 0.5 | 0.837 | |
| Not employed, not receiving TANF | Quarter of random assignment | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.987 |
| Q2 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 0.864 | |
| Q3 | 6.5 | 8.1 | -1.6 | 0.204 | |
| Q4 | 10.6 | 11.2 | -0.6 | 0.693 | |
| Q5 | 13.9 | 13.0 | 0.9 | 0.577 | |
| Q6 | 16.6 | 17.7 | -1.0 | 0.564 | |
| Q7 | 18.8 | 21.0 | -2.2 | 0.239 | |
| Sample size (total = 1,692) | 845 | 847 | |||
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI administrative records from the State of Minnesota.
NOTES: See Appendix B.
This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Minnesota unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Minnesota or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs). |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | P-Value for Subgroup Differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late cohort a | Ever employed (%) | Quarter of random assignment | 32.4 | 34.7 | -2.3 | 0.369 | 0.020 |
| Q2 | 33.5 | 30.2 | 3.3 | 0.218 | 0.603 | ||
| Q3 | 38.3 | 36.8 | 1.6 | 0.573 | 0.334 | ||
| Q4 | 40.8 | 41.6 | -0.8 | 0.794 | 0.333 | ||
| Q5 | 43.0 | 43.2 | -0.2 | 0.955 | 0.347 | ||
| Q6 | 42.9 | 44.7 | -1.8 | 0.537 | 0.239 | ||
| Q7 | 47.4 | 46.8 | 0.6 | 0.836 | 0.464 | ||
| Total earnings ($) | Quarter of random assignment | 518 | 517 | 1 | 0.986 | 0.389 | |
| Q2 | 729 | 685 | 44 | 0.621 | 0.426 | ||
| Q3 | 939 | 970 | -31 | 0.771 | 0.410 | ||
| Q4 | 1,081 | 1,036 | 45 | 0.692 | 0.776 | ||
| Q5 | 1,129 | 1,208 | -78 | 0.513 | 0.602 | ||
| Q6 | 1,207 | 1,267 | -60 | 0.606 | 0.866 | ||
| Q7 | 1,328 | 1,410 | -82 | 0.511 | 0.948 | ||
| Sample size (total = 1,044) | 520 | 524 | |||||
| Early cohort b | Ever employed (%) | Quarter of random assignment | 32.1 | 25.0 | 7.2 ** | 0.025 | |
| Q2 | 40.0 | 34.4 | 5.7 | 0.107 | |||
| Q3 | 44.9 | 38.8 | 6.1 * | 0.098 | |||
| Q4 | 43.2 | 39.5 | 3.8 | 0.313 | |||
| Q5 | 43.7 | 39.4 | 4.3 | 0.253 | |||
| Q6 | 42.6 | 38.9 | 3.7 | 0.316 | |||
| Q7 | 41.7 | 37.6 | 4.1 | 0.265 | |||
| Q8 | 39.1 | 41.8 | -2.7 | 0.473 | |||
| Q9 | 40.6 | 40.3 | 0.3 | 0.929 | |||
| Q10 | 42.2 | 42.4 | -0.1 | 0.972 | |||
| Total earnings ($) | Quarter of random assignment | 471 | 383 | 88 | 0.265 | ||
| Q2 | 857 | 699 | 158 | 0.159 | |||
| Q3 | 1,096 | 983 | 114 | 0.412 | |||
| Q4 | 1,165 | 1,068 | 96 | 0.512 | |||
| Q5 | 1,149 | 1,126 | 23 | 0.880 | |||
| Q6 | 1,170 | 1,262 | -91 | 0.569 | |||
| Q7 | 1,180 | 1,273 | -93 | 0.568 | |||
| Q8 | 1,165 | 1,204 | -40 | 0.795 | |||
| Q9 | 1,202 | 1,242 | -40 | 0.804 | |||
| Q10 | 1,424 | 1,258 | 166 | 0.317 | |||
| Sample size (total = 648) | 325 | 323 | |||||
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamp administrative records from the State of Minnesota. NOTES: See Appendix B. This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Minnesota unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Minnesota or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs). a Late-cohort sample members were randomly assigned from October 2002 through April 2003. b Early-cohort sample members were randomly assigned from January through September 2002. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever received TANF (%) | Quarter of random assignment | 95.7 | 95.7 | -0.1 | 0.940 |
| Q2 | 89.0 | 90.2 | -1.2 | 0.404 | |
| Q3 | 83.2 | 81.1 | 2.1 | 0.251 | |
| Q4 | 75.0 | 72.2 | 2.8 | 0.186 | |
| Q5 | 70.2 | 69.4 | 0.7 | 0.740 | |
| Q6 | 63.5 | 60.1 | 3.4 | 0.138 | |
| Q7 | 58.6 | 54.2 | 4.3 * | 0.067 | |
| Amount of TANF received ($) | Quarter of random assignment | 1,285 | 1,276 | 9 | 0.545 |
| Q2 | 1,148 | 1,153 | -5 | 0.844 | |
| Q3 | 1,029 | 1,010 | 20 | 0.500 | |
| Q4 | 894 | 865 | 29 | 0.344 | |
| Q5 | 780 | 749 | 31 | 0.313 | |
| Q6 | 697 | 637 | 60 * | 0.054 | |
| Q7 | 613 | 577 | 36 | 0.245 | |
| Sample size (total = 1,692) | 845 | 847 | |||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from TANF administrative records from the State of Minnesota. NOTES: See Appendix B. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever received food stamps(%) | Quarter of random assignment | 98.3 | 98.7 | -0.4 | 0.519 |
| Q2 | 94.5 | 94.5 | 0.0 | 0.998 | |
| Q3 | 91.2 | 88.7 | 2.5 * | 0.085 | |
| Q4 | 85.7 | 84.3 | 1.4 | 0.416 | |
| Q5 | 83.6 | 81.8 | 1.8 | 0.322 | |
| Q6 | 81.9 | 77.7 | 4.2 ** | 0.029 | |
| Q7 | 80.3 | 74.7 | 5.6 *** | 0.005 | |
| Amount of food stamps received ($) | Quarter of random assignment | 896 | 902 | -5 | 0.567 |
| Q2 | 841 | 854 | -14 | 0.324 | |
| Q3 | 802 | 798 | 4 | 0.801 | |
| Q4 | 756 | 745 | 11 | 0.563 | |
| Q5 | 733 | 716 | 17 | 0.395 | |
| Q6 | 711 | 685 | 26 | 0.217 | |
| Q7 | 694 | 667 | 27 | 0.215 | |
| Sample size (total = 1,692) | 845 | 847 | |||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from food stamp administrative records from the State of Minnesota.
NOTES: See Appendix B. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family received mental health services | 25.4 | 23.5 | 1.9 | 0.613 | |
| Respondent | 20.3 | 15.9 | 4.4 | 0.194 | |
| Other family member | 11.3 | 10.6 | 0.7 | 0.802 | |
| Family received domestic violence services | 8.0 | 6.3 | 1.7 | 0.456 | |
| Respondent | 8.0 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 0.383 | |
| Other family member | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.931 | |
| Family received substance abuse services | 7.9 | 8.4 | -0.5 | 0.836 | |
| Respondent | 7.5 | 6.1 | 1.4 | 0.538 | |
| Other family member | 0.4 | 2.3 | -1.9 * | 0.075 | |
| Sample size (total = 503) | 251 | 252 | |||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey.
NOTES: See Appendix C. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quarters 2-7 | Ever employed (%) | 68.0 | 64.7 | 3.3 | 0.113 | |
| Total earnings ($) | 6,476 | 6,529 | -54 | 0.902 | ||
| Ever received TANF (%) | 93.4 | 93.1 | 0.3 | 0.793 | ||
| Amount of TANF received (%) | 5162 | 4991 | 171 | 0.222 | ||
| Ever received food stamps (%) | 97.5 | 96.8 | 0.7 | 0.383 | ||
| Amount of food stamps received ($) | 4,536 | 4,465 | 71 | 0.429 | ||
| Total measured income a ($) | 16,174 | 15,985 | 189 | 0.626 | ||
| Quarter 7 | Ever employed (%) | 45.2 | 43.4 | 1.8 | 0.443 | |
| For those employed in Quarters 2-7 (%): | Not employed in Quarters 2-7, last quarter | 33.6 | 36.2 | -2.6 | NA | |
| Employed in Quarters 2-7, last quarter (%) | 66.4 | 63.8 | 2.6 | NA | ||
| Total earnings ($) | 1,271 | 1,358 | -87 | 0.377 | ||
| Earned $2,500 or more (%) | 23.1 | 23.2 | -0.1 | 0.963 | ||
| Earned between $500 and $2,499 (%) | 14.7 | 15.0 | -0.3 | 0.876 | ||
| Earned between $1 and $499 | 7.4 | 5.3 | 2.1 * | 0.073 | ||
| For those employed in Quarters 2-7: | Earnings ($) | 2,815 | 3,131 | -316 | NA | |
| Ever received TANF (%) | 58.6 | 54.2 | 4.3 * | 0.067 | ||
| Amount of TANF received ($) | 613 | 577 | 36 | 0.245 | ||
| Ever received food stamps (%) | 80.3 | 74.7 | 5.6 *** | 0.005 | ||
| Amount of food stamps received ($) | 694 | 667 | 27 | 0.215 | ||
| Total measured income a ($) | 2,578 | 2,603 | -25 | 0.789 | ||
| Sample size (total = 1,692) | 845 | 847 | ||||
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamp administrative records from the State of Minnesota. NOTES: See Appendix B. This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Minnesota unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Minnesota or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs). a This measure represents the sum of unemployment insurance earnings, TANF, and food stamps. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever employed (%) | 60.4 | 56.7 | 3.7 * | 0.092 | |
| Average quarterly employment (%) | 40.4 | 38.0 | 2.4 | 0.162 | |
| Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) | 20.1 | 18.3 | 1.8 | 0.328 | |
| Earnings ($) | 4,014 | 3,904 | 110 | 0.701 | |
| Earned over $10,000 (%) | 14.1 | 15.2 | -1.2 | 0.476 | |
| For those employed in Year 1: | Average quarterly employment (%) | 66.9 | 67.0 | -0.1 | NA |
| Average earnings per quarter employed ($) | 2,483 | 2,569 | -86 | NA | |
| Ever received TANF (%) | 92.8 | 92.0 | 0.8 | 0.523 | |
| Amount of TANF received ($) | 3,852 | 3,777 | 75 | 0.439 | |
| Ever received food stamps (%) | 97.0 | 95.7 | 1.3 | 0.163 | |
| Amount of food stamps received ($) | 3,131 | 3,113 | 19 | 0.752 | |
| Total measured incomea($) | 10,998 | 10,793 | 204 | 0.420 | |
| Sample size (total = 1,692) | 845 | 847 | |||
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamp administrative records from the State of Minnesota.
NOTES: See Appendix B.
This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Minnesota unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Minnesota or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs). a This measure represents the sum of unemployment insurance earnings, TANF, and food stamps. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | P-Value for Subgroup Differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recently employed a | Total earnings ($) | 10,046 | 9,456 | 590 | 0.505 | 0.438 |
| Ever employed (%) | 90.9 | 85.1 | 5.8 * | 0.053 | 0.504 | |
| Average quarterly employment (%) | 62.8 | 56.5 | 6.2 ** | 0.047 | 0.140 | |
| Number of quarters employed | 3.8 | 3.4 | 0.4 ** | 0.047 | 0.140 | |
| Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) | 28.9 | 23.8 | 5.1 | 0.198 | 0.224 | |
| Earned over $15,000 (%) | 23.4 | 24.5 | -1.1 | 0.768 | 0.911 | |
| Average earnings per quarter employed ($) | 2,668 | 2,787 | -119 | NA | ||
| Sample size (total = 488) | 234 | 254 | ||||
| Not recently employed | Total earnings ($) | 5,095 | 5,289 | -195 | 0.698 | |
| Ever employed (%) | 59.1 | 56.0 | 3.1 | 0.248 | ||
| Average quarterly employment (%) | 33.3 | 32.6 | 0.8 | 0.692 | ||
| Number of quarters employed | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.692 | ||
| Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) | 10.2 | 10.4 | -0.1 | 0.940 | ||
| Earned over $15,000 (%) | 11.6 | 12.2 | -0.6 | 0.730 | ||
| Average earnings per quarter employed ($) | 2,548 | 2,708 | -161 | NA | ||
| Sample size (total = 1,204) | 611 | 593 | ||||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from UI records from the State of Minnesota. NOTES: See Appendix B. This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Minnesota unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Minnesota or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs). a "Recently employed" sample members worked in the quarter before random assignment, based on UI wage data, and sample members who were "not recently employed" did not work in that quarter. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | P-Value for Subgroup Differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recently employed a | Any contacts with case manager/employment program since random assignment b (%) | 72.2 | 72.1 | 0.1 | 0.991 | 0.816 | |
| Average number of contacts with staff/case manager | 25.6 | 19.9 | 5.7 | 0.243 | 0.541 | ||
| In person | 9.5 | 8.4 | 1.1 | 0.579 | 0.587 | ||
| By telephone | 16.1 | 11.5 | 4.6 | 0.164 | 0.573 | ||
| Talked with staff/case manager in past 4 weeks (%) | 41.0 | 41.0 | 0.0 | 0.995 | 0.590 | ||
| Ever met with staff/case manager (%) | 61.7 | 68.3 | -6.6 | 0.361 | 0.364 | ||
| At home | 6.9 | -0.3 | 7.2 ** | 0.011 | 0.115 | ||
| At workplace | 7.5 | 6.7 | 0.9 | 0.834 | 0.569 | ||
| At staff/case manager's office | 59.7 | 65.9 | -6.2 | 0.394 | 0.301 | ||
| At school/training program | 11.2 | 13.9 | -2.7 | 0.610 | 0.885 | ||
| At other places | 4.7 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 0.579 | 0.458 | ||
| Staff/case manager talked with respondent's employer (%) | Never | 82.5 | 91.3 | -8.8 * | 0.097 | 0.784 | |
| Once or twice | 9.9 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 0.159 | 0.353 | ||
| More than twice | 2.8 | 3.7 | -0.9 | 0.759 | 0.163 | ||
| Don't know if the case manager talked with an employer | 4.7 | 0.7 | 4.0 | 0.123 | 0.628 | ||
| Sample size (total = 183) | 87 | 96 | |||||
| Not recently employed | Any contacts with case manager/employment program since random assignment b (%) | 75.3 | 77.2 | -1.8 | 0.707 | ||
| Average number of contacts with staff/case manager | 26.7 | 17.3 | 9.4 *** | 0.009 | |||
| In person | 10.1 | 7.6 | 2.5 * | 0.093 | |||
| By telephone | 16.6 | 9.7 | 6.9 *** | 0.006 | |||
| Talked with staff/case manager in past 4 weeks (%) | 42.2 | 37.2 | 5.0 | 0.365 | |||
| Ever met with staff/case manager (%) | 66.7 | 65.2 | 1.5 | 0.775 | |||
| At home | 3.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.327 | |||
| At workplace | 6.1 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 0.140 | |||
| At staff/case manager's office | 66.2 | 63.1 | 3.1 | 0.561 | |||
| At school/training program | 12.8 | 16.5 | -3.7 | 0.360 | |||
| At other places | 6.7 | 2.1 | 4.6 ** | 0.050 | |||
| Staff/case manager talked with respondent's employer (%) | Never | 86.5 | 93.5 | -7.1 ** | 0.041 | ||
| Once or twice | 5.9 | 4.7 | 1.2 | 0.630 | |||
| More than twice | 4.4 | 0.6 | 3.8 ** | 0.036 | |||
| Don't know if the case manager talked with an employer | 3.1 | 0.6 | 2.5 | 0.108 | |||
| Sample size (total = 320) | 164 | 156 | |||||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey. NOTES: See Appendix C. a "Recently employed" sample members worked in the quarter before random assignment, based on UI wage data, and sample members who were "not recently employed" did not work in that quarter.
b This measure includes respondents who responded that they (1) have had experiences with programs or organizations that help people find or keep jobs or (2) have had contact with a case manager or a staff person from an employment, welfare, or other agency. |
| Outcome(%) | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | P-Value for Subgroup Differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recently employed a | Received help with support services | 62.0 | 61.4 | 0.6 | 0.938 | 0.642 | |
| Finding or paying for child care | 45.7 | 45.0 | 0.7 | 0.928 | 0.554 | ||
| Finding or paying for transportation | 43.1 | 45.4 | -2.3 | 0.773 | 0.354 | ||
| Received help with basic needs | 53.9 | 52.1 | 1.7 | 0.827 | 0.829 | ||
| Housing problems | 23.7 | 21.1 | 2.7 | 0.679 | 0.737 | ||
| Access to medical treatment | 30.2 | 34.2 | -4.0 | 0.587 | 0.698 | ||
| Financial emergency | 29.1 | 25.6 | 3.5 | 0.628 | 0.997 | ||
| Received help with public benefits | 60.6 | 52.0 | 8.7 | 0.263 | 0.801 | ||
| Getting Medicaid | 52.7 | 47.9 | 4.8 | 0.544 | 0.723 | ||
| Getting food stamps | 54.2 | 46.4 | 7.8 | 0.324 | 0.707 | ||
| Received help with job preparation | 47.7 | 44.1 | 3.5 | 0.661 | 0.055 | ||
| Enrolling in job readiness or training | 25.8 | 26.7 | -0.9 | 0.896 | 0.172 | ||
| Looking for a job | 37.3 | 37.0 | 0.3 | 0.965 | 0.076 | ||
| Finding clothes, tools, or supplies for work | 27.7 | 21.4 | 6.3 | 0.354 | 0.142 | ||
| Received help with retention/advancement | 32.1 | 28.0 | 4.2 | 0.568 | 0.633 | ||
| Finding a better job while working | 12.2 | 15.2 | -3.0 | 0.587 | 0.159 | ||
| Other activities while working a | 13.9 | 12.3 | 1.6 | 0.767 | 0.393 | ||
| Career assessment | 21.3 | 13.7 | 7.6 | 0.218 | 0.749 | ||
| Dealing with problems on the job | 15.4 | 5.4 | 10.0 ** | 0.037 | 0.122 | ||
| Addressing a personal problem that makes it hard to keep a job | 14.7 | 8.3 | 6.4 | 0.212 | 0.846 | ||
| Ever participated in subsidized employment | 15.3 | 3.3 | 12.1 *** | 0.008 | 0.077 | ||
| Ever participated in unpaid work | 10.4 | 8.2 | 2.3 | 0.625 | 0.905 | ||
| Sample size (total = 183) | 87 | 96 | |||||
| Not recently employed | Received help with support services | 58.8 | 53.8 | 5.0 | 0.358 | ||
| Finding or paying for child care | 47.1 | 41.1 | 6.0 | 0.255 | |||
| Finding or paying for transportation | 41.4 | 34.8 | 6.6 | 0.231 | |||
| Received help with basic needs | 60.0 | 56.2 | 3.8 | 0.501 | |||
| Housing problems | 29.9 | 24.5 | 5.4 | 0.289 | |||
| Access to medical treatment | 40.7 | 41.2 | -0.4 | 0.938 | |||
| Financial emergency | 27.7 | 24.2 | 3.4 | 0.491 | |||
| Received help with public benefits | 65.7 | 59.4 | 6.3 | 0.254 | |||
| Getting Medicaid | 58.8 | 50.6 | 8.2 | 0.145 | |||
| Getting food stamps | 60.8 | 56.7 | 4.1 | 0.461 | |||
| Received help with job preparation | 64.0 | 41.6 | 22.4 *** | 0.000 | |||
| Enrolling in job readiness or training | 36.2 | 25.1 | 11.1 ** | 0.034 | |||
| Looking for a job | 50.0 | 32.6 | 17.4 *** | 0.002 | |||
| Finding clothes, tools, or supplies for work | 38.4 | 19.7 | 18.7 *** | 0.000 | |||
| Received help with retention/advancement | 31.4 | 23.0 | 8.4 | 0.102 | |||
| Finding a better job while working | 12.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 * | 0.067 | |||
| Other activities while working b | 5.9 | 9.7 | -3.8 | 0.227 | |||
| Career assessment | 18.6 | 13.3 | 5.3 | 0.200 | |||
| Dealing with problems on the job | 7.9 | 6.5 | 1.3 | 0.649 | |||
| Addressing a personal problem that makes it hard to keep a job | 12.6 | 7.4 | 5.2 | 0.134 | |||
| Ever participated in subsidized employment | 6.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 0.231 | |||
| Ever participated in unpaid work | 8.0 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 0.313 | |||
| Sample size (total = 320) | 164 | 156 | |||||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey. NOTES: See Appendix C. a "Recently employed" sample members worked in the quarter before random assignment, based on UI wage data, and sample members who were "not recently employed" did not work in that quarter. b This measure includes other activities, such as life skills and child development classes. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average Body Mass Index a | 28.8 | 29.2 | -0.4 | 0.540 | |
| Underweight | 2.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.321 | |
| Normal weight | 23.7 | 30.0 | -6.2 | 0.118 | |
| Overweight | 39.8 | 29.1 | 10.7 ** | 0.013 | |
| Obese | 30.0 | 34.4 | -4.4 | 0.291 | |
| Missing BMI | 3.9 | 5.2 | -1.3 | 0.499 | |
| Self-rated health (%) | Excellent | 16.0 | 16.7 | -0.7 | 0.834 |
| Very good | 18.5 | 19.7 | -1.2 | 0.741 | |
| Good | 32.2 | 28.6 | 3.6 | 0.382 | |
| Fair | 24.2 | 25.5 | -1.4 | 0.723 | |
| Poor | 9.2 | 9.5 | -0.4 | 0.893 | |
| Physical Functioning Scale b | 2.9 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.987 | |
| Role Physical Scale c | 2.7 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.626 | |
| Experience bodily pain (%) | Not at all | 51.7 | 57.3 | -5.6 | 0.206 |
| A little bit or moderately | 29.7 | 25.6 | 4.1 | 0.313 | |
| Quite a bit or extremely | 18.7 | 16.7 | 1.9 | 0.573 | |
| Psychological Distress Scale (K6) d | 8.5 | 8.5 | 0.0 | 0.962 | |
| Experienced serious psychological distress in the past month d (%) | 12.7 | 12.8 | -0.1 | 0.974 | |
| Sample size (total = 503) | 251 | 252 | |||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from the ERA 12-Month Survey. NOTES: See Appendix C. a National Institute of Health weight categories. b This score is the sum of two items related to how health limits work or daily activities. The range of this score is 2 to 6 (where 2 = “no, you are not limited at all,” and 6 = “yes, you are limited a lot”). c This score is the sum of two items related to how pain interferes with work. The range of this score is 2 to 4 (where 2 is the most favorable score, and 4 is the least favorable score). d Based on the K6 scale that includes six questions about how often a respondent experienced symptoms of psychological distress during the past 30 days. The response codes (0-4) of the six items for each person are summed to yield a scale with a 0-24 range. A value of 13 or more for this scale is used here to define serious psychological distress (http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ncs/k6_scales.php). |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employment Status | Ever employed since random assignment (%) | 68.1 | 68.7 | -0.6 | 0.888 | |
| Currently employed | 39.5 | 41.6 | -2.2 | 0.615 | ||
| No longer employed | 28.3 | 27.0 | 1.3 | 0.744 | ||
| Current working status (%) | Full time | 28.9 | 28.4 | 0.5 | 0.898 | |
| Part time | 10.6 | 13.3 | -2.7 | 0.356 | ||
| Currently employed at a "good job" a (%) | 16.2 | 19.2 | -2.9 | 0.369 | ||
| Hours | Average hours per week | 13.6 | 13.1 | 0.5 | 0.755 | |
| Total hours per week (%) | Less than 30 | 10.6 | 13.3 | -2.7 | 0.356 | |
| 30-34 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 0.1 | 0.950 | ||
| 35-44 | 18.6 | 20.8 | -2.2 | 0.526 | ||
| 45 or more | 4.3 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 0.149 | ||
| Average hourly wage (%) | Less than $5.00 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.718 | |
| $5.00 - $6.99 | 3.9 | 4.5 | -0.6 | 0.735 | ||
| $7.00 - $8.99 | 10.3 | 10.4 | -0.1 | 0.960 | ||
| $9.00 or more | 23.3 | 25.2 | -1.9 | 0.614 | ||
| Average hourly wage among those employed ($) | 9.52 | 9.62 | -0.09 | NA | ||
| Earnings | Average weekly earnings ($) | 128 | 128 | 0 | 0.979 | |
| Total earnings per week (%) | Less than $200 | 11.1 | 13.6 | -2.5 | 0.400 | |
| $201-$300 | 10.0 | 5.5 | 4.5 * | 0.066 | ||
| $301-$500 | 11.5 | 18.4 | -6.9 ** | 0.029 | ||
| $500 or more | 6.9 | 4.2 | 2.7 | 0.176 | ||
| Average weekly earnings amount those employed ($) | 324 | 307 | 16 | NA | ||
| Benefits | Employer-provided benefits at current job (%) | Sick days with full pay | 12.2 | 13.3 | -1.1 | 0.704 |
| Paid vacations | 15.8 | 15.7 | 0.1 | 0.973 | ||
| Paid holidays other than Christmas and New Year | 17.4 | 17.2 | 0.3 | 0.938 | ||
| Dental benefits | 15.4 | 12.1 | 3.3 | 0.278 | ||
| A retirement plan | 15.4 | 11.6 | 3.8 | 0.207 | ||
| A health plan or medical insurance | 18.2 | 14.9 | 3.3 | 0.311 | ||
| Schedule b (%) | Regular | 22.6 | 24.8 | -2.2 | 0.564 | |
| Split | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.148 | ||
| Irregular | 2.7 | 4.0 | -1.3 | 0.425 | ||
| Evening shift | 5.7 | 5.9 | -0.2 | 0.913 | ||
| Night shift | 2.9 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.492 | ||
| Rotating shift | 1.7 | 1.9 | -0.2 | 0.895 | ||
| Other schedule | 0.5 | 0.8 | -0.3 | 0.668 | ||
| Odd job | 1.7 | 1.9 | -0.3 | 0.825 | ||
| Job skills index c | 0.29 | 0.30 | -0.02 * | 0.085 | ||
| Percentage reporting that job required each at least monthly (%) | Reading and writing skills | 26.7 | 31.3 | -4.6 | 0.239 | |
| Work with computers | 14.1 | 20.1 | -6.1 * | 0.066 | ||
| Arithmatic | 19.5 | 21.1 | -1.6 | 0.650 | ||
| Customer contact | 31.0 | 37.0 | -6.1 | 0.145 | ||
| Sample size (total = 503) | 251 | 252 | ||||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey. NOTES: See Appendix C. a This definition of a "good job" was adapted from Johnson and Corcoran (2003). A "good job" is one that offers 35 or more hours per week and either (1) pays $7.00 or more per hour, and offers health insurance, or (2) pays $8.50 or more per hour. b A split shift is defined as one consisting of two distinct periods each day. An irregular schedule is defined as one that changes from day to day. A rotating shift is one that changes regularly from days to evenings to nights. c The job skills index was created by regressing the "good job" measure on 10 dummy variables that indicate whether sample members possess specific job skills. This regression generated weights that ranked each skill based on its association with working at a good job. Each sample member was given a job skills score that was created by multiplying the regression-derived weights by each of the 10 dummy variables. The result is an index that measures the probability of working at a good job, based on the skills that are required at the current job. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever employed in Year 1 (%) | 60.7 | 64.5 | -3.8 | 0.378 | |
| Average months employed in Year 1 | 4.3 | 4.6 | -0.3 | 0.531 | |
| Total months employed in Year 1 (%) | Less than 4 | 12.8 | 15.4 | -2.6 | 0.420 |
| 4 to 7 | 21.0 | 20.0 | 1.0 | 0.787 | |
| 8 to 10 | 10.2 | 8.9 | 1.2 | 0.648 | |
| More than 10 | 16.8 | 20.2 | -3.4 | 0.320 | |
| Worked during Months 1-3 and worked for (%) | Less than 6 consecutive months | 10.8 | 10.3 | 0.5 | 0.846 |
| 6 or more consecutive months | 23.6 | 25.8 | -2.2 | 0.569 | |
| Number of jobs in Year 1 (%) | 0 | 39.3 | 35.5 | 3.8 | 0.378 |
| 1 | 35.3 | 43.0 | -7.7 * | 0.078 | |
| 2 or 3 | 23.3 | 20.4 | 2.9 | 0.437 | |
| 4 or more | 2.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.335 | |
| Ever worked for one employer for 6 months or more | 31.9 | 31.3 | 0.6 | 0.884 | |
| Sample size (total = 503) | 251 | 252 | |||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey. NOTES: See Appendix C. |
| Outcome (%) | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employed in first 6 months and at interview | 25.1 | 29.7 | -4.6 | 0.245 | |||
| Employed in first 6 months and at interview and: | Weekly earnings: | Increased | 11.8 | 15.6 | -3.8 | 0.212 | |
| Increased by less than 20 percent | 2.8 | 5.9 | -3.1 * | 0.095 | |||
| Increased by 20 percent or more | 9.0 | 9.7 | -0.7 | 0.789 | |||
| Decreased | 7.6 | 7.2 | 0.4 | 0.863 | |||
| Stayed the same | 5.8 | 7.0 | -1.2 | 0.584 | |||
| Hours worked: | Increased | 8.7 | 8.8 | -0.2 | 0.953 | ||
| Increased by less than 20 percent | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.435 | |||
| Increased by 20 percent or more | 7.1 | 8.0 | -0.9 | 0.697 | |||
| Decreased | 5.0 | 5.3 | -0.3 | 0.869 | |||
| Stayed the same | 11.5 | 15.6 | -4.1 | 0.177 | |||
| Hourly pay: | Increased | 11.3 | 14.6 | -3.3 | 0.254 | ||
| Increased by less than 20 percent | 4.4 | 10.3 | -5.8 ** | 0.012 | |||
| Increased by 20 percent or more | 6.8 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 0.207 | |||
| Decreased | 7.5 | 6.8 | 0.7 | 0.774 | |||
| Stayed the same | 6.4 | 8.3 | -1.9 | 0.415 | |||
| Sample size (total = 503) | 251 | 252 | |||||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey.
NOTES: See Appendix C. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household income | Percentage with each income source (%) | Own earnings | 44.7 | 49.6 | -4.9 | 0.258 | |
| Earnings of other members | 16.3 | 19.5 | -3.2 | 0.350 | |||
| Child support | 24.7 | 23.8 | 0.8 | 0.819 | |||
| Public assistance | 80.8 | 75.5 | 5.4 | 0.135 | |||
| TANF | 42.4 | 39.5 | 2.9 | 0.525 | |||
| Food stamps | 79.2 | 70.0 | 9.2 ** | 0.017 | |||
| SSI or disability | 13.1 | 14.3 | -1.2 | 0.670 | |||
| Total household income in prior month ($) | 1,078 | 1,140 | -62 | 0.312 | |||
| Percentage of household income that is respondent's (%) | 85.4 | 83.7 | 1.7 | 0.500 | |||
| Alternative household income a ($) | 1,203 | 1,147 | 56 | 0.426 | |||
| Household composition | Number in household | 3.8 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 0.864 | ||
| Ever married | 22.4 | 25.3 | -3.0 | 0.398 | |||
| Living with partner (%) | 11.5 | 13.9 | -2.4 | 0.424 | |||
| Current marital status | Married and living with spouse | 3.8 | 6.6 | -2.8 | 0.154 | ||
| Separated or living apart from spouse | 6.0 | 6.8 | -0.8 | 0.713 | |||
| Divorced | 11.7 | 10.2 | 1.5 | 0.564 | |||
| Widowed | 0.9 | 1.5 | -0.7 | 0.499 | |||
| Sample size (total = 503) | 251 | 252 | |||||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey. NOTES:See Appendix C. a This measure was created by combining administrative records data and respondents' earnings from the survey. It includes survey earnings or UI earnings where available, food stamps, AFDC, and estimated Earned Income Tax Credit income in the month prior to the survey. |
| Outcome | Tier 2 Program | Tier 1 Program | Difference (Impact) | P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health coverage | Respondent has health coverage a (%) | 92.7 | 92.6 | 0.1 | 0.967 | |
| Publicly funded | 88.6 | 84.4 | 4.2 | 0.165 | ||
| Publicly funded and not on TANF or SSI | 20.0 | 22.2 | -2.2 | 0.559 | ||
| Privately funded | 17.7 | 24.0 | -6.4 * | 0.083 | ||
| All dependent children have health care coverage (%) | 92.1 | 88.4 | 3.7 | 0.155 | ||
| All dependent children have health care coverage and respondent is not covered by TANF of SSI (%) | 27.1 | 33.0 | -5.9 | 0.152 | ||
| Respondent and all children have health care coverage (%) | 90.0 | 87.3 | 2.7 | 0.339 | ||
| Respondent and all children have health care coverage and respondent is not covered by TANF or SSI (%) | 24.0 | 30.5 | -6.5 | 0.106 | ||
| Child care | Ever used any child care in Year 1 (%) | 52.6 | 50.4 | 2.3 | 0.568 | |
| Any informal child care (%) | 6.6 | 6.6 | 0.0 | 0.995 | ||
| Child care expenses (%) | 44.4 | 41.5 | 2.9 | 0.463 | ||
| Paid entirely by respondent | 2.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.320 | ||
| Paid partially by respondent | 22.4 | 24.1 | -1.8 | 0.627 | ||
| Not paid by respondent | 19.4 | 16.0 | 3.4 | 0.292 | ||
| Child care was a barrier to school, job training, or work (%) | 18.4 | 18.6 | -0.2 | 0.956 | ||
| Quit job, school, or training because of child care problems | 16.9 | 14.5 | 2.4 | 0.457 | ||
| Missed work because of child care problems | 3.5 | 5.3 | -1.8 | 0.342 | ||
| Transportation | Own car, van, or truck (%) | 40.9 | 48.5 | -7.6 * | 0.069 | |
| Commuting time (minutes) | 32.7 | 32.8 | -0.1 | |||
| Transportation costs per week ($) | 21 | 24 | -3 | |||
| Method of transportation to work (%) | By car | 20.8 | 25.7 | -4.9 | 0.180 | |
| By bus | 32.8 | 28.0 | 4.8 | 0.243 | ||
| Gets a ride | 11.5 | 10.8 | 0.8 | 0.788 | ||
| Walks | 3.1 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 0.713 | ||
| Sample size (total = 503) | 251 | 252 | ||||
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey. NOTES: See Appendix C. a Health coverage measures combine data from the survey's employment section, health coverage section, and income section and from administrative records on public assistance receipt. A person can be receiving both public and private health coverage. |
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